جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « scale » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

The purpose of this research was to construct and validate of the parent support scale for physical education. This research was mixed (qualitative and quantitative methods). In the qualitative section, a questionnaire with 29 questions was compiled by examining the theoretical foundations and literature, holding focus meetings, and interviewing 6 experts in the field of PE and educational sciences. The quantitative part of the research consisted of 3 stages. The first stage was distributing the questionnaire among 10 specialists to check the face and content validity, and conducting an initial pilot on 90 people. In this stage, one question was deleted. The second stage was to perform Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the extraction of 5 factors and remove 2 questions. The third stage was to perform Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and examine convergent and divergent validity and composite reliability. The research tool in the qualitative phase was interviews with the members of the focus group and in the quantitative phase, a 5-point Likert questionnaire. The participants of the quantitative part were 7634 parents of students from all over the provinces of Iran. After conducting EFA, 26 questions were placed on five factors (attitude into PE, behavioral pattern, interaction with PE teacher, affective support, and hardware support). Also, the findings of the CFA indicated proper fit indices and the model was confirmed. Eventually, it can be stated that the parent support scale for physical education has proper validity and reliability and it can be used in Iran.

The current research focuses on two dimensions of curiosity, and the purpose of this research is to create a valid and reliable measurement scale for the specific curiosities of sports fans. Therefore, two studies, study number one (including four stages) and study number two (including two stages) have been used to create a special curiosity scale for sports fans. Research data was collected from two data samples (sample number one including 303 people and sample number two 250 people) and from students, scholars, experts and physical education teachers of Kurdistan province. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data using Imus software. Finally, three factors consisting of 15 questions were obtained for the final scale. Factor one (specific information, 9 questions), factor two (general information, 3 questions) and factor three (information about sports facilities and facilities, 3 questions). The specific curiosity of the sports fan has the potential to help us better understand why and how fans become loyal sports fans. Also, it can affect different fans and non-fans and can be combined with previous research and help to better understand the behavior of sports fans. The existing study is an important step to better understand fan-specific curiosity and its impact, but more work is still needed to achieve a full understanding.

The intense competition in the entertainment industry force sports leagues to attract and retain their consumers by improving their brand position in their customer’s mind. Regarding the lack of reliable and standard scale for evaluating consumer brand associations for sport leagues in the literature, the aim of this study was develop a scale for measuring sports brand associations among Iranian Football League consumers. In the methodology of this study used a four-stage research design (review of research literature, Focus groups, expert review and online survey). The result of the first three steps was a structure of 18 constructs and 66 items that distributed form online survey. The research sample was selected from the focus groups of the sport management graduates (18 people) and at the survey stage from all the Iranian football fans (176 people). Then, all of the collected data were analyzed by PLS software version 3. The results of the modifying of the measurement model confirmed the scale of 18 constructs but 60 item. Finally, all of the statistical results of convergent validity, average of variance extracted, divergent validity, composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha of constructs and items are presented in the tables of paper.

The aim of study was the psychometric of the Persian version of the Learning, Executive, and Attention Functioning (LEAF) scale in athletes. The statistical sample consisted of 252 (female=152) Iranian athletes older than 17 years who were selected using the snowball sampling method via sending an online questionnaire. The research tools, including the LEAF scale for adults (Castellanos et al., 2018) and the Barkley Functional Impairment Scale (2011), were used to examine the concurrent validity. The second order confirmatory factor analysis of the scale was used to examine the construct validity of the model. The obtained results showed that, the model has a good fit such that all domains (i.e., comprehension of conceptual learning, factual memory, attention, processing speed, visual organization, sequential processing, working memory, solving a novel problem, mathematics, reading, written expression) showed a high factor loading or correlation with their main dimensions (p≤0.001). Using Cronbach's alpha, the internal consistency reliability was obtained to be over 0.7 and desirable. The correlation between the scores of dimensions and the scale domains was 0.33-0.89, indicating an appropriate validity. The results of the differences analysis to examine the diagnostic validity showed the score of 4 as the cutoff point. MANOVA showed that athletes are significantly different in executive functions based on the level of competition and these functions improve in athletes by increasing the competition level. As the LEAF has appropriate reliability and validity coefficient among adult Iranian athletes, it is suggested that this scale be used in the future sport researches.

The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a scale to measure internal branding in sport federations. Therefore, the methodology of the present study, from the point of view of purpose, is applied and in terms of data gathering, it is a correlation type that is specifically based on structural equation modeling using Smart PLS 3 software. The population of this study consisted of all employees, managers of Iranian Sport Federations (1062 persons). And based on the Barclays index, the sample size(195) required for the research was considered. The instrument used in the study was a researcher-made questionnaire whose construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis as well as its content and face validity by experts (n = 7) in the field of brand marketing and sports marketing management. The validity of the questionnaire was also assessed by the Composite reliability(0/97) and Cronbach's alpha(/0973). The findings of the present study suggest that training activities, group meetings, briefings, internal communications, and leadership and management activities are factors that influence the internal branding of sports federations, and it is recommended that appropriate oversight be exercised. Ensure that all stages of establishing an internal branding system are carried out continuously and effectively through the managers and heads of federations. Also, the main components of this tool can be used by sports managers to develop internal branding.

A history of falls or imbalance may lead to a fear of falling, which may lead to self-imposed avoidance of activity; this avoidance may stimulate a vicious cycle of deconditioning and subsequent falls. The purpose of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of «The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire» in elderly of Shiraz city. 532 elderly with a mean age of 69.25 ± 6.77 years were selected by stratified sampling method. In order to investigate the construct validity, a confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation model was used. Comparison between two groups with and without falling was used for differential validity and the relationship between the " The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire" and The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, Falls Self-Efficacy Scale (FES-I), and Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test were used to determine convergent validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was also obtained by test-retest reliability and internal consistency calculation. Results from this study offer evidence for the reliability and validity of the “The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire" in elderly of Shiraz city and support the notion that the “The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire" measures avoidance behavior rather than balance confidence, self-efficacy, or fear. Currently, there are no other assessment tools that measure this sequela of balance impairment and falls in a clinically useful and practical manner.

This research aims at assessing the validation of Ross brand association scale among the selected sports teams in Iran football pro league.
It was conducted as a descriptive-correlational research. Research sample included 650 fans from teams of Persepoliss, Esteqlal, Tractorsazi and Sepahan in 2012-13 season. Ross Questionnaire with 41 items was translated, retranslated and finally edited to be distributed among the sample. The face and content validity of questionnaire was confirmed by five sports marketing professors. Reliability based on Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.92 (P According to the results, there were nine factors of personality, competition, success, background, stadium, brand, social factor, exclusive privilege and uniqueness explaining 64.289% of variance in the brand association scale. Indexes and outputs showed the fit of model (CFI=0.91).
Persian version of the Ross brand association is good instrument to evaluate the brand of professional clubs. Sports marketing managers are recommended to consider these variables in the team's professionalization process.

One of the dark aspects of physical activity is exercise dependence. The study performed to validate the "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". Population was participants in physical activities in Kermanshah city that exercised with two athletic and sport for all. Samples were 307 participants selected availably that 155 participants (50.5%) were male and 152 participants (49.5%) were women. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire and Symons Downs, Hausenblas, & Nigg's "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". For data analysis mean and SD calculated and for construct validity (factorial) examination confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations model were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha used for test-retest reliability and internal consistency calculation, respectively.
Finding of RMSEA was .039 that was under .05. CFI and TLI/NNFI measures were .95 and .93, respectively. According the results, goodness of fit measures of second-order of "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised" was acceptable and supported 7-factor and 21-item structure of original questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient confirmed test-retest reliability of the scale (.94) and Cronbach's alpha for Scale was .96 that confirmed validity and reliability of the "Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised". The scale can be used with clinical, educational and research purposes.

The purpose of the study was to examine psychometric properties of Persian version of the Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale. Statistics population was older adults in urban area of Esfahan from which 293 persons selected. Data collected with demographic questionnaire and Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale. Data analyzed with Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Chronbach''s Alpha. The findings indicated that Persian translated of Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale had 3 factors with eigenvalue over 1 that explained 48. 6، 17. 1، and 9. 3، and in total about 75% of whole variance. Internal consistency calculated with Chronbach''s Alpha yielded correlation. 83،. 84،. 83، and. 87 for subscales 1، 2، 3، and total scale، respectively. In general، the results confirmed validity and reliability of Persian translated version of the Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale. The scale can be used for research، educational، and clinical purpose.