جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Competitive Level » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

Muscle strength is needed for performing many movements and skills in football like speed decreasing, shooting, dribbling, rotating, and jumping. Several studies shown that lower limb muscle strength can increase the quality of exercise skills. But few studies have compared the strength of players at different levels. Therefore, the present study intends to investigate the strength of the isokinetic and isometric knee muscles of the elite, sub-elite and amateur football players of Iran. For this purpose, the isokinetic strength of the knee muscles in 102 soccer players including 29 players of the national under-23 football team of Iran (elite), 29 players of 1st division of under-23 football team of Iran (sub-elite) and 44 players of 2nd division of under-23 football team of Tehran province (amateur) was measured for angular momentum of 60 and 180 degrees per second by the isokinetic Biodex System 4. The isometric strength of flexor and extensor muscles of knee were measured at an angle of 60 degree. The results of the ANOVA test showed that there is a significant difference in strength of flexor and extensor knee muscles in both momentum angles of 60 and 180 degrees per second and flexor/extensor isokinetic strength ratio at 180 degrees per second speed between elite, sub-elite, amateur. However, there was no significant difference in the ratio of flexor /extensor isokinetic strength ratio at 60 degrees per second. Also, there was a significant difference in isometric strength of the extensor and flexor muscles at knee flexion angle of 60 degrees in the three groups. Considering the results of the present study, it can be concluded that exercises and the competition level affect the isokinetic and isometric strength of the knee muscles of young football players of Iran.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gender and competitive level on athletes'' burnout in individual sports. To this aim، in a causal-comparative study، 185 ath-letes from Track and Field، Shooting، Wushu، Karate، and Taekwondo (age: 25. 19±4. 78 yrs، competitive experience: 8. 24±6. 07 yrs، gen-der: 96 male and 89 female، competitive level: 98 national and 87 international) who participated in national championships or Asian Games preparation camps in 2010 were selected using random cluster sampling method and completed individual information form and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance، one-way analysis of variance and LSD tests at the 95% confidence level. Results showed that burnout of females is higher than males in all dimension (p<0. 01). Athletes who compete in national championships had higher reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation than athletes who compete in international championships (p<0. 01)، but in dimension of physical/emotional exhaustion، the results was inverse (p=0. 009). Multiple comparisons for interaction effect of gender and competitive level showed that females who compete in national championships have the highest level of burnout in reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation dimensions and females who compete in international level have the highest level of burnout in physical/emotional exhaustion dimension (p<0. 05). Findings of the study suggest that female athletes، especially in low competitive level، are in exposure of greater risk of reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation، while in high competitive level may be more vulnerable for experiencing physical/emotional exhaustion.