جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کورتیزول » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of 8 weeks of interval training combined with whey protein consumption on the serum levels of testosterone, cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol in young non-athletes. In this semi-experimental study, 48 young non-athletes between the ages of 18 and 24 were randomly divided into four groups of 12: control group (no intervention); supplement (whey protein); Interval training and combined group (interval training + whey protein) were included. After measuring the anthropometric indicators, the subjects in all 4 groups were present in the laboratory environment after 10 to 12 hours of overnight starvation (fasting) and after 15 minutes of rest, 5 cc of blood from the brachial vein between 7 o'clock and it was taken from them at 8 am. Blood sampling was taken to measure testosterone and cortisol and calculate the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (pre-test). Then the aforementioned interventions were performed on the studied groups for a period of 8 weeks. Finally, 48 hours after the last training session, blood sampling was done again (fasting) to measure dependent variables (post-test). Also, anthropometric indices were measured after the intervention in all groups. Data analysis by ANCOVA revealed that compared to the control group, interval training combined with whey protein consumption increased testosterone and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol and decreased cortisol in the combined group compared to the control group. Also, the implementation of aerobic exercises combined with the consumption of Selenium Plus improved the mentioned variables compared to the application of each of them alone. In a summary, based on the available findings, it is concluded that the implementation of interval training combined with the consumption of whey protein is associated with more anabolic effects than the application of each of them alone in non-athletic men. However, further understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the anabolic effect of interval training and whey protein requires further studies in this field.

Evidence shows that certain conditions during pregnancy will have lasting effects on the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of voluntary physical activity on corticosterone and anxiety levels in mice during and after pregnancy.  

In this experimental study, 40 female NMRI mice aged with an approximate age of 80 to 90 days and a weight of 25 to 30 grams were divided into four groups of 10 including the control-pregnancy, experimental-pregnancy, control-postpartum and experimental-postpartum groups. After two weeks of adaptation to the environment and seeing the vaginal plaque, two rotating wheels were placed inside the cage of each pregnant mice to apply voluntary physical activity for four weeks. The dark-light box test was used to measure the anxiety of mice. Finally, the animals of the pregnancy groups, on the 18th day of pregnancy and the samples of the postpartum groups, on the 7th day after delivery; were given deep anesthesia and to measure corticosterone, blood was taken directly from the heart tissue. For statistical analysis, the independent sample t-test was used at a significance level of p<0.05.

The serum corticosterone levels decreased significantly in the experimental groups during pregnancy (p=0.002) and during the postpartum periods (p=0.006). However, the anxiety level of the mice was significantly reduced only in the experimental postpartum group (p=0.007).

The use of voluntary physical activities during pregnancy in mice is probably important as an effective therapeutic strategy in reducing cortisol and psychological disorders including anxiety.

Telomeres play an important role during aging process. Chronic psychological stress and high cortisol levels could damage the telomere. The effect and mechanism of physical-mental exercise on changing the level of telomerase enzyme as a telomere protector is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hatha yoga exercises on telomerase, cortisol and stress in middle-aged women.

During this quasi-experimental trial, 24 middle-aged women with high perceived stress scale (PSS>27) were purposefully and accessibly selected and randomly divided into two groups including exercise (n=12) and control (n=12). The exercise group participated in hatha yoga exercises for eight weeks, two sessions per week for 60-90 minutes each session. Forty-eight hours before and after the training protocol, blood cortisol and telomerase levels were measured by ELISA and stress levels were measured using the Cohen perceived stress scale. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and linear regression tests at a significance level of p<0.05.

Serum levels of telomerase enzyme significantly increased and cortisol and stress were significantly decreased (p= 0.001) in the exercise group compared to the control group. A significant negative correlation also was observed between baseline cortisol and telomerase levels in both exercise (p=0.02) and control (p=0.001) groups, as well as a significant negative correlation at changes due to hatha yoga exercise was observed in the exercise group (p=0.003); Moreover, 56% of telomerase changes based on cortisol changes were predictable.

Hatha yoga physical-mental exercise can be a good method to reduce the aging process caused by psychological stress in middle-aged women who have high levels of stress, by increasing serum telomerase levels via the cortisol reduction mechanism.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of different doses of caffeine chewing gum on stress hormones and shooting performance of military men. The subjects of the present research were 10 commanders of Valiasr Police Training Center in Tabriz with a mean and standard deviation of age of 31.52±2.78 years, weight of 75.32±3.91 kilograms, His height was 176.14 ± 4.84 cm. The levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and oxytocin in the blood as well as shooting performance were measured after consuming different doses of caffeine. In the first phase, the placebo was given 15 minutes before the shooting. In the second, third and fourth stages (the time interval between each stage is 5 days), all the subjects were given caffeine gum with doses of 150, 200 and 300 mg 15 minutes before the shooting. Gum and placebo were given to the participants in a double-blind manner. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data(P≤0.05). The results of the present study showed that the consumption of caffeine gum in doses of 200 and 300 grams causes a significant decrease in all three stress hormones and also a significant increase in shooting performance, however, the consumption of a dose of 150 mg of caffeine don’t have an effect on the reduction of stress hormones and Shooting performance. According to these results, shooting athletes can be advised to use caffeine gum with doses of 200 and 300 mg before their training and competitions. However, more studies are needed to comment on the use of different doses of caffeine, especially in the form of chewing gum.

Nowadays, the use of traditional herbal remedies for the prevention and treatment of diseases along with exercise has become very popular. The aim of this study was to investigate acute effect of hydro alcoholic extract of melissa officinalis on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation and salivary cortisol during and after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in inactive women. Ten inactive women were selected based on criteria (BMI 22.28±0.60 kg/m2). Individuals participated in two separate sessions. In the first session, extract of melissa officinalis (500 mg) were intake one hour before HIIE. In the second session, the placebo (500 mg of starch) was intake. The HIIE program consisted of 11 alternates (1-minute with 90% vVO2max followed by 2-minute rest intervals with 60% vVO2max). Pre, during and after HIIE, respiratory gases was measured using the respiratory gas analyzer and was used to calculate metabolic rate (Energy Expenditure, VO2) and substrate oxidation (Fat oxidation, Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)). Heart rate monitored by polar sensor. Salivary cortisol after collection was measured by chemiluminescence method. Based on results, there was no significant difference in VO2 (P =0.51), Fat Oxidation (P= 0.9), RER (P= 0.76), Heart rate (P= 0.42) and energy expenditure (P=0.6) between melissa officinalis and placebo intake. Also, there was no significant difference in salivary cortisol (P= 0.15). Generally, hydro alcoholic extract of melissa officinalis supplement intake along HIIE has no effect on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation and cortisol level in inactive women.

Resistance exercise with new training methods such as blood flow restriction, which is performed with lower intensities than the traditional method, can lead to different physiological responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of upper body resistance exercise with blood flow restriction on the level of cortisol, testosterone and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol in male judo players.

Thirty male judo players were divided into two groups of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction. The training program consisted of 6 weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions per week. Resistance exercise with blood flow restriction included performing barbell biceps curl exercise at an intensity corresponding to 30% of one repetition maximum (1-RM) with cuff pressure about 120 to 160 mm Hg (around the proximal area of the arm) based on the systolic pressure of each person. For the traditional resistance training group (without vascular occlusion), subjects performed biceps exercise at an intensity corresponding to 75% of 1-RM.  To measure testosterone and cortisol, first blood sample (5ml) was taken before training from the antecubital vein of the right hand. The second blood was taken 48 hours after the last training session of 6th week, the third blood sample was taken 24 hours before the start of the second 6-week activity and the fourth sample was taken 48 hours after the last training session (after 12 weeks).

Between-group comparisons showed that cortisol (P=0.018), testosterone (P<0.001) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.001) were significantly different beuween two groups of resistance training with blood flow restriction and resistance training. Within-group comparisons showed that cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.76), testosterone (P<0.001; d=4.03) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.53) were increased significantly following resistance training with blood flow restriction and the percentage of changes were 38.48, 121.11 and 53.57%, respectively. Moreover, cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.27), testosterone (P<0.001; d=2.05) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.010; d=0.63) increased significantly in resistance training group by 25.35, 60.29 and 21.66 %, respectively.

According to the results of the research, it could be concluded that both traditional resistance training and resistance training with blood flow restriction can lead to increases in testosterone, cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol. Furthermore, according to the size of the effect and percentage of differences, it can be mention that effectiveness of resistance training along with blood flow restriction is more pronounced than traditional resistance training.

The statistical sample of the present study includes 22 healthy inactive male volunteers living in Bukan city of West Azerbaijan province and its suburbs with an age range of 21/09 ± 0/88, height of 174/1 ±1/68 and weight of 73/25 ± 1/03 were selected and randomly divided into two groups. After determining the groups in a double-blind design, the subjects participating in the placebo and supplement groups for one month; 27 days before and 3 days after the contusion training program, they received an omega-3 capsule of 1000 mg The results of repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test to examine the differences in the mean of PGE2 hormone during different stages of measurement showed a significant difference in the variable within the groups after extroverted and introverted activity. In the supplement group, it was observed that the mean of cortisol decreased from 48 and 72 hours later compared to 24 hours and returned to the mean before the onset of delayed muscle contusion, but in the control group, the mean of cortisol in the next 48 hours compared to baseline. Has increased. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance test to examine the differences in the mean perception of muscle pain using the VAS scale during different stages of measurement indicate a significant difference in the variable within the groups after extroverted activity and He was introverted. In summary, omega-3 supplementation can reduce the apparent functional and biochemical symptoms of delayed muscle soreness.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 70percent reduction in training loade during the tapering on serum levels of cortisol, testosterone and performance changes in trained swimmers

In this quasi-experimental study, 20 trained male swimmers were selected by available sampling method and participated voluntarily in the study. Then based on the record of 200m freestyle, the subjects were divided into two groups: Taper(n=10) and control(n=10). Both groups initially Participated in6 weeks in incremental exercises training. Then the taper group spent the 14-day period with a 70% reduction in training load and the control group continued training with the same load as before. In both groups, performance tests (upper and lower body strength) and blood samples (for measurement of serum testosterone, cortisol and testosterone / cortisol ratio) were taken at the beginning of the taper and after the end of this period. For determination of testosterone and cortisol levels, ELISA kits was used. Data were analyzed using, paired t-, and covariance tests.

The results indicated that after the tapering , there was a significant difference between the two groups in swimming performance (200m freestyle), upper and lower strength, serum cortisol levels, and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol(P< 0/05). However, there was no significant difference in testosterone levels between the two groups(P> 0/05).

The findings of this study showed that taper plan with 14-days, improved anabolic conditions and performance in trained swimmers.

It is not yet clear whether exposure to competitive exercise training (CET) can lead to adaptation and reduction of salivary markers of stress in adolescents or not? This study aimed to investigate the effects of six weeks of exposure to CET in modulating the response of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol to a single bout of acute competitive activity in adolescents. 24 healthy adolescents (12 girls and 12 boys) participated in this research in two groups of competitive (n=12) and noncompetitive(n=12) exercises with random allocation of 50% to each gender. Exercises were performed in both groups for six weeks and two sessions per week. The subjects performed the acute competitive activity with an interval of 48 hours before and after the training period. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase responses were evaluated before and 5 minutes after the acute competitive activity in two stages, pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was done with the Repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-tests at the statistical level of P≤0.05.The results indicated a significant increase in salivary alpha-amylase after the acute competitive activity in the pre-test and post-test in both groups (p<0.05), but cortisol did not change significantly in any of the groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in cortisol and alpha-amylase responses (P<0.05). In summary the results showed that adolescents respond to the stress caused by acute competitive activity in the form of an increase in salivary alpha-amylase, and repeated participation in six weeks CET does not have an effect on modulating the response of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase.

Hormones affect almost all physiological aspects and actually act as a complementary part of the central nervous system. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of home exercise on cortisol, androgen dehydroepiandrosterone and the ratio of androgen dehydroepiandrosterone to serum cortisol in female high school students. 16 female students of the second secondary level of Golbahar city were purposefully selected and randomly placed in two educational and control groups (8 people in each group). The exercise group participated in an 8-week exercise program at home including aerobic exercises 5 sessions per week and each session for 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes for the first to eighth weeks. Before and after eight weeks, resting blood samples were taken from both groups, and the amounts of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and the ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone to cortisol were measured and calculated. The statistical method of analysis of variance between and within the subjects was used to compare the changes in the variables between the two groups. Cortisol in the training group compared to the control group means increased (P=0.026). Dehydroepiandrosterone and the ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone to cortisol decreased significantly in the training group compared to the control group (P=0.005 and P=0.006, respectively). Probably, eight weeks of aerobic training has led to the development of catabolic conditions in high school female students, which may lead to the prevention of overweight in them.

Resistance training (RT) is an effective program for creating hormonal, functional and structural adaptations, so that manipulation of its variables induces different adaptations. Change in the secretion rate and serum level of hormones due to resistance activity is the main factor in protein synthesis and hypertrophy of skeletal muscles, so the purpose of this study was to investigate hypertrophic and hormonal responses to a session of resistance training with two different protocols in men’s sprint runner.

45 men volunteers (age: 21± 1.7 year, weight: 67.5± 4.35 kg and BMI: 22 ± 1.03 kg/m2) were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people (high-load training, low-load training and control). The training protocol includes seven movements (chest press with barbell, leg extension, biceps barbell, standing shoulder press with barbell, seated leg machine, lat pull down and triceps machine), three sets with 70% 1-RM to failure for training group with high load, seven movements (chest press with barbell, leg extension, biceps barbell, standing shoulder press with barbell, Seated leg machine, lat pull down and triceps machine), three sets with 30% 1-RM to failure for training group with low load, and no activity for control group. Thickness of biceps and vastus lateralis and serum levels of cortisol, IGF-1, testosterone hormones and testosterone/cortisol (T/C) ratio were measured at two stages (pre-test and 30 minute after the RT). The Shapiro–Wilk and the Levine tests were performed to confirm the normality of data distribution and the homogeneity of variances, respectively.

The result of paired-sample t test showed serum concentration of testosterone (P=0.005), IGF-1 (P=0.004), cortisol (P=0.020), T/C (P<0.001), thickness of biceps (P=0.001) and thickness of vastus lateralis (P=0.001) were increased only in RT group with high load compared to the pre-test. Also, the results of ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc test showed the mean of serum concentration of testosterone, IGF-1, cortisol, T/C, thickness of biceps and vastus lateralis in high-load training group was significantly higher than the low-load training (P ≤ 0.05) and control (P ≤ 0.05) groups in the post-test.

Although one session of resistance training with an intensity of 30% of 1RM did not cause a significant change in the serum level of hormones and hypertrophy, it seems that hypertrophy produced after a 70% of 1-RM acute resistance training protocol (and with repetition to failure) appears to be due to hormonal changes due to metabolic stress.

Intensive training such as soccer activities cause significant changes in hormone circulation and also induce microscopic muscle damages and acute inflammatory reactions that can influence the performance of athletes in 24 to 72 hours after soccer and prolong the recovery time. Nutritional strategies are among the popular and accessible methods to facilitate the recovery of function and physiological disorders after certain sports as well as soccer. Therefore, the present study was a two-way clinical trial that investigated the effect of beta hydroxy beta methyl butyrate supplement in the form of free acid (HMB-FA) on the levels of hormonal markers during the recovery period during a weekly soccer cycle.

This research was semi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test and double-blind design. Twenty-four male soccer players (mean age 23 ± 3 years, mass index of 22.8 ± 2, mean height 172.6 ± 5.5 cm and average weight 74.3 ± 5.4 kg) were voluntarily selected as the statistical sample of this study and were divided into two groups of 12 people. In this study, subjects participated in a weekly soccer microcycle with two matches. Subjects in the supplement-training group consumed three grams of HMB-FA daily during a weekly soccer cycle. Blood samples were taken in seven stages (before supplementation, before the first match, immediately after the first match, 24 hours after the first match, before the second match, immediately after the second match, 24 hours after the second match). Plasma concentrations of cortisol and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured by ELISA method. Data analysis was performed using Friedman, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests with a significance level of P≥ 0.05.  

The results showed that after intaking HMB-FA supplement, there was a significant decrease in plasma cortisol levels (before the first match, after the first match and 24 hours after the second match) (for all, P < 0.05) and there was also a significant increase for IGF-1 (before the first match, after the first match and immediately after the second match) (for all,P < 0.05).

HMB-FA supplementation has increased the levels of IGF-1 hormone and decreased cortisol, which indicates an increase in anabolic state and a decrease in catabolic state in the body, which is used for muscle reconstruction and recovery from injuries caused by exercise and racing is essential during a race microcycle. In addition, taking HMB supplements may have other effects, including reducing neuromuscular fatigue, reducing the inflammatory response, and rapid skeletal muscle regeneration, which requires further study.

Sports competitions create a lot in athletes and sometimes the results of sports competitions are determined as a result of differences in competitions and skills. This creates stress in the agents, which is the stress caused by the athletes. The purpose this study was comparisons between competitive state anxiety in low and high arousal in elite basketball players. The subjects of this study were basketball players who participated in basketball competition that disposed on 90-91. Tow of competitions choice T won the competition that the players had high arousal (the players 70% did not guess to win that competition) and the other one with low arousal (the players 70% did not guess to win that competition). 2 hours before each competition begin the subjects completed the SCAT questionnaire and their blood bleeder too. The results of this study shown that the competitive state anxiety in high arousal was high and in low arousal was low, in tow ways SCAT and cortisol tests (p<0/05) and with a comparison between SCAT and cortisol tests, the results shown that there were not any significant differences between SCAT and cortisol tests.

This study aimed to compare the effects of four weeks of aerobic training and strength training on serum cortisol and creatine kinase levels in sedentary overweight women aged between 25 and 40 years. A total of 36 subjects were selected from inactive women with excess weight as a research sample. They were chosen based on specific criteria for participation in the study and were then randomly assigned to three groups: aerobic exercise (12 people), strength training (12 people), and a control group (12 people). The aerobic training group underwent a 4-week program consisting of 12 training sessions, with three sessions per week. The intensity of the sessions was set at 65 to 70% of the reserve heart rate, lasting 16 to 22 minutes each week. The strength training program also spanned four weeks, with three sessions per week at an intensity of 50 to 65% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Blood samples were collected from the subjects at two points: before the training began and 48 hours after the final four-week session. The samples were taken under fasting and baseline conditions to measure serum cortisol and creatine kinase levels. Blood samples of 6 ml were drawn from the brachial vein for serum separation. Data analysis involved using covariance analysis and Bonferroni's post hoc test to assess intergroup differences, if significant. Additionally, the paired t-test was employed to evaluate intragroup differences at a significance level of 0.05. The study results revealed a significant difference in the intergroup levels of cortisol and serum creatine kinase among inactive women after four weeks of aerobic and strength training (P=0.000). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in intragroup cortisol levels between the pre-test and post-test stages in both the aerobic and strength training groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, a significant difference in intragroup creatine kinase levels between the pre-test and post-test phases was also noted in the aerobic training group (P<0.05). Four weeks of strength and aerobic training led to a decrease in cortisol and creatine kinase levels in inactive overweight women. Therefore, both moderate-intensity exercise methods can be used to reduce stress and injury in overweight inactive women.

It seems that the use of nutritional supplements can affect the secretion of anabolic and catabolic hormones during exercise-recovery process. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of beta-hydroxy beta methyl butyrate supplement in free acid form (HMB-FA) on hormonal responses and recovery in the wrestling-specific protocol (WSP) in wrestlers for one night and one day.

Twenty male wrestlers were selected and randomly divided into two groups: supplement-exercise (n=10) and placebo-exercise (n=10) groups. Each of the groups received a supplement or placebo at 3 g/day. The subjects repeated the WSP five times, each consisting of four sections. To measure serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and cortisol (Cort), IGF-1/Cort ratio blood samples were taken before and after taking the supplement, immediately after the first repetition of the WSP, immediately after the third repetition of the WSP and immediately after the fifth repetition of the WSP. The perceived recovery status (PRS) was assessed immediately before the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth repetitions of the WSP. Results were extracted using analysis of covariance and analysis of variance with repeated measures at a significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that serum levels of IGF-1 after supplementation (p=0.001) and after the first (p=0.004), third (p=0.004) and fifth (p=0.01) of the WSP were significantly higher in HMB-FA group than placebo group. Moreover, serum levels of IGF-1/Cort after supplementation (p=0.001) and after the first (p=0.001), third (p=0.003) and fifth (p=0.001) of the WSP were significantly increased in the HMB-FA group as compare to the placebo group. However, cortisol indicated a higher increase in the placebo group than HMB-FA group after supplementation (p=0.006) and also after first (p=0.002), third (p=0.008) and fifth (p=0.002) of WSP. On the other hand, PRS in the placebo group showed a greater decrease than the HMB-FA group before the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth of WSP (p<0.05).

It seems that HMB-FA supplementation improves hormonal responses during the simulated wrestling protocol.

Obesity is a chronic pathological condition that is one of the most important contributors to the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity has been linked to a variety of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and some types of cancer, and has been identified as one of the health-threatening causes. As obesity is on the rise, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of HIIT training and thyme consumption on testosterone-cortisol and testosterone-cortisol ratio in obese men. After studying the forms completed by the bidders taking into account the entry criteria as well as the specifications collected including height, weight and VO2max. Of the volunteers, 48 were selected after approval by a cardiovascular specialist with the above conditions. Subjects were then matched using weight, height, and BMI and divided into 4 groups: 1) control (n = 12), 2) thyme (n = 12), 3) thyme-training HIIT (n = 12), 4) HIIT exercise (n = 12). , Were divided. The results showed that two weeks of HIIT training with thyme supplementation significantly decreased cortisol levels and testosterone to cortisol ratio and increased testosterone levels in the experimental group. The results also showed that after two weeks of HIIT training with thyme supplementation, cortisol levels and testosterone to cortisol ratio were significantly lower than the control group.

  It seems that neurofeedback intervention with resistance training have an effect on changes in hormone levels related to body composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single and combined resistance training with neurofeedback on serum levels of cortisol, sex hormone binding globulin and body composition indices in young males. Thirty young men were randomly assigned to resistance training (n = 10; mean±SD age, 20/2±2/05; BMI, 24/1±1/12), resistance training + neurofeedback (n = 10; mean±SD age, 20/5±2/21; BMI, 24/3±1/35), and control (n = 10; mean±SD age, 20/3±2/11; BMI, 24/1±1/12) groups. Intervention groups performed resistance training for eight weeks of (3 sessions per week / 60 minutes per session / with a gradual increase in intensity from 20-40% of a maximum repetition at the beginning to 85-90% at the end of sessions) or resistance + neurofeedback (They performed the resistance exercise with 30 minutes of electrical stimulation of the brain, including increasing and amplifying the alpha wave in the T3 region and amplifying the alpha and suppressing theta in the Pz region).In the pre- and post-test stages, levels of cortisol, sex hormone-binding globulin, and body composition indices were measured (p≤0.05). Serum cortisol levels of resistance training (p = 0.001) and resistance training + neurofeedback (p = 0.008) groups were significantly different from the control group. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels of resistance training + neurofeedback were significantly different from the control group (p = 0.001). The ratio of absolute levels of cortisol to sex hormone binding globulin in resistance training and resistance training + neurofeedback groups was significantly different from the control group (p = 0.001). Therefore, decreasing changes in cortisol levels in young men with resistance training + neurofeedback occur more than resistance training. However, sex hormone binding globulin levels increased in both resistance training + neurofeedback and resistance training groups.

Exercise activity has been shown to affect the concentration of leptin-affecting hormones such as insulin, cortisol, sex hormones, catecholamines, and growth hormone by altering leptin levels. The aim of this study was to compare effects of two combined training methods and ginger consumption on weight and anorexinergic hormones in overweight women.

The study was performed on 32 overweight women aged 30-45 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25-30 kg/m2. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups of resistance training, resistance training + high intensity interval training (HIIT), HIIT + resistance training and HIIT. All subjects received 250 mg of ginger supplement daily, four times a day for eight weeks. The subjects performed HIIT at 80-90% of target heart rate in form of jogging, 35 minutes a session, three sessions a week for eight weeks. Subjects in the resistance training group performed eight weeks of training at 40-50% of one repetition maximum with 20-35 repetitions. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session. All data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 24) at 95% confidence interval using analysis of covariance and paired t-test.

Findings showed that eight weeks of combined training and ginger consumption were not significantly different in leptin, cortisol and fat profile and body mass index of women (p> 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the ratio of WHR and insulin to insulin resistance of overweight women (p <0.05).

It seems that the combined training method (resistance + HIIT) has a significant effect on WHR compared to other training protocols and it is recommended to use combined exercise for weight loss.

  The aim of this study is examine effects of different concurrent training protocols on muscle strength, Testosterone and cortisol serum levels in young wrestlers. 

  41 young men (18-25 year-old) were randomly divided in 5 groups: 1.endurance-strength training with 8 hours inter-Session recovery (ES8) 2.Strength- endurance training with 8 hours inter-Session recovery (SE8) 3.Strength- endurance training without recovery (SE0) 4.Endurance-strength training without recovery (ES0) 5.Control (CON). The experimental groups performed Strength training 4-8 repetitions ،85-100% 1RM and endurance training with running 10-30 minutes at 70-85 percent of final speed of IFT 30-15 test. Frequency of Session was three times a week for eight weeks. The blood sampling was performed after 12 hours fasting in 8-9 am to evaluate serum cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) concentration. One–way ANOVA and paired t-test was applied for examining training effects (α=0.05) and η2 for evaluate effect size. 

  The result of study showed that significant difference was between SE8 with SE0, ES0 and CON on lower body strength (p=0.04, p=0.004, p=0.004). Lower body strength improved after ES8, SE8 training (10% and 17%). Upper body strength increased after ES8, SE8, and SE0 with no difference between the groups (5%, 10% and 4%). 

  Cortisol concentration decreased in SE8 (-8%). The results indicate that performing strength and endurance training with 8 hours recovery between training could improve upper and lower body strength in young wrestlers.

Physical activity and some antioxidants such as vitamins E and C are effective factors on the immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of concurrent training and consumption of vitamins E and C on the acute response of serum immunoglobulin and cortisol to an exhaustive aerobic activity in inactive women.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study. 24 women were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=12) including concurrent exercise (endurance and resistance) + vitamin supplement (E and C); and concurrent training (endurance and resistance) + placebo groups. Blood sampling was taken before and after a session of exhaustive aerobic activity (activity with an intensity of 75% of the maximum reserve heart rate on the treadmill) and after four weeks of concurrent activity along with supplementation. The concurrent exercise+vitamin supplement (E and C) group performed four weeks of concurrent exercise (three exercise sessions per week) with a 30-day vitamin E and C supplement (500 mg vitamin C and 200 mg vitamin C) was administered twice daily. Serum cortisol and immunoglobulins were measured by gamma and nephelometric methods, respectively. To compare the changes before and after a session of exhausting activity of the two groups, analysis of covariance was used. Moreover, to determine the difference between groups of variables after four stages of measurement, repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests also were used at a significance level of p˂0.05.

After the intervention, in the vitamin supplement (E and C) group there was a significant increase in IgM (p=0.03) and IgA (p=0.004). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in IgG (p=0.007) compared to the placebo group. On the other hand, the significant difference in cortisol (p=0.13), upper body muscle strength (p=0.31), lower body muscle strength (p=0.53), upper body muscle endurance (p=0.66), and maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.12) of two concurrent exercise-vitamin supplements (E and C) and concurrent exercise + placebo didn’t observed; while the lower body muscle endurance of the complement group showed significantly increased (p=0.003).

consumption of vitamins C and E along with concurrent endurance and resistance training (four weeks) have optimal effects on the safety and physical fitness of inactive women. Vitamins C and E can also improve acute changes in serum immunoglobulins and cortisol levels after debilitating activity.