جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تمرین تناوبی شدید » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

Previous studies have shown that the combination of exercise and supplementation can have beneficial effects on health and athletic performance. Therefore, the aim of this semi-experimental research is to investigate the effect of seven weeks of intense interval training with the supplement of caffeine on the explosive power and agility of basketball players. The statistical population of this research was young basketball players in the age range of 20 - 25 years in Yazd province. These people have at least two years of experience in basketball with three regular training sessions per week and have not taken any supplements and had no history of cardiovascular disease. 36 basketball players were selected voluntarily and divided into four equal groups of supplementation and training, training, supplementation and control. Two-way covariance analysis was used for the difference between data groups with SPSS-20 software at a significance level of P≤0.05. the results showed that seven weeks of intense interval training with caffeine supplementation had a significant effect on the players' explosive power, but had no effect on their agility.

  Intense interval training (HIIT) activates metabolic factors by increasing the cell's need for energy in the shortest time; However, its role in AMPK activation and subsequent reduction of cardiac tissue fibrosis in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients is unclear. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks of High intensity interval training on AMPK levels and cardiac tissue fibrosis, fasting blood glucose and insulin, and insulin resistance in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 20 heads (293.16 ± 49.96 g) of adult white Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=5): healthy control, diabetic control, healthy exercise, and diabetic exercise. The HIIT protocol was performed on a treadmill for eight weeks (five sessions per week including three phases of warm-up, main body of exercise and cool-down in each session). The training intensity was 85-90% of the maximum speed (~27-30 m/min) in 6-12 two-minute intervals with a three-minute active rest, including continuous running at an intensity of 30% of the maximum speed on the treadmill. Shapiro-Wilk, 2x2 two-way analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc tests at a significance level of <0.05 were used to analyze the data.

A significant increase in p-AMPK and p-AMPK/T-AMPK values ​​of heart tissue was observed in healthy exercise rats compared to other groups (p<0.05). Also, cardiac tissue fibrosis in the diabetic exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.05). However, in the diabetic exercise group, the values ​​of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/T-AMPK in cardiac tissue were not affected (p>0.05) and Also, T-AMPK showed a significant increase in the diabetic control group compared to other groups (p<0.05).

Probably, reduction of cardiac tissue fibrosis in T2DM rats, at least during eight weeks of HIIT, is independent of AMPK.

 Type 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. It is a major concern of the World Health Organization, affecting millions of people worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of  8 weeks of high-intensity interval training on the expression of activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6) and C/EBP homologue (CHOP) proteins in liver tissue in rats with type 2 diabetes. 

  The current study was experimental with a post-test design with a control group. A number of 24 Wistar male rats, aged 6 weeks and weighing approximately 200-250 grams, were obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 high intensity interval training (HIIT) diabetic, diabetic control and healthy control. The training groups performed 5 HIIT training sessions on the treadmill during 8 weeks and each week (the training protocol was 8 weeks of interval training, 5 sessions per week with intense 2-minute intervals with 2-8 repetitions and 80-90 The percentage of maximum running speed and 1-minute rest intervals were performed with 50-56% of maximum running speed. After 48 hours from the last training session and after fasting days, all rats were anesthetized and liver tissue was harvested. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

 The results showed that ATF-6 protein levels in type 2 diabetic male rats did not change significantly after 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (P = 0.73). But CHOP protein levels showed a significant increase after 8 weeks (P = 0.001). CHOP protein levels in the diabetic training group showed a non-significant decrease compared to the diabetic control group (P < 0.05), but in the diabetic training group compared to the healthy control group, it showed a significant increase (P = 0.001).  

 As a result, 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training can have beneficial effects on reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver tissue caused by type 2 diabetes in diabetic rats. Furthermore, further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the potential mechanisms involved.

Irisin is an exercise-stimulated hormone that affects white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. Based on the previous studies, physical activity increases the expression of proteins such as follistatin, which causes weight loss by increasing energy expenditure and through this has an effect on the insulin resistance index. The present study aimed to investigate the response of plasma levels of irisin, follistatin, and insulin resistance index to two types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in overweight men.

 For this purpose, 33 overweight men (mean age 22.9±2.11 years, weight 82.45±6.1 kg, body mass index 26.7±1.22 kg/m²) who were able to regularly attend physical activity voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into three groups: 30-s HIIT groups (HIIT-30), 60-s HIIT (HIIT-60), and control. The training protocol was performed three sessions per week for eight weeks. The HIIT-30 exercise program included eight repetitions of 30-second activity at an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate with a two-minute recovery for the first four weeks, ten repetitions for the fifth and sixth weeks, and twelve repetitions for the seventh and eighth weeks. The HIIT-60 exercise program included four repetitions of 60-second activity at an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate with a four-minute recovery for the first four weeks, five repetitions for the fifth and sixth weeks, and six repetitions for the seventh and eighth weeks. The control group did not attend any regular exercise program during the research. Blood samples were taken to measure levels of Irisin, follistatin, and determine the insulin resistance index. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test were utilized at a level of P≤0.05 to compare means of parameters.

 The within-group comparisons for irisin and follistatin data showed that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in the 30-s HIIT and 60-s HIIT groups (P<0.05). The results of ANOVA indicated that the 30-s HIIT and 60-s HIIT protocols increased the levels of irisin (P<0.05), follistatin (P<0.05), and reduced insulin resistance index significantly (P<0.05). The between-group comparisons of the data showed no significant differences between the HIIT-30 group and the HIIT-60 group for all variables.

 According to the results of this research, it could be concluded that, the two HIIT methods of 30 and 60 seconds by increasing irisin and follistatin levels can cause weight loss, treat obesity and improve the insulin resistance index in overweight men.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two types of intense training on the levels of thioredoxin reductase-1 enzyme and malondialdehyde in testicular tissue of male wistar rats.19 male Wistar rats,8weeks old and weighing200± 5g, after10 sessions of introducing training protocols and after weighing, were randomly divided into3groups(control, intense endurance training, intense training).Intense endurance training protocol included running on a treadmill for8 weeks and intense periodic training protocol included running on a rodent treadmill for 8 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session,the rats were anesthetized with ether and sacrificed and then the testicular tissue was isolated under sterile conditions.The amount of Thioredoxin Reductase-1 was determined by ELISA method and using a spectrophotometer and also the concentration of Malondialdehyde was determined by three Barbituric acid method using a spectrometer. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used to analyze the data.After8 weeks, the amount of Enzyme in the intense endurance training group and intense periodic training group increased significantly compared to the control group(P<0.05). Also,there was no significant change in the amount of Malondialdehyde in testicular tissue of the intense endurance training group and intense periodic training group compared to the control group(P>0.05). According to the results of this research,it can be said that intense endurance training and intense periodic training has increased the amount of thioredoxin reductase-1 enzyme in a testicular tissue and by creating adaptation in the body's antioxidant system, has not increased malondialdehyde.

Performing sports activities along with the consumption of herbal supplements, especially in people, have different effects on the body's antioxidant and oxidant systems. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense interval training with chlorella supplementation on serum levels of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity in obese or overweight middle-aged women. The statistical population of the present study consisted of overweight or obese middle-aged women (BMI ≤ 25) with an age range of 40 to 65 years. A number of 40 subjects were selected by invitation and based on the study entry criteria and randomly divided into four groups: exercise and supplement (10 people), exercise and placebo (10 people), supplement (10 people) and control (10 people). became HIIT exercises consisted of periods of 60 seconds of maximum intensity running (85-95% of the reserve heart rate) followed by 60 seconds of low-intensity running (55-60% of the reserve heart rate). The subjects did 6 times in the first week, 8 times in the second week. they completed the third to fifth weeks 10 times and the sixth to eighth weeks with 12 repetitions. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of data and correlated t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test to test hypotheses was used and the significant level was considered at the alpha level of 5%.

Exercise trainings increase people’s physical literacy in all aspects. This study aimed to compare the effect of non_exercise training after continuous and high intensity interval training on physical literacy and body composition of overweight female secondary school students.

24 female secondary school students (15-17 years old) who were overweight were between the 85th and 95th percentiles and were randomly divided into three groups: continuous training and non-training, high intensity interval training and non-training, and control (8 people in each group) were placed. Training was for 12 weeks and no training after that for 4 weeks. 24 hours before, 48 hours after the end of the training period, and 24 hours after the end of the non-training period, pre-test and post-test measurements were taken.

Physical literacy increased significantly in both training groups compared to the control group, and body composition improved significantly in both training groups compared to the control group. It came with training, but these effects were still present compared to before training(P<0.05). No difference was observed between the two types of training and no training(P>0.05).

It seems that 12 weeks of continuous training and Both of the severe periodic type, leads to an increase in physical literacy and an improvement in the body composition of female students of the second secondary level, and lack of exercise leads to a decrease in the effects of exercise, but after 4 weeks, its effects do not disappear completely.

 The prevalence of heart disease in postmenopausal women is higher than men in their age group. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of six weeks of High intensity interval training (HIIT) and soy supplementation on miR-29 gene expression in the heart of ovariectomized rats.In this study, 30 Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups after ovariectomy surgery. High intensity interval training (HIIT) and soya supplement were done for 6 weeks. After 48 hours of the last workout, the heart is transferred to the lab. The amount of expression of the miR-29 gene in the method RT-PCR was measured. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p≤ 0. 05). The results showed that ovariectomy reduced the expression of the miR-29 gene. The expression of miR-29 gene in the hearts of ovariectomized rats in the group of "High intensity interval training (HIIT)" (m = 0.72) was significantly higher than the group of "combination of exercise and soy supplementation" (m = 0.61). (045/0 = p). The results of the present study showed that the effect of HIIT exercises and soy supplement alone is more effective than the combination of the two as an effective way to prevent heart disease in postmenopausal women.

The present study investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the apoptotic factors Bcl2 and Bax and the Bcl2/Bax ratio in response to Exhaustive Exercise in young men.

In this semi-experimental study, twenty-four young non-athlete men (age: 19.13 76 1.76 years and BMI: 23.67 59 4.59 kg / m2) were voluntarily selected and randomly arranged in three groups of HIIT(n=8) MICT (n=8) and control (n=7). Subjects in the HIIT group performed an exercise program with an intensity of 80% of maximum heart rate in five three-minute training cycles and rested actively for three minutes between each period with an intensity of 40% of maximum oxygen consumption. The MICT program consisted of 30 to 50 minutes of running with an intensity of 60 to 65% of maximum heart rate. Serum levels of Bcl2 and Bax were measured using ELISA Data analysis was done using independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measurements at a significance level of p˂0.05.

Serum Bax levels were significantly decreased in HIIT (P = 0.005) and MICT (P = 0.002) groups, while there was no significant difference in the control group (P = 0.873). Serum Bcl-2 levels did not show significant changes in the groups. Serum Bcl2 / Bax ratio was significantly changed in MICT group (P = 0.017) but not in other groups (P = 0.622) (P = 0.463).

it seems that performing both HIIT and MICT exercises can reduce the serum level of Bax protein, to prevent apoptosis in the cells.

Introduction and  Oxidative stress and subsequent oxidative damage is one of the main factors in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of present study was to investigate comparison the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with and without Portulaca Oleracea Extract on Serum Level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in Rats with (NAFLD). Twenty five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, fatty liver control, Portulaca Oleracea, HIIT and HIIT+ Portulaca Oleracea. To induce NAFLD, the rats were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Portulaca Oleracea supplement at 400 mg/kg was given to the experimental groups. HIIT was performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week with 7 repetitions of 1 minute at 90% maximum speed accompanied by active rest intervals including 2 minutes of running at 20% mmaximum speed. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at the significance level of p<0.05. Serum Level of MDA in fatty liver control was higher than healthy control group (P=0.034). Level of this index in Portulaca Oleracea Extract and HIIT+ Portulaca Oleracea groups were significantly lower than fatty liver control group (P values 0.021 and 0.049 respectively). But No significant difference was observed in the serum level of MDA in the HIIT group compared to the fatty liver control group (P=0.08). Serum level of TAC were significantly higher in Portulaca Oleracea Extract than healthy control and fatty liver control groups (P values 0.044 and 0.001 respectively). Level of this index in HIIT+ Portulaca Oleracea Extract group was significantly higher than fatty liver control group (P=0.003).Discussion and It seems that long term HIIT and Consumption of Portulaca Oleracea extract by reducing lipid peroxidation and improving antioxidant factors in NAFLD subjects, can play an important role in controlling the progress of this disease.

Nowadays, the appropriate exercise pattern along with the consumption of medicinal plants plays an important role in regulating energy balance, reducing inflammatory indicators and increasing antioxidant defense in obese elderly people.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of HIIT and consumption of green tea on serum levels of antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory markers and galanin in obese elderly untrained men.

Methods & Materials:

In this study, 48 obese elderly untrained men were randomly divided into four groups including: HIIT, HIIT with Green Tea, Green Tea and Control. HIIT were performed for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) with 90% HRR. 450 mg of green tea was received daily (six capsules per day).Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro-Wilk test and two-way analysis of covariance.Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software with a significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that the combined effect of HIIT with green tea consumption and the main effect of HIIT alone caused a significant increase in the levels of thioredoxin reductase-1, paraoxonase-1 and a significant decrease in the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and galanin(P<0.05).But consumption of green tea alone did not show significant changes(P>0.05). The highest percentage of changes (increase and decrease)created in biochemical variables was attributed to the HIIT with green tea group.

Performing HIIT with green tea consumption had the greatest effect on reducing inflammatory markers, increasing antioxidant enzymes and energy balance in obese elderly untrained men.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sprint interval training on hippocampal oxidative stress markers hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats. This is an experimental study in which 16 male Wistar rats were obtained, and after environmental adaptation and reaching target weight range randomly divided into two equal groups: control (CO) and sprint interval training (SIT). The SIT was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 4-9 repetitions of 10 seconds with 60 secs of active recovery between intervals. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session the rats were anesthetized and the hippocampus was dissected and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in hippocampus homogenate. The independent samples T test was used for data analysis (P<0.05). There were no significant difference between the SIT and CO groups in the hippocampal GPx, TAC and MDA levels (p < 0.05). However, the activity level of SOD in the SIT group was significantly higher than the CO group (p<0.05). The present research revealed that despite its strenuous nature, SIT did not induce oxidative stress in the hippocampus and trend of changes in GPx and TAC, as well as observed significant increase in SOD activity levels suggests that it may have favorable effects on hippocampus oxidative- antioxidative status.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation on cardiac heat shock proteins level and gene expression level of microRNAs in rats exposed to arsenic. 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of Control, Curcumin, Exercise and concomitant(Curcumin+Exercise). Arsenic 5 mg/kg.day and curcumin 15 mg/kg.day, were consumed orally for entire the study period. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w, 60 min/session (consisted of 10 intervals of running (4 min) at 85-90% of Vo2max with 2 min recovery at 50-60% of Vo2max). Tissue protein content and gene expression levels was assessed by Western blotting and PCR methods respectively. No between group difference was observed for gene expression levels of miR-21(P>0.05).The cardiac HSP60, HSP20 levels and the gene expression levels of miR-30 was significantly higher in all three intervention groups compared to Control group(P<0.001). Moreover, the cardiac HSP60, HSP20 content was significantly higher in concomitant group compared to both groups of Exercise and Curcumin(P<0.05). Arsenic exposure may likely increase the vulnerability of cardiomyocytes to injury by altering the amount of heat shock proteins content and the expression levels of microRNAs. Both HIIT and curcumin supplementation could be likely effective to reduce the hazards of arsenic within heart, However, the concomitant intervention might be had more beneficial effects. However, more research is still needed to be done due to the lack of similar evidence and no comprehensive measurement of the influential factors.

In contemporary modern societies a lot of people suffer from reproductive system dysfunction and infertility. Various factors such as sedentariness, some diseases and medicines play a role in incidence of reproductive dysfunction, which can lead to decreased reproductive capacity. One of the main mechanisms of which is the increased free radical’s production and oxidative stress in testis. Sprint interval training (SIT) is one of the most time-efficient types of exercise comparing to other exercise methods, which could be used to promote physical activity level. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of SIT on testis oxidant-antioxidant status and some reproductive indices in adult Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 16 adult male Wistar rats wereobtained and randomly divided into: 1) control and 2) training groups. Then, the training group practiced 3 times a week for eight weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session, the rats' testis were removed after anesthesia and transferred to the laboratory and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed. Moreover, main reproductive function indices including tubular differentiation index (TDI), spermiogenesis index (SI), and cumulative index (RI) were determined. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-test at the alpha = 0.05. 

The statistical analysis revealed that the MDA level of the testis in the training group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of the SOD activity and TAC. However, in the training group the GPX activity level was significantly higher comparing to the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the number of Leydig cells, TDI, and RI in the training group were significantly lower in comparison with the control group (P˂0.05); Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between groups in terms of SI (P>0.05).

SIT may increase oxidative stress in the testicular tissue and negatively affect the main spermatogenic indices in testis, which can lead to reproductive dysfunction. Conducting more research in this area while controlling the other influential factors and training variables (intensity, duration, and volume) is recommended.

Some adipokines are involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression of liver tissue in animal of steatosis. In this experimental study, 32 rats (weighing 200-250 gr) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups including healthy control, fatty liver, HIIT and fatty liver + HIIT group. Rats were infected with fatty liver by oral tetracycline at a dose of 140 mg/kg (soluble in 2 ml of water) for 7 days. HIIT protocol contained 5 intervals 2 min running session at 85–90% of VO2max followed by 1 min running at 30–40% of VO2max between each session, five sessions per week for 5 weeks. The Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression in the liver tissue samples was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests at the P <0.05. The results showed that the Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression of liver tissue was significantly higher in fatty liver group than the healthy control group (P=0.001). Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression in liver tissue was significantly lower in HIIT and fatty liver + HIIT group’s than the fatty liver group (P=0.001). It seems that the HIIT training program can help improve the levels of adipokines in fatty liver disease, so this training method is recommended for its benefits in fatty liver disease.

Imbalance of some microRNAs and its cell apoptosis has an important role in myocardial infarction. Based on the role of curcumin supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on myocardial infarction, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these types of training and supplementation on left ventricular gene expression levels of miR-133 and miR-1 in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rat model.

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as: HIIT, curcumin, HIIT+curcumin and control groups, following induction of MI via intraperitoneal injection of isopretrenol (100 mg/kg/day) within two consecutive days. The HIIT protocol was performed during eight weeks (five sessions per week), each session was consisted of 10 bouts of running occasions (each for four min) at 85 - 90% of vVo2max with two min rest intervals at 50 to 60% of vVO2max. Moreover, Curcumin (15 mg/kg) was administered daily via gavage. The gene expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133 were evaluated using Real-Time PCR method and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of p<0.05.

Although, in all three intervention groups of HIIT, curcumin and HIIT+curcumin, the cardiomyocytes miR-1 gene expression level was significantly lower (p=0.001), while miR-133 expression level was higher (p=0.001) than control group. However, gene expression in both variables after HIIT+curcumin showed more changes than curcumin group (p=0.006 and p=0.01 respectively).

Probably, curcumin supplementation along with HIIT training after myocardial infarction is associated with improvement of cardiac function; but due to research limitations, more research is needed.

  Physical exercises and the consumption of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory properties are one of the most widely used methods to reduce the complications of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training and curcumin consumption on glycemic index, adiponectin and lipid profile in obese men with type2 diabetes hyperlipidemia.

The current research was a double-blind semi-experimental type. The statistical population included men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 38.76±2.05 years and weight 89.00±2.96 kg), 60 people participated in this research. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups: high-intensity interval training, high-intensity interval training + curcumin, curcumin, and placebo-control. The training intervention was performed three times a week and the consumption daily of curcumin was 2100 mg in three servings of 700 mg, for 12 weeks. Body composition and biochemical indices were measured before and after exercise. One-way ANOVA, two-way factorial ANOVA for repeated measurements and paired samples t test were used to analyze the data.

Interactive effect of exercise and curcumin significantly increased adiponectin (p= 0.010), and significantly decreased glucose (p= 0.0001), insulin (p= 0.0001), HbA1c (p= 0.021), insulin resistance (p= 0.001), TC (p= 0.0001), TG (p= 0.001), LDL (p= 0.002) and HDL (p= 0.011). Exercise alone caused significant changes in all biochemical variables (p<0.05), but curcumin consumption alone did not cause significant changes (P>0.05).

Therefore, high-intensity interval training with curcumin consumption more improved glycemic status and lipid profiles in hyperlipidemia type 2 diabetes men more than the main effect of training and curcumin.

  Oxidative stress in different organs is the main challenge for athletes who undergo strenuous training. This study investigated the effect of curcumin supplementation along with HIIT on the antioxidant balance of skeletal muscle, heart, and liver in male Wistar rats.

Forty two male Wistar rats aged six-eight weeks, after one week familiarization period, were randomly divided into 6 groups; Control, Curcumin, 48hrs Curcumin, HIIT, HIIT+Curcumin, and HIIT+48hrs Curcumin. HIIT training (8 weeks, 5 sessions a week) carried out on a rodent treadmill. Curcumin supplement (30 mg/kg.BW) injected Intraperitoneally (eight weeks, three times a week; or last 48 hours, every 8 hours) in the supplemented groups. GPX activity was measured by Elisa Kit and the MDA level was assessed by spectrophotometric method.

One-way ANOVA results showed that GPX activity of the HIIT group in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver were significantly (P<0.05) lower, and MDA levels of the heart were significantly (P=0.001) higher than the control group. Also, GPX activity of skeletal muscle (P=0.001), heart (P=0.004), and liver (P=0.029) in the HIIT+curcumin and HIIT+48hrs curcumin group of the heart (P=0.008) were significantly higher than HIIT group. MDA levels of heart in the HIIT+curcumin (p=0.001) and HIIT+48hrs curcumin (P=0.001) groups were significantly lower than the HIIT group.

In spite of different oxidative stress responses of tissues to the HIIT training, curcumin supplementation during the last 48 hours of strenuous HIIT, as well as during eight weeks, could prevent oxidative stress, and improves antioxidant capacity.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein complex increases in response to resistance training with a histological approach and decreases in aerobic training with a metabolic approach. These changes can be discussed in the conditions of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and with exercise. Therefore, taking into account exercises such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with aerobic and anaerobic characteristics and on the other hand T2DM intervention can depict the possible interaction of mTOR with glycemic and histopathological indicators of the cardiac. So, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks of HIIT on p-mTOR, T-mTOR and fibrosis of cardiac tissue and insulin resistance on diabetic rats through STZ injection.

Twenty male adult white Wistar rats were divided into four groups (N=5): healthy control, diabetic control, healthy workout and diabetic workout. The HIIT protocol was carried out five sessions a week for eight weeks on a treadmill. One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis at a significance level of P < 0.05.

The results showed that eight weeks of HIIT did not lead to significant changes in the amount of p-mTOR and T-mTOR in the cardiac tissue of rats with T2DM (P > 0.05); However, it caused a significant decrease in insulin resistance (31.2% compared to the diabetic control group) and cardiac tissue fibrosis (51.6% compared to the diabetic control group) in rats with T2DM (P < 0.05).

According to the results, it seems that eight weeks of HIIT is enough to observe the increase in amount of cardiac tissue mTOR in healthy rats, but it is insufficient in rats with T2DM. Also, it is possible that the reduction of cardiac tissue fibrosis in rats with T2DM, at least during eight weeks of HITT, is independent of cardiac tissue mTOR.

One of the appropriate strategies for combating the adverse effects of oxidative stress caused by strenuous activities is consuming a well-balanced diet and taking antioxidant supplements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of jujube extract consumption during two types of intermittent and intense endurance training on antioxidant indices and oxidative stress of the liver tissue of immature male rats.

72 male Wistar rats (aged= 22 days, weight= 60.64 ± 7.475 g) were randomly divided into nine groups after being weighed: control, placebo, jujube, intense endurance training (ICT), ICT + placebo, ICT + jujube gavage, high-intensity interval training (HIT), HIT + placebo gavage, HIT + jujube gavage. After a week of general and specific familiarization, the ICT protocol including running on the treadmill for four weeks (five sessions per week) with progressive duration and intensity and following the principle of exercise overload was implemented on an animal treadmill. So that the speed in the first week was equal to 10-18 meters per minute and its duration was 10-30 minutes, and in the last week the training speed reached 30 meters per minute and its duration was 55-60 minutes. The HIT training protocol was also carried out in the form of training with the pattern of seven-day courses (six days of training and one day of rest to prevent overtraining). Based on the principle of overload, training was applied in such a way that the training speed in the familiarization week was equal to 10-16 meters per minute and its duration was one minute, and in the last week the training speed reached 36-40 meters per minute (equivalent to about 85% of Vo2max). Distilled water was given to the placebo groups, and 600 mg/kg of jujube extract was given daily to the jujube groups after training. The activity of GPX, SOD, CAT enzymes, TAC and MDA was assayed by spectrophotometric method using diagnostic ELISA kit. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that ICT and HIT significantly decreased MDA activity (P < 0.05). However, ICT and HIT did not affect the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX) and TAC (P > 0.05). On the other hand, HIT training significantly increased CAT enzyme (P < 0.05). The results also showed that groups with jujube gavage did not have a significant effect on the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX, CAT), TAC and MDA (P > 0.05).

it seems that ICT, HIT moderates oxidative indices, and HIT training improves the antioxidant index CAT in immature rats.