جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تجمیع » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Natural hazards, especially earthquakes, often result in heavy corporal and financial losses to human settlements. Therefore, all communities are vulnerable to natural disasters, which can change the quality of life of communities; Iran has always suffered a lot from natural disasters due to its spatial structures and has been one of the most vulnerable parts of the world in terms of environmental hazards, including earthquakes. Rural textures of residential spaces in the nature bed are highly vulnerable for the following reasons: inappropriate infrastructure and existing socioeconomic inequalities, low housing quality, low level of use of technology, non-compliance with location criteria, etc. These face a high level of vulnerability.Nowadays, considering the vulnerability of villages in different spatial dimensions, the resettlement policy in the form of three redevelopment (reconstruction), relocation and aggregation approaches, is one of the types of management approaches in rural settlement planning which in order to develop rural districts and specifically to organize the optimal distribution of rural areas and the provision of facilities and services for villagers and, ultimately, the protection of villagers against all kinds of hazards have been proposed. These policies focus on two issues of welfare and quality of life. In fact, one of the new approaches to resettlement is the introduction of indicators of quality of life.In this study, evaluating the effect of resettlement policies after the earthquake on the improvement of economic, socio-cultural and spatial-physical quality of life of villagers was investigated using 11 indicators. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of relocation, integration and aggregation of villages damaged by the 1997 earthquake in Zirkooh county on the quality of life of local residents through studying mental indices. The research question is: How have post-earthquake enforcement policies (integration, aggregation, relocation) affected life quality of villagers?2. Study AreaZirkuh county is located in the northeast of South Khorasan province and its center is Hajiabad city. This county is bordered by Khorasan Razavi province to the north, Darmian county to the south, Ghaen county to the west, and Afghanistan to theeast. Zirkuh city includes three districts, six villages, and two cities named Zahan and Hajiabad. The total number of settlements in this city is 138, of which 103 are inhabited and 35 are uninhabited (Deputy Planning of South Khorasan Governorate, 2014). The study area is the villages affected by the earthquake in May 1997. Among them, six villages of Pardan, Payhan, Afin, Mehmanshahr, Ardakol, Darj Olya in which three resettlement strategies (consolidation, relocation and relocation or reconstruction) have been implemented, were selected as a sample.

The method of research according to the nature of work is descriptive-analytic. In the first section, to determine the appropriate criteria by studying library documents, theories about quality of life and resettlement were examined. Then, by merging them, the criteria for assessing the quality of life of relocated or integrated rural settlements were detremined. In the second part, using the observation tools and questionnaire, the required data were collected. The population of the research of the villagers affected by the earthquake in 1976 in Zirkuh district in six sample villages is 903 households. According to Cochran's formula (95% confidence level and 0.05 error), 144 households were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. The data were collected and analyzed. The questionnaires were basically closed questions with answers in five-point Likert scale (very (5) to very low (1)). Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method, and alpha value of 0.855. Data analysis was done in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics, by SPSS software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, single sample T and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

In this study, the effects of resettlement strategy on the quality of life of residents of displaced villages were studied. Comparison of three patterns of reconstruction, displacement and aggregation of villages in the study area showed that each of the studied patterns has advantages and disadvantages and none of the patterns was able to improve the quality of life of the studied communities in all areas. The results of respondents' survey on the quality of life dimensions in the sample villages showed that in the socio-cultural dimension with the mean of 2.717, is the highest and the economic dimension with an average of 2.15 is the lowest satisfaction level that exists. The quality of life is also moderate with an average of 2.576.The results of one-sample T test confirmed the above results. The results showed that one of important indicators in increasing the quality of life of the rural community is social solidarity. In the social cohesion index, the value of the statistic is 16.14 and the level of significance is equal to 0.000 which is less than 0.05. It should be noted that the value of T statistics on the quality indices of infrastructure, health and safety, participation and housing was also recognized important by the villagers.Moreover, results showed that the Mihmanshahr village with an average of 2.69 had the highest and the Payhan village with an average of 2.47 had the lowest level of quality of life, which proves that coherent policy is better than the policy of displacement at the level of sample villages. The results of analysis of variance show that there is no significant difference between the quality of life of a resettlement pattern in the sample villages but significant level in 7 indicators of quality of employment, income quality, quality of education, participation quality, quality of social cohesion, quality of infrastructure and ambient quality is less than 0.05. Thus, at the 95% confidence level, there is a significant difference between the three resettlement policies in terms of quality of life.  Respondents' level of satisfaction with quality of life is not the same in all three resettlement patterns, but in other indicators, there is no significant difference between respondents' satisfaction with quality of life.

It can be concluded that resettlement policies should not only be considered as financial compensation or the provision of means of life. But it should also cover all aspects of life (financial, occupational, educational, social, cultural, environmental and physical, etc.) to reduce the hardship of individuals during the process of implementing the plan. It should be noted that regardless of the choice of any model for resettlement, it is most important to pay attention to the living conditions in the new place to enjoy the working and living conditions of people in a livable settlement and planners should provide a good quality of life in the new settlement - with any pattern of resettlement. Training villagers to have skilled and technical jobs, especially the youth, creating job diversity and creating low-cost job insurance for the villagers to increase job security coefficient are among the suggestions that can be offered to improve this area in the study area.

Human beings have extremely changed the shape, pattern, and function of nearly all landscapes. The cumulative effects of human activities on the environment have been the impetus for extensive research aimed at identifying guiding metrics to assess the quality of the environment in terms of planning, monitoring, and resource management purposes. In order to control and restrict human impacts scientists, planners, and natural resource managers are looking for holistic approaches to interpret the relation between land use and the quality of the environment. In this regard habitat fragmentation, alteration of the hydrologic system of the watershed, and water quality have attracted the most attention. Landscapes have been studied at different scales and various metrics have been introduced to measure the quality of the environment. In the past years, ecological recognition has introduced a big picture based on the main pattern and landscape ecology principles. The foundation of this big picture is based on the idea that there are indispensables patterns in the landscapes that if they are maintained the important functions are protected. In this regard, some of the ecosystem's attributes are not saved and important natural assets will be protected. A landscape is a mosaic including a mix of ecosystems and land uses that repeat in a similar form. The mosaic pattern of landscape or spatial arrangement of landscape elements determines the movement of material, energy, organisms, and humans between local ecosystems. Also the movement of animals, water, nutrient, and human determine the arrangement of mosaic patterns. Landscape ecologists identified five main ways in which human alter landscape spatially: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition. These changes result in different spatial patterning of landscape elements that can alter the ecological process and population distribution of plants and animals. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the landscape pattern change of Anzali watershed in the north of Iran.  

In this study, Landsat satellite imagery for 1994, 2008, and 2018 was used to determine land cover/land use using remote sensing. For landscape analysis, metrics of a number of patches (NP), class area (CA), patch density (PD), percentage of land (PLAND), and large patch index (LPI) were used. Based on how to change landscape metrics, landscape pattern change was examined through patterns of attrition, aggregation, creation, and dissection.  

Findings indicated a 10 percent decrease in forest cover and a 5.8 percent increase in agricultural land use. Also, a large patch index decreased for forest cover. According to landscape pattern change, Attrition was a dominated pattern that occurred mainly in forest cover. The second pattern was Creation that occurred for agriculture land use. Findings indicated decreasing in Anzali watershed integrity and connectivity of the forest patches as the most important patches in the watershed. Forest patches decreased in the area through attrition, aggregation, and dissection. In contrast, agriculture land use developed through aggregation and direct convert of isolated natural patches.

The pattern of land cover changes in the Anzali watershed indicated a shift in the balance towards the development of disturbed land cover, especially agriculture. However, forest cover as the most important land cover in the area has not been fragmented yet (simultaneous increase in the number of patches and drastic reduction of the area). The reason for this is based on the largest patch index of forest class. One of the forest patches alone, covering an area of 2071/34 hectares in 2018. Patterns of attrition, aggregation, creation, and dissection have provided the basis for the occurrence of disruption in forest cover. In this case, forest cover loses many of its capabilities, especially habitat services, water conservation, and decreasing soil erosion.

Resettlement is a process that helps people to mitigate the effects of displacement on their standard of living. A sustainable development approach uses resettlement as an opportunity to improve living standards of displaced people and ensure they benefit from the development activity. Studies show that resettlement can result in adverse impacts on the resettled population. Conversely, a well-planned and managed resettlement process can lead to positive long-term development outcomes. Studies on post disaster resettlement (PDR) in rural areas of Iran revealed that these actions do not respond to all the needs of residents. Occurring extreme rainfalls, in August 2005 in Eastern part of the Golestan province in North of Iran, caused two devastating flood disasters and damaged several villages. After a considerable long discussions, planners and policy makers decided to relocate a significant number of villages incorporating them in larger area. Finally in this area 11 villages were replaced and integrated in one place but 3 villages were replaced without integration. In this Study we want to explore the social, economical and physical impacts of resettlement in villages before and after the Golestan Floods. With this study, in order to answer these questions that:- Is there a significant difference between resettlement patterns to access a sustainable development? - What are the social, economical and physical consequences of a disaster resettlement event? Study area:The study area is located in the north east of Iran in Golestan province and lies between (37°, 42´) to (37°, 22´) E longitude and (55°, 54´) to (55°, 20´) N latitude. It has mild temperature with annual rainfall of approximately 450 mm. Farming and livestock were among the most important local economic activities of the households in the study area before the flood.After the flood 11 villages (Ghezelotagh, Aghtoghe, chatal, Khojelar, Koorok, Pashaei, Ghapane‌olia, Ghapane‌sofla, Seidlar, Sheikhlar and Davaji) were replaced and integrated in one place called Pishkamar town. 3 villages (Gholaghkasan, Boghghojebala and Boghghojepaein) were only replaced in safer area (with 1-2 Km). In this research, in order to investigate the post disaster resettlement (PDR) program conducted the villages in Golestan province and find out negative and positive aspects of the post disaster resettlement (PDR) programs we used subjective indicators and satisfaction levels in three aspects and 18 domains. Research method was descriptive and analytic. For comparing effects of the post disaster resettlement (PDR) patterns, at first step 80 indices were selected based on related literature and their content analysis, and then these were assessed by 30 academic members and rural experts through Delphi method based on 2 criteria in two stages and finally 67 indices were accepted. In this study 31 indicators have been used to assess social sustainability, 21 indicators to assess economic sustainability and 15 indicators to assess environmental sustainability; all suitable for structure of Iranian villages and environment friendly. 279 samples were randomly chosen from the residents of Pishkamar and 3 villages. Data collection tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire that was produced according to research objectives. The questionnaire was made of closed questions with answers in five-point Likert scale (1: grown much worse to 5: grown much better). In order to evaluate internal validity, at first the method of content validity was used to increase the validity of the questionnaire. In this method, the first step was testing the scales in the studies of post disaster sustainable development and poll of professors and professionals. Then, the developed questionnaire was filled out in two preliminary and final stages. Examining the answers to 30 questionnaires and doing statistical calculations, was the final steps. Chronbach alpha was used to evaluate the reliability and for comparisons between the two groups were made using Independent sample T Test. This showed that either of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. The economic aspect of the resettlement was evaluated based on four parameters including production, employment, economic diversification and income. Observed mean of the integration and relocation pattern were 2.78 and 2.81, respectively. Result shows, there are significant difference between the two groups at production, employment, economic diversification and income. This reveals that from economic point of view the relocation was not successful.On the other hand, from social-cultural perspective ten studied parameters show that the resettlement has positive performance as mean of social aspect for integration and relocation pattern were 3.16 and 3.20, respectively. Result shows, there are significant difference between the two groups at social participation, education, health, social welfare, safety and organization.Although, results prove improvements in term of environmental aspect for both types of patterns. Observed mean of the integration and relocation pattern were 3.33 and 3.50, respectively. Result shows, there are significant difference between the two groups at quality of environment, safety and information and communications. Sustainable development approach depends on sustainability of economy, social and environmental aspects. This study shows that both relocation patterns are not sustainable in term of economy. This means that, the studied societies have not the sustainable development yet and it requires improvement in economic indexes. Post disaster reconstruction created significant opportunities for improving urban facilities such as libraries, broad streets, sport complexes, health clinics in Pishkamar and 3 villages. In general, the results of the study indicate that the resettlement of villages after disaster led to significant improvement in the social and environmental aspects in study area. The resettlement policy were successful in reducing the flood disaster risk and also improved QoL (by relocating villagers), but it was not successful in economical aspects. To reduce the negative economic impacts of resettlement, several measurement must be implemented, including: strengthening production capacity and skills (through training and technology transfer); diversification of economic activities (through the establishment of new economic activities) and increasing financial support for the most vulnerable communities.

Accurate mapping of geological structures play an important role in the land management, some of which are considered as the origination of wind deposits, dust and aerosols. During the last decades, remote sensing has considerably helped the studies of desert areas especially in change detection of land phenomena. This study aims to study the facies morphology of playa in Tabas Kavir, based on the geometric mean of ASTER imagery bands. To do so, 40 topsoil samples have been collected during the fieldwork in 2010/06/23. Soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory and various pedagogical variables (including Anions, Cations, soil moisture, texture and pH) were measured. Digital elevation model (DEM) was used to investigate the effect of topography on the facies morphology. Pixel values of each spectral band have been extracted in the training samples points (26 samples). Then, the correlation models have been established by using multiple linear regression method. Estimated values and the accuracy of models were assessed by using regression models in the test samples points (14 samples). Related maps have been produced by applying the models on the corresponding ASTER bands and the accuracy of produced maps have been assessed by using the ground truth map. The results of this study indicate that the most important factors in the studying of morphology of the region's facies are the interaction among components of bicarbonate-lime, potassium-lime and bicarbonate-lime-potassium with the overall accuracy more than 53 percentage. As well, the results show that there is no meaningful relationship between Na, CO3, EC, topography and ASTER bands.

Attending to the country's rural areas and providing services and facilities to activate rural units whether for the necessity of expanding activities especially in activates of the first part or for the correct arrangement of population stability in different areas and for the optimal arrangement of rural spaces and finally for rural sustainable environment are inevitable. Gathering village types in Guilan plain area intends to change the villagers’ way of living from a dispersed condition to a semi dispersed one. It can be known as planning physical development of rural habitats and as a part of the process of rural development, it aims at directing the framework of village in a desirable way and allocating optimal spaces to various activities. In other words, Gathering village types is a type of planning to guide villagers and gain their participation in building settlements and the way they are built in the plain villages of Guilan Province. In fact, the strategy in question is not going to destroy or rebuild rural settlements.
It, however, is going to plan for the future buildings in the villages leaving the present settlements intact and is going to reduce numerous problems and difficulties of villages in this area for gaining rural sustainable development.

Guilan plain villages district gathering is targeting to change the habitance style of these region villages from dispersed to semi dispersed and to means of reducing numerous problems of these villages and providing suitable headstock for new settling patterns in the form of rural settlements’ frame development programming. Therefore, the present research, in the aim is functional and is based on descriptive-analytical method. The required information of this search is obtained through documentary methods and field studies that were in the form of completing rural families’ questionnaire from three districts: Eastern plain, central and west of Gilan. Results of this research show that although Guilan plain villages district gathering is possible due to reducing problems and difficulties of these regions’ villages and optimal utilization of these spaces and subsequently obtain to stable rural development, but regarding to awareness level and trend of these regions’ rural and existent cultural obstacles in their ways, this plan is not possible in short-term and middle-term.