جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « امنیت مرزی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Border economy and the development of border businesses are one of the important factors in creating employment and developing economic activities, and one of the features of the formation of business clusters at the borders is the issue of security. Borders are a good opportunity for legal entrepreneurship. If this economic development and entrepreneurship is based on documented and approved principles and methodology, it will ensure the survival of the business and ultimately guarantee the security of the country's borders. More than half of the country's provinces are located near the borders, and it is a unique opportunity for economic exchange and business development and creating population structures in the border areas. Security cannot be achieved except by rule of law, and the interaction and cooperation of organizations, institutions and border residents with the border guard, in addition to helping to improve security, will lead to the economic development of the region. This article deals with the development of cross-border businesses in the form of the development of business clusters and networks.

Border security refers to prevention of any act against the law along official borderlines of a particular state and regulation of the trans-border passage of individuals, goods, and domestic animals through legally allowed border crossings while carefully observing legal rules and obligations. Every nation tries its best to keep the borders totally blocked except for particular border crossings where trans-border passage has been allowed upon previous agreements. Many factors affect border security of a country. The plans and policies adopted by countries to appropriately and effectively control their borders are among the most important factors contributing to security performance along the borders. In this respect, careful location of police stations and border outposts impose large contributions to efficient control and management of borders and establishment of security along the borderlines and within the border area.

The present study aims at investigating and analyzing the factors affecting border outpost location with the help of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) software tools. In order to extract, examine and analyze the required information, images taken by the OLI sensor on Landsat satellite in 2018 were loaded to ENVI 5.3 software where remote sensing and GIS techniques as well as fuzzy inference system and analytic hierarchical process (AHP) were utilized.

Finally, output map was classified into three classes, namely suitable, moderate, and unsuitable land uses. It should be noted that the analyses were performed using 13 criteria, namely land use, slope, border right-of-way, territory of existing outposts, right-of-way of protected zones, road access, territories of cities and villages, power transmission lines, watersheds, water channels, railways, and faults.

The location of the borders of Kurdistan province has caused these borders to face many challenges in recent years. Considering the important role of the border security in the security of the country, in this research, the vulnerable areas of the border zone of Kurdistan province have been identified against the enemy's infiltration and also the ambush by the enemy. In this research, SRTM 30-meter height digital model, 1:100,000 geological maps of the area, as well as digital information layers are used as the most important research data. The most important tools used in the research were ArcGIS and Super Decisions. According to the intended goals, this research has been done in two stages, in the first stage, the areas prone to enemy penetration have been identified, and in the second stage, the areas vulnerable to the enemy's ambush have been identified.. Also, the results of identifying areas prone to ambushes by the enemy have shown that a large part of the area has a high vulnerability potential against enemy ambushes, which mainly includes the border areas of the cities of Marivan and Baneh. The total results have shown that parts of the border strip of Kurdistan province are susceptible to enemy infiltration and ambush by the enemy, and it is necessary to identify these areas and provide the necessary solutions to reduce their vulnerability.

Immigration has various economic, social, cultural, political and security consequences that have been addressed in the system of international law and international conventions. Accordingly, the considerations of international law regarding the relationship between immigration and terrorism and the resulting police requirements in ensuring Iran's border security have been examined and assessed in this study. Iran's police requirements for border security to deal with immigration-related terrorist offenses rely primarily on measures and control mechanisms, counter-disciplinary measures, intelligence, and intelligence elites. At the same time, in the framework of international law, stricter and more restrictive policies have been adopted regarding immigration and its consequences. Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and other similar events, the EU's international policies on the link between immigration and terrorism became stronger. Hence, in addition to international achievements and the international law approach based on the fundamental links between terrorist crimes resulting from immigration, the police and security requirements and mechanisms in place to prevent them are an undeniable necessity. Accordingly, the necessary policies in providing border security have been formulated based on control, confrontation and intelligence measures and require the joint cooperation of specialized police and executive bodies in this field.

Today, security and development are two unstable components in the management of border areas. As Sistan and Baluchestan province in terms of growth and development in the country's development ranking indicators, is always at a low level and on the other hand, regional and spatial imbalances between the central and border areas of the province seems very obvious, this underdevelopment has created conditions for the creation and growth of the phenomenon of trafficking. Thus, instead of solving the problem of underdevelopment as one of the main reasons and underlying problems of the province, due to security problems, governments have considered the issue of increasing border security as a short-term solution for these areas. In this regard, the present study, which is analytical-explanatory in nature and has been obtained by collecting documents and the latest reports of government organizations in 2020 and 2021, documents and information in books and scientific documents and their content interpretation. , Has tried to analyze the effective factors and indicators in the research findings as well as the relationship between the three components of underdevelopment, trafficking and intensification of border security, as well as in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The findings of the study revealed that issues such as lack of social justice, instability of security, the phenomenon of smuggling of goods, spatial and geographical imbalances, instability of residence and population, reduced political participation and political development, increased political violence and terrorist activities, neighborhoods with underdeveloped and undeveloped countries. They have affected the development cycle and security of the region.

International rivers are waterways that cross the border between two or more countries and mark the border of countries, or rivers that cross the territory of several countries along their route. In the current era, the source of many regional conflicts and disputes between governments that share watersheds. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of border rivers on relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in the direction of economic stability and development of border areas and regional convergence. The main question of the article is what effects have border rivers had on the relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in terms of stability and economic development of border areas and regional convergence? The information required for this research has been collected using library and documentary methods. In this way, by studying and reviewing books, articles and scientific research journals, a collection on the subject of this research has been done. Also, the opinions of professors and experts related to political geography have been used in order to increase the weight of the content as much as possible. The results of the article show that the emergence and formation of natural waterways, which are the same as rivers, are affected by various factors; Such as climatic conditions, geology, human and geographical factors. Rivers with common border areas can have a significant impact on relations between the two countries, especially their political and security issues.

   To achieve sustainable security in Countries where security regards as a main concern, must implement land use planning programs in order of priority from the border to the interior. In land use studies, geography as a context plays a main role in the realization of codified plans and programs. All three vertices of the golden triangle of land management mean; Man, activity and space are influenced by the natural and human geographical features of the study area. Border zone planning is a type of planning that integrates border development with security and defense, based on the geographical characteristics of border areas, by establishing a link between development indicators and security plans, introduces strategies for sustainable development of border areas, that are bound to each other. Security considerations are among those categories that have received less attention in macro-planning. In addition, awareness of the current situation is essential for any kind of careful planning for the development and progress of regions, especially in less developed provinces (Alipour et al., 2016: 159). The most important issues and problems in the formulation and implementation of planning in the country, include; Lack of attention to geographical-security considerations in locating the bases of law enforcement, border and military units, vital and sensitive centers and facilities, commercial, economic and communication uses. These issues have made political borders vulnerable to threats, military and terrorist attacks, border vulnerability to armed and opposition groups, border insecurity, dissatisfaction and conflict among border residents, poverty and underdevelopment, etc. in the country’s border areas.

   The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and data analysis has been done with a quantitative and qualitative (mixed) analysis approach. To analyze the data, the method of contextual and basic theory (foundation data) has been used. In terms of method, this research is descriptive and survey based on field work, using open questionnaire, closed questionnaire and using SPSS and MAXQDA analytical software and Arc GIS. In MAXQDA software, it was proved that border management indicators are effective in security management, implementation and execution of security plans along the country’s political borders. After classifying the extracted indices, to examine the factor status of each of the indices under the relevant components through factor analysis in SPSS software, factors were classified into three categories. In order to analyze the status of application of selected indicators in the northwestern borders of the country, a questionnaire was designed and referred to the expert community was statistically analyzed.

   Based on factor analysis; Thirteen border operational plans based on indicators Border planning was evaluated in the form of three factors that after reviewing the indicators: first factor; designing of ambush and anti-ambush operations in the border area is based on the shape of the land, the location of natural features in relation to the passages, the location of the escape routes and the connection points, the second factor; In the border monitoring and control planning, determining the location of telecommunication and communication systems in the region based on the situation of the repression points with enough view of the surrounding areas, the third factor; Determining the optimal routes for border patrols is based on the geographical realities prevailing in the border strip like land slope, distance to zero border, snowfall, flooding, etc., these three main plans were selected among the border operational plans influenced by border planning indicators in the northwestern borders of the country.

   By analyzing the status of application of border management indicators in the implementation of plans in the border areas of the studied provinces, which was based on the Likert questionnaire and referring to the expert community, the status of the provinces was determined based on calculations and statistical analysis. Then, by summarizing the mean of the indicators based on which three provinces were examined, the status of the provinces was compared and ranked. Based on the results of statistical analysis, the first place is Ardabil province with an average of 3.92, the second place is East Azerbaijan province with an overall average of 3.64 and the third place is West Azerbaijan province with an overall average of 3.61.

The Nagorno-Karabakh region is one of the security subdivisions of the South Caucasus region, which has long been a point of contention between the two governments of the Azerbaijan and the Armenia. Conflicts that have been violent from the beginning and its latest manifestation can be seen in the war between the two countries from September 27, 2020. Developments in the region for various reasons, such as its geographical proximity to Iran's northwestern borders, common historical heritage, the existence of identical ethnicities and races, the efforts of powerful countries to gain influence in the region, and the like have led to security concerns for the Iran Comparison with other competing countries is more important. Therefore, the main question that we seek to answer in this study is " What are the threats of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict to the border security of the Iran?" To achieve the answer, using library resources and descriptive-analytical method, a review of the roots of the conflict in this region has been done; Then, the most important sources of tension and threat in this region are explained, and finally, the presence of Syrian terrorists on the northwestern borders of Iran; Israeli intelligence, security and military presence on the northwestern border wall of Iran; Escalation of military tensions on the northwestern borders and disrespect for international borders; And the intensification of separatist movements were identified as the most important threats to the border security of the Islamic Republic of Iran in connection with the said conflict.

Prelude:

 Due to the special characteristics and conditions of Security of the border, deployment of security in such areas is important.any form of insecurity in a border zone can seriously threaten different aspects of security in the country. Deployment of security along the border and in the border zone requires in the first place, investigation, and identification of natural and human-made features within the border zone. identification of natural and geographic features of a border zone is of paramount importance owing to the crucial role played by such bio-foundations in the social life and development of the border zone. They further contribute largely to borderline monitoring, management, and control systems.

Goal: 

The present research seeks to investigate the states of natural features, including the border stream, topography, and vegetation, in the Iran-Afghanistan border zone in Khorasan Razavi and further evaluates their impact on borderline and border zone security. materials and ways: the required data was extracted from the OLI sensor on the Landsat Satellite(2018), with the data then analyzed using GIS and remote sensing techniques in the ENVI  5.3 .

The findings showed that water scarcity and insufficient depth of Harirood River in most parts of the year set the scene for illegal trafficking of goods and drugs across the border, negatively impacting the border zone security. This further holds true for the seasonal lake of Namakar in the border zone between the two countries. Considering the topography, existing maps indicate that the presence of highlands in the vicinity of the Iran-Afghanistan borderline and extension of particular highlands into the mainland of Afghanistan have negatively influenced the border security.

One of the conditions and necessities of providing security in a country is securing the international borders of that country. Border security is a precondition for the country's internal security. Iran has many borders with its neighbors, whose insecurity has raised concerns for border residents and the central government. West Azerbaijan Province due to its proximity to three important countries, also, due to its sensitive geopolitical and geostrategic position as a gateway and bridge between Iran and Europe, is considered one of the most troubled border lines in the country. Numerous socio-military and political problems such as smuggling of goods and fuel, alcohol, narcotics, weapons and ammunition clashes between security forces and Kurdish nationalist groups, and ethnic-religious tensions and challenges between minorities are among the most common causes of insecurity in the area. In terms of research method this research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type, which has evaluated the role of geopolitical indicators in border security of border cities of West Azerbaijan province. The statistical population is 30 professors, specialists and experts in the field of security and military-security personnel and the Pearson correlation coefficient method has been used for data analysis. The results show that the most important geopolitical factor affecting border security is political factors and the most effective component is the presence of foreign forces opposed to the Islamic Republic in neighboring countries. There is also a direct relationship between geopolitical factors and human factors affecting border security; but the intensity of this relationship varies among variables.

In border security analysis, the science that should be paid special attention to is the science of geography. Considerations of geographical factors and elements in security planning are based on the interaction between nature and man. This means that the considerations and indicators of natural geography, including climatic and geomorphological components, are the main pillars of the institutionalization of sustainable border security. In this study, the main concern of the study was to find, combine and classify the geographical indicators affecting the security of the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Content in MAXQDA software proved to be effective natural geography indicators in the implementation and implementation of security plans and programs along the country's political borders. After classifying and classifying the extracted indices, in order to investigate the factor status of each of the following indices of relevant components through factor analysis in SPSS software, agents were classified into three categories. Also, to evaluate the status of application of selected indicators in the northwestern borders of the country by analyzing the statistics of a questionnaire that was completed by referring to the expert community, the status of implementation and application of selected indicators in security plans of Ardabil and West Azarbaijan provinces It was examined and compared that the results of the analysis were that Ardabil province was in good condition, West Azerbaijan province was in moderate condition and East Azerbaijan province was in poor condition.

Since border areas are one of the most sensitive points in the country, recognizing the impact of border management Islamic factors on the security of these areas is one of the most important points in understanding security vulnerabilities in order to prevent any tensions and actions. It is considered anti-security. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of border management on border security with the Islamic border guard approach of Piranshahr city. The type of research is applied in terms of purpose and nature of the problem, and survey is also in terms of research method. The statistical population includes the border guards of Piranshahr city in 1398 with 645 people. The sample size was 241 people according to Cochran's table and to collect data from the questionnaire, the formal and content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and the validity of the structure was calculated using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Spss23 and Smart PLS statistical software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that border guarding has a direct and significant effect on border security from the Quran's point of view with a coefficient of 0.792, borderline from the point of view of narrations and rules with a coefficient of 0.774, and borderline from the point of view of Nahjul Balagha with a coefficient of 0.669. As a result, border management has a positive and significant effect on border security with an Islamic approach.

Due to the competition of regional and trans-regional powers, the Caspian Sea has become a tense and unstable environment after the collapse of the Soviet Union. As a result, the region's movement towards militarization and ultimately the military structure of the countries in the region has expanded significantly. Quantitative and qualitative increase in new naval vessels is one of the measures taken by coastal countries. Given this, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of new vessels on the security of the Caspian Sea borders. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature. The statistical population of the study is 70 commanders of vessels of Mazandaran province. The sampling method in this study is a whole questionnaire and data collection tool is a questionnaire. The validity of the present questionnaire has been confirmed by obtaining the opinion of elites and experts and the reliability of the questionnaire has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test with a coefficient of (0.912). Spss software has been used to analyze and analyze the obtained data. The obtained findings show that the level and class, quantity and number, equipment and facilities of new vessels have a direct impact on the security of the Caspian Sea water borders in Mazandaran province. The results also show that the Islamic Republic of Iran has the lowest growth rate of military and security spending in the Caspian littoral among the five Caspian littoral states, while Russia has the best vessels, equipment and vessels and can be a good model. For the Islamic Republic of Iran, it should be in strengthening the Coast Guard and how to control and monitor the Caspian Sea borders.

Border security is a major influence on internal sustainability and stability of countries; thus, countries take various military and non-military measures to control their borders and secure them. Residents of border villages and the support they can provide could play a key role in securing borders and bringing profit to them as the main beneficiaries. Therefore, the present study intends to investigate and analyze the roles residents of border villages could play on border security. In order to do so, descriptive-analytical research method is used in both field and library levels and the data are collected and analyzed from 63 local experts in different levels. Findings revealed that, from the point of view of state experts, villagers could be of more significance in economic, social- cultural, political, physical- environmental and defensive- military security. Confirmatory factor analysis on the other hand demonstrated that villagers’ maximum impact on border security could be their political collaboration. Economic, social and physical-environmental factors are in the next level and the defensive-military dimension has the lowest impact for border guards give military aids and the need for military tools and other special conditions makes it impossible for local people.

One of the major and lifelong concerns of humanity throughout history has been security, particularly security of the country borders. Nowadays, establishing security is not a detached phenomenon that could be obtained by only using military power, but is also affected by political, economic, military and cultural factors. In this context, securing the borders requires designing and developing plans and policies for economic, social and cultural issues. Taking economic approach and focusing on improving livelihood and economic conditions of frontiersmen is one of these solutions and a clear example of this solution, is establishing border markets in these areas. Improving Activities in these border markets causes people to turn to healthy economic activities and leave aside illegal and false jobs such as smuggling, drug trafficking etc. besides, the activity of these markets causes’ cross-border relations to improve and paves the way for international cooperation. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method and relies on library and field findings to study the effects of establishing the Mahyrood border market, located in Sarbishe County, on the security of borders in this area. The Results of this study showed that the activity of the Sarbishe Mahyrood border market has caused fuel and goods smuggling, and drug trafficking to be reduced dramatically. On the other hand, the activity of the market, has strengthened the political, economic, and security relations between Iranian province of South Khorasan and Afghan province of Farah, and ultimately has led to improved development and security in the border areas of the province.

In this article, for achieving the defensive goals we are trying to investigate the border hazards’ bases and border performances of Islamic Republic of Iran with its neighbors using descriptive – analytic method. Providing border security is one of the main challenges of every country. Identifying this matter with regard to the changes that occurred in the world would be helpful for appropriate and rule-based communications and free from any conflicts among the people and countries. According to the findings of this study, being neighbor with fifteen countries, having long borders, and having various communications with each country so far have made the borders issue to be the main concern of Iran in political decisions. In order to compile a strategy and to make implicational and strategic policies for tackling with border hazards the first step is to identify the origins of hazards. The resources and origins of the border hazards can be of various types. Among them are: long distance borders, number of the neighbors, imposed borders, the ethnic-cultural interferences with neighboring countries, instability of neighboring countries, the interests and strategies of powers to the region, globalization, and changes in borders’ performance, etc. that can be considered as the main bases of border hazards. Identifying these bases of hazards can be employed in compiling appropriate defensive strategies. In this regard, in this article, border security models for providing the national defense have been investigated.

National security is the essence of independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty. Maintaining of other purposes and also creating and grounds of any immense goal depend on creating and preserving of national security. Thus National security is one of the most important foreign policy goals of each country. The secret of national security is possessing of secure borders. Iranian border with Afghanistan due to the characteristics of poverty, deprivation (especially in neighboring frontier–settlers), instability, promote an atmosphere of chaos and lawlessness, the presence and activities of armed terrorist groups and drug cartels in the region, illegal passage, immigrant citizens, is one of the most Crisis-prone and vulnerable parts of the country. Thus due to the border permeability, security in the region and Khorasan Razavi province of different aspects of reality is threatened. This case has forced Iran to control its borders in the form of large investment on border blockage projects. Given the huge imposed costs of the border blockage project on Iran and lack of scientific research on positive and negative impacts of the project, the present study try to answer to this question that how control of Khorasan border with Afghanistan, affect on the province security and with what ways it can be improved?. In terms of methodology, this study has a correlation nature and characterizes the relationship between two variables of border control and security, which conducted using both documents (Library, receipt imaging, statistics agencies and different organizations) and field study (observation and interviews with authorities and frontier–settlers) methods, and also by use of inferential statistics software package SPSS and GIS, the information is collected and analyzed. One of the main factors influencing security and border provinces, which can also be considered as a reinforcing factor, is the frontier–settlers livelihood issue. Results of the analysis of questionnaires and interviews with public, officials and statistics from national and international agencies, indicate that the border control project represents a significant impact on regional security and mutually livelihoods, so that 87 percent of people and officials in the three border city, believed to the mentioned findings. In the case of border control and the ways in which it is implemented in the region, boundary checkpoint construction with 90 percent is in the first rank, concrete construction with 70 percent is in the second rank, and construction of border markets with 60 percent is in the third rank of border security and improve livelihoods in the region. An important matter is that only the physical buildings and use of electronic devices are not sufficient to security establishment and the development and prosperity factors in the region beside physical control should be noted. Any plan should be implemented based on the mentioned mutual relationship to see increasing security in the region. After analyzing the research findings, the final model of the research was derived and was determined that security creation depends on two factors of border control and frontier–settlers livelihood. On the other hand a direct and mutual relationship exists between border control and frontier–settlers livelihood. Only focusing on one of the mentioned factors in establishing security in the region and the province is in vain. After determining the relationship between border control and frontier–settlers livelihoods, the parameters involving in border control, according to the model, are development model and the Military-Law Enforcement. In development models the border markets can be activated and developed, in Military - Law Enforcement model by two methods of physical blockage of the border with establish of police stations, and construction of concrete walls and electronic blockage in the highlands and mountainous such as Jahanam-dareh region in Torbat-Jam where there is not the possibility of using a physical obstruction, optical equipments, radar and GIS should be used. Therefore the present study suggests that Khorasan Razavi province border with Afghanistan can be controlled using the integrated model. In terms of frontier-settler's livelihoods, by creating jobs (by establishing of border markets) and the subsequent increase income, reduce unemployment, the livelihoods of the region can be improved which ultimately leads to increased security in the region and the studied province.