جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « skill level » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

The aim of the present study was to investigate the action representation in real performance and observing the basketball free throw in skilled and beginners. In this study, the kinematic parameters of movement during real performance and the eye movements pattern in both real and observation modes were studied. Twenty participants including 10 skilled basketball players and 10 beginners, participated in the study. The research design was conducted in two sessions. In the first session, the subjects performed 10 free throws and their movements were recorded by the motion analysis system, their eye movements were recorded by the pupil-based binocular eye trackers device, and the total movement were recorded for the next display by the camera placed on the head and the external camera. In the second session, after installing the eye tracker system, the individuals watched their performance from a first-person and third-person perspective, and eye movements were recorded. After recording the data, the values of throw accuracy, intra-limb coordination variability, wrist speed at the moment of throw, wrist jerk, quite eye duration, fixation time, and number of fixations were analyzed using independent t-test and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (2 × 3) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software and a significance level of p≤0.05 was considered. The results showed that the coordination variability was less in skilled basketball players and the eye movement pattern is not only different in skilled and beginners but also in terms of actual performance and observation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of skill level on the performance of dribbling skills in soccer choking under pressure conditions. For this purpose, 20 skilled players of the university football team and twenty beginner students in football (with age range 18-25) participated in the study. The Egilly soccer dribble skill test was performed in two stages: without pressure condition and combined pressure condition. In the present study, the combination of two types of pressure, competition between participants and camcorders were used to create pressure condition. In order to ensure that the pressure conditions were applied, the level of competitive anxiety was measured using the second version of the competitive state anxiety and the heart rate of the participants. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis of variance was used for comparing the mean scores and independent t-test was used to compare the mean scores of two groups without pressure condition. The results showed that the performance of the skilled group, decrease under pressure conditions and the performance of the beginner group improved under pressure conditions. It is possible that the pressure conditions in the beginner group would increase the effort to perform better and thus improve performance. It can also be said that the motivational role of pressure conditions has improved performance in beginners. In skilled persons, they are also likely to engage in skill-centered mechanisms that give less skill to the source of attention which is empirically evident in verifying the explicit review theory.

The present study investigated the effects of physiological arousal and cognitive anxiety on performance accuracy and kinematic features of gun in expert and novice groups. The physiological arousal was recorded with skin conductance response. Performance accuracy and kinematic features of gun such as total movement time, peak velocity, displacement in horizontal and vertical axis were measured by using mixed variance analysis test with repeated measures design. Increased physiological arousal and anxiety showed induced pressure conditions. More increase in the physiological arousal in novice group led to an increase in the peak velocity and the displacement in the vertical axis of the gun and a reduction of the performance accuracy. However, the performance of the expert group increased with decreased displacement in two axes under pressure conditions. The findings support the prediction of the catastrophe model, which conceptualized based on the relationship of motor performance with physiological arousal and cognitive anxiety.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PST on performance, retention, and transfer under pressure of novice badminton players. 40 novice badminton players were randomly assigned to experimental (20 participants) and placebo-control (20 participants) groups. In acquisition and retention tests, short and long service, toss clear and drop shots were used; in transfer under pressure test, notational analysis was applied. All participants acquired specific badminton skills in 24 sessions over three months. In addition to specific badminton skills, the experimental group received the specific package of PST during 24 sessions (each session 20 min.) while placebo-control group received the same number of sessions about general information on badminton. The results of mixed ANOVA indicated that in all tests, the scores of experimental group were significantly higher than those of the placebo-control group, which indicated the effectiveness of PST on performance and learning of novice male badminton players. The results of this study extended the effectiveness of PST to learning new motor skills.

Meta-stability is a relatively stable region in which system components tend to cooperate to reach performance goals of movement while maintaining their separate and flexible characters. Participants were assigned to 3 skill groups: coordination (n=10), coordination control (n=10), and optimized control (n=10). Each two fencers fought in each group. Results of cluster analysis and empirical density indicated the emergence of a metastable region in coordination control group (between 1.689276- 2.270372), two metastable regions in optimized control group (between 0.9824658- 1.00113699 and 1.843131-2.333738) and no metastable region in coordination group. Moreover, the binomial test showed that the proportion of using modes of actions in metastable regions in coordination control and optimized control groups had no significant difference (P=0.4888). But the extent of metastable region in the coordination control group was significantly greater. Findings of this study showed that fencer's motor system is metastable depending on their skill level and the extent of metastable regions was different in each level. To design learning and organizing practice, sport coaches can lead the athletes to metastable regions to emerge the most functional motor responses.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of skill level and predictability of conditionson taekwondo players’ timing. Twenty-three elite taekwondo players attending the camp of the national team and twenty-three none elite taekwondo players from the gyms of Tehran were chosen respectively at convenience and random sampling method. Practitioners were examined in psychology laboratory of Tarbiat Modarres University. They were asked to perform a computerized version of timing task in predictable and non-predictable conditions. Data were analyzed by MANOVA test. Results indicated significant differences between elite and non elite taekwondo players’ timing, not only in predictable and non-predictable conditions, but also in different intervals of predictable condition (significant level for predictable conditions’interval and non-predictable condition are respectively including: P=0.0001, P=0.019, P=0.005).Thus we can say that taekwondo players with better timing, have better performance in motor skills and react to stimulus needed time prediction. So timing can be accounted as perceptual- motor skills in selecting elite taekwondo players.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the comparison of meta-cognition beliefs and sport self-regulation between athletes with three different levels of skill. Based on Inclusion and exclusion criteria, one hundred and fifty athletes were selected in three levels of elite,expert and novice. To data collection, the demographic, sport self regulation and meta-cognition questionnaires were used. Results showed that the men with expert level were significantly better than women with expert level in meta-cognition beliefs and sport self-regulation. Also, the men and women athletes with elite level were significantly higher than athletes with expert and beginner level in Meta-cognition beliefs and sport self-regulation. Furthermore, the men and women athletes with expert level were significantly higher than athletes with beginner level in these variables. Based on the present research results, could be recommended the physical activity with expert and elite level to promote the sport self-regulation and meta-cognition beliefs.

The present research examine educational goals achievement in three cognitive, perspective, and psychomotor domains of physical education in elementary schools of Mazandaran province.
This research was descriptive.Statistical population of this research consisted of physical education teachers of Mazandaran province and fourth and fifth grade elementary school students of Babol. For data collection, questionnaire, skillful checklist and standardized best Aahperd test were used. To measure questionnaire and checklist’s validity, Alfa coefficient of Kronbakh was used that were estimated r=0.96 and r= 0.95, respectively. Data analysis through inferential statistic included tables, frequency percentage, and through perceptional statistic included one-way variance analysis test, one sample t test, independent t test in order to determine significant difference between groups and Leven test.
The research results showed the educational goals of physical education during elementary period in knowledge level was less than average, in skill level was more than average and in approaching level was more than average.
Based on the findings of this research, it is suggested that future researches study the factors that affect the achievement and not-achievement of educational goals in three cognitive, perspective and psychomotor domains of physical education in elementary schools.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological skills training program on developing mental toughness among novice badminton players. Based on entrance criterias, 40 male novice badminton players were randomly assigned to experimental (20 participants) and placebo-control (20 participants) groups. Before and after interventions, participants completed sport mental toughness questionnaire (SMTQ). All participants take part in specific skills training badminton during 24 sessions over three months. Experimental group in addition to badminton learning received the specific package of psychological skills training but Placebo-control group was taught only general information about badminton. The results of MANCOVA showed that all components of SMTQ in experimental group were significantly higher than the placebo-control group, which indicates the effectiveness of PST on mental toughness development among male badminton novice players. These results supported the capability of developing mental toughness through systematical psychological skills training programs.

This study investigated the impulsivity in soccer goalkeepers in different skill levels. For this purpose، Thirty goalkeeper participated in this study in order of different skill levels with a mean age of 9/3 ± 65/28 years. Results showed that Goalkeepers impulsivity differed between different skill levels. It was found significant differences in attentional impulsivity and motor impulsivity and also in type I and type II error factor of continuous performance test items. No statistically significant differences in the recognition of impulsivity deciding factor in impulsivity and continuous performance test items also. It can be argued on the basis of these results that alongside other relevant variables for overcoming in Soccer Goalkeeping function in different skill levels، Impulsivity is one of the main adaptive mechanisms in players that can be considered in talent discussions.

The aim to the present project is to study the effects of associative and dissociative focus of attention and skill level on the accuracy of tennis service of volleyball under pressure. This research is a semi-experimental one which was fieldimplemented. 60 female student were selected from Azad Islamic University of Najafabad، between ages 18 to 30، whom participated in course of physical education2، and all were right-handed knowing the accurate technique of tennis service of volleyball; they participated in this research by access sampling. After identifying the trait anxiety with SCAT inventory and emitting the individuals with high and low trait anxiety، in order to match the participants، considering their levels in the pre-test، they were divided into two high and low skill level groups consisting 30 members، and each group randomly into two sub-groups (15 members each group) of associative and dissociative focus of attention. The subjects، service accuracy was measured in pressure conditions using AAHPERD test; and to make pressure condition method of figurative comparison was used. The results of agents variance analysis suggested that the effect skill level (F=1. 07، P=0. 0001)، and the interacting between attention focus and skill level، on the accuracy of tennis service in volleyball under pressure condition were signification (F=92. 51، P=0. 0001). These results indicated that the participants with low skill level in dissociative attention to exercises، and those with high associative attention to exercises، were more obstructed. These results indicated that performance under psychological pressure had been impacted on accuracy tennis service.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the lateral preference patterns of hand and eye، task and skill level on table tennis players’ performance. The population of this study was table tennis players of Tehran. 48 players between age ranges of 23. 85 ± 3. 08 were selected after determining the preferred hand and eye، and were put into 4 groups (ipsilateral expert، contralateral expert، ipsilateral novice، contralateral novice) randomly. The Annett Hand Preference Questionnaire (AHPQ) that had validity of 80 and reliability of 86 and “a hole in the card” method were administered to determine the preferred eye and hand of players. The result of mixed factor analysis of variance indicated that the interaction of lateral preference pattern and task was not significant on pattern and accuracy variables (p>0. 05). Also the results showed that the interaction of task and skill level was not significant on accuracy (p>0. 05) but it was significant on pattern (p≤0. 05). In addition the results showed that the interaction of task، lateral preference pattern and skill level was not significant on accuracy and pattern variables (p>0. 05). Considering the results of the present study، it seems that the pattern of lateral preference in performing two table tennis skills of backhand and forehand is not important. It can be said that this factor did not affect the examined levels of our study; however، lateral preference can be influential in the case of professional players. Further research and precise kinematic assessments can show meaningful effects of this pattern.