جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تحلیل شبکه » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Tourism destinations as a spatial phenomenon are an important part of the tourism system and the product of the interaction between natural-ecological and human-cultural factors. Therefore, in order to effectively use the capabilities and capacities of tourism for the sustainable development of tourism, regulating the flows Space in the form of relationships and connections is essential for the optimal spatial organization of destinations. In this regard, the analysis of the spatial organization of rural tourism destinations with the approach of network analysis and based on the attraction model was chosen as the goal of this study. The research method in this article is quantitative (descriptiveanalytical). The statistical population of the research is 73 villages of Shabstar city, which were fully investigated. The main data of the research (attractions of villages, amenities-infrastructure, and distance between villages) were collected by documentary method (referring to Cultural Heritage Department and Iran Statistics Center) and field. To analyze the distances between villages, the network analysis method in Geographical Information System (GIS) was used, and social network analysis and ucinet software were used to construct the proximity matrix with the aim of calculating the centrality analysis indicators of the rural tourism destinations of Shabstar city. The results showed that the spatial organization of Shabestar city has many centers with the spatial role of tourism. This feature has caused the spatial pattern of tourist destinations to follow the multicentered pattern. In this pattern, the villages of Nazarlu, Dizj Khalil and Amir Zikri are the most important villages with centers. As tourist destinations. Also, from the methodological aspect, the network analysis approach has good capacities for analyzing the spatial network, especially tourist destinations, so that the application of this model along with other models such as attraction, analysis of characteristics and distances of tourist destinations In a combined form, it shows a suitable potential for analyzing similar issues in research.

Worn-out textures are parts of the city that have not been developed compared to other textures and we have witnessed residents abandoning them. In this regard, the present research has aimed at recreating worn-out textures, while examining the state of damage to have an analysis of the current situation of Saqqez city, in order to determine the mental model of experts for re-creation and provide practical suggestions. The present research method was descriptive-analytical which used the JHA model to check and identify damage caused by worn-out textures and used the Q factor to analyze the mentality of experts to extract the best mental model of recreation and finally used network analysis in GIS to explain how to do it from the desired pattern. It is necessary to explain that the sample of this research was 15 people which have been selected in a purposeful way. Research findings have shown that 50% were at an unacceptable level of 16 potential hazards from worn-out urban textures in Saqqez which shows the necessity of regeneration. In this regard, the results of the analysis of the experts' mentality have shown three mental models (First commercialization, second: integrated management and urban unit, third: Supervision and control of construction) to recreate and the first model is the most important. Findings show that Center 5 has the best position by connecting with 149 population points and covering 3504 people within 10 minutes by identifying 7 prone points in worn-out areas and four competing centers to implement the commercialization model from worn-out textures in Saqqez.

In land use planning, justice in the distribution is considered one of the basic indicators in sustainable urban development. One of the most important land uses in cities is educational use, the necessity of which is not hidden from anyone, However, its position in the Islamic city becomes doubly important, because in Islamic attitude and with the recommendation of the Quran to think, research in the world of creation, the creating scientific centers in Islamic societies has been emphasized. this research evaluates educational uses (primary schools) and their distribution status among the 10 districts of Tabriz, and then re-locates educational spaces by interpreting the indicators. The study at hand is practical and the research method is descriptive-analytical research. In this research, first, the nearest neighborhood (RN) method has been used to show the distribution of primary schools in Tabriz then The network analysis method in GIS has been used to analyze the current situation of the spatial distribution of schools and to check the radius of their performance and finally, the TOPSIS model was used to evaluate the three criteria so that the evaluation unit of the criteria is unified. The results of this research show that regions 6, 8 and 10 are ranked highest and region 7 is ranked last and only region 8 is covered by 100% of the useful performance radius and in terms of the distribution pattern of schools, region 6 has a regular pattern. And in terms of per capita, none of the regions have a satisfactory situation.

Obviously, timely and reliable services by these centers will require their proper space arrangement and optimal routing of relief and emergency services between the location of the emergency base to the accident site and the accident site to the hospital location. In the present research, selecting the city As a case study, Sanandaj has tried to provide a suitable model for the spatial organization of emergency aid centers in the city, while exploiting network analysis capabilities in the ArcGIS environment. In this regard, the first step is to prepare and process data and layers of information used in the network analysis process such as the length of the path, the speed of the path, one-way and bi-directional paths, non-intersecting intersections, and the location of the databases Emergency at the city level, in the ArcGIS environment, and after the creation of the corresponding Dataset, they were loaded in the framework of the network analysis model as an applicable model and displayed in the ArcGIS environment. According to the results of the research, factors such as the presence of traffic areas, the lack of relief centers, as well as the lack of location of the existing relief centers, make the operation of emergency centers in the service. In the field of activity, it is accompanied by weaknesses. In the implementation of the research, while presenting a representative pattern of suitable routes and determining the preferred bases for dispatching relief units to the accident site in the shortest possible time period, the areas outside the optimal performance radius of emergency sites are identified and given the optimal situations For the establishment of emergency units, in order to cover the relief services, they were identified at specified time limits.

The present study is a combination of documentary and survey methods in terms of applied purpose. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect the required information and data. Also, according to the purpose of the research, among the households of selected villages, 352 households have been determined as a sample using Cochran's formula. In particular, in this study, using Gephi and GIS spatial analysis software and network analysis methods, the flows and relationships mentioned in the study area have been analyzed in order to form a regional network based on links. And to integrate integrated rural-urban development. The results show that there is a direct correlation between flows and the level of development of rural settlements to form a regional channel. Spatial flows, especially economic flow, and population, have provided the background for urban-rural interactions in the study area, and in the first level network hierarchy, all cities and rural centers are subordinated to the Hanza urban center with the highest score in providing services. In fact, the lack of spatial development planning to regulate the relations and connections, and consequently the lack of attention to the role of the surrounding villages of Hanza, has caused us to not be able to direct the currents and factors that shape and influence these connections which pave the way for the development of the whole system.

Given that the urban spatial structure has a coherent system and is made up of a variety of components and elements, it appears necessary to emphasize its aspects in terms of different service indicators.The instability of any one of these components can have an impact on the entire complex and urban structure.Given the significance of the issue of spatial justice inthe distribution of urban services,the present study aims to investigate how urban services are distributed inYasoujcity and to pinpoint imbalances and inequalities at the of the city.This article used a descriptive-analytical research method.The mean nearest neighbor index was employed to identify the distribution pattern of urban services,and network analysis in Arc GIS software was used to evaluate the status of the city in terms of access to public services.The results of the study indicate the location of service clusters in Yasouj city.In this manner, the service distribution is beneficial in the areas of the city that are in District1 of Region1 and District1 of Region2, but it is unfavorable in the areas of the city that are in the east and northeast as well as the southern neighborhoods.The research's overall findings indicate that Yasouj city's service distribution is in poor shape and that the outskirt areas are less prosperous than the city center neighborhoods.Therefore, it is advised reviewing the urban development plans, paying attention to the present needs and necessities, avoiding the place, spatial, and economic requirements in the location of services, and redistributing services and giving the disadvantaged neighborhoods priority

Over the past few decades, we have seen a change in the view of planners and geographers from a place-based and basic attribute view to a network-based approach and based interaction. Therefore, rural and urban areas cannot be examined separately in studies and planning. And it needs to be checked in a network way. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to identify spatial flows between urban and rural relations in Zanjan city. The present research is based on the nature of discovery and based on the method, descriptive-analytical. The required data and information have been collected using the field method, questioning technique and with the questionnaire tool and the information of different administrative agencies of the city. In the next step, the collected data and information are analyzed in the NodeXL software environment. The results of the research showed that the city of Zanjan is in the first position of attracting flows within and outside the city due to its high level of services, shopping and selling market, in the city of Zanjan, so that all flows go to the city of Zanjan. It has become polar and is the strongest current in the city. Also, the results of the flow analysis indicate that the flow pattern is one-way relations towards Zanjan city and complementary, two-way and synergistic links have not been formed at the city level. This pattern is in accordance with the growth pole theory and is still far from the regional network pattern.

Since unequal access to urban services can result in an unbalanced development of the city and the racial segregation of its neighborhoods, the rapid growth of urbanization, particularly in recent decades, has elevated the significance of the optimal distribution of urban services and the equitable access of citizens to such services. This study aims to conduct a spatial analysis of the distribution of educational and healthcare services as well as the levels of satisfaction with these services in the four regions of Yasouj city and its suburbs to achieve spatial justice in the homogeneous access of citizens to urban services. The required data for the current study were collected from the library and the field methods and is a descriptive-analytical and applied research. After introducing the ideas using the library approach, the geographical distribution of educational and medical services was examined at the level of the four districts of Yasouj city using the network analysis technique in GIS software. The findings indicate an uneven geographical distribution of healthcare and educational services at the level of Yasouj city. According to the findings, communities in District 1 of Region 1 and District 1 and 2 of Region 2 have the maximum access to educational and healthcare services, while neighborhoods in District 3 of region 1 and District 2 of region 3 have the minimum degree of access.

The rapid growth of population and urbanization in recent decades has created many problems in human daily life. One of the important issues in this connection is urban transportation, especially public transportation, and it is of great interest today. Studying the effective factors and evaluating the location of subway stations is one of the important and necessary issues in the urban context. The importance and prestige of any city depends on its city services. The more these services and facilities are at an ideal level, the more comfortable the conditions are for the citizens' lives and the more the satisfaction of the citizens, which is one of the most important urban services of public transportation, especially the urban subway. Accordingly, the scientific goal of this research is to use GIS analysis to identify service areas and use multi-criteria decision models to locate new stations. This research has been carried out through several steps, including identifying variables, preparing standard criteria maps, obtaining the weight of layers, applying the weight of layers, and fuzzy overlapping of layers. Analytical Network Process (ANP) model was used to weight the criteria. In the results of weighting, the distance from the fault, the distance from the parking lot, and the population without cars had the greatest impact on positioning. Finally, suitable places for the construction of the metro station were suggested.

 Ecotourism is one of the common types of tourism activities that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. The ecotourism concept is based on the ideals of environmental protection and sustainable development and refers to a responsible journey to nature with an emphasis on ensuring the improvement of local community life and environmental protection (Seifi and Janbaz, 2017: 479). Ecotourism has a deep connection with sustainable development, which stems from the interactions between tourists and the environment. Proper planning and management in order to develop ecotourism are essential to preserve and maintain the environmental richness of the region as well as the economic improvement of local people (Bunruamkaew and Murayama, 2011: 269). Iran is one of the countries that have a lot of potential for ecotourism development, however, studies show that Iran's natural tourism assets are vast array of scattered, unstabilized resources, and in some cases are on the verge of extinction. The main object of the current paper is to assess the ecotourism potentials and capabilities of the Margavar rural district of Urmia County in northwest of Iran. For this purpose, Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Fuzzy method have been used and ecotourism capabilities zoning map of the study area has been produced.

The current research is a Multicriteria-based study and the Analytic network process (ANP) method and Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used to analyse the data. Spatial criteria were clustered based on reviewing the background into five main groups including climate, human, topography, geology, and tourism and criteria have divided into these 5 groups. At first, the criteria map was prepared in the ArcGIS environment, then all the maps were reclassified with the Reclassify function. In the next step, the criteria maps are standardized with a Fuzzy linear function and the ANP model was run in Super Decisions software, and pairwise comparisons and related super matrices were calculated for the criteria and the relative weight of each criterion was obtained and the resulting weights were applied to maps. Finally, the weighted maps were combined each other using the 0.9 fuzzy gamma operator, and the Fuzzy ecotourism capability zoning map was produced in value 0 to 1.

  After designing the network structure, matrices and related super-matrices were calculated and the relative weights of all criteria were determined. Results showed that temperature, geological structure, slope, rain, and tourism facilities have the most importance and weight in relation to the ecotourism ability of the study area, respectively. According to the ecotourism capabilities zoning map, the study area was divided into four class: completely suitable, relatively suitable, relatively unsuitable, and completely unsuitable. The resulting map analysis shows that areas located in the central and western parts of the region, which have a low slope percentage and also include rich pastures and natural tourist attractions, are in the completely suitable group. Furthermore, some parts of the study area have mountain slopes and difficult topographic conditions that are very difficult to access grouped in completely unsuitable lands for ecotourism activities. The final results of the study show that 14.50% of the study area is in the completely suitable class, 26.32% in the relatively suitable class, 27% in the relatively unsuitable class and 32.15% are in the completely unsuitable class

 Research evaluations show that In general, Margavar rural district, both in terms of potential for the future development of ecotourism and in terms of Its current situation has a lot of potential in this regard in terms of receiving a large number of tourists That comprehensive planning and formulation of effective solutions in this field can be considered an effective way and an important step to achieve sustainable regional development. Application of multi-criteria analysis techniques such as ANP model and Fuzzy model in this research indicates the great flexibility of these methods, which makes it possible to determine different scenarios and combine different criteria with each other. On the other hand, the use of GIS has provided a good platform for feasibility studies, assessment, and identification of the natural environment. Therefore, it can be said that due to the high potential of the Margavar rural district, there is a need to review measures and pay more attention to tourism development plans and studies in this region.

The idea of ​​resilience of different social, economic, physical, and managerial orientations has entered urban and regional studies on a large scale. This resilient system can absorb temporary or permanent crises and adapt to rapidly changing conditions without losing its function. Among these, resilience against natural disasters can be explained by how social, economic, institutional, political, and executive capacities of societies affect the increase of resilience and understanding of its dimensions in the society. Environmental crises, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, and climate pollution, have caused environmental vulnerability in cities and consequently created threats to their securities, especially in District 20 of Tehran City. By recognizing the dimensions of vulnerability in District 20 of this city against environmental crises, management strategies can be developed to reduce vulnerability and risks and enhance resilience. For this reason, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate resilience of the neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City against environmental crises. To achieve this goal, the Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Model (FMCDM) and K-mean method of classification were used.

To identify and assess the resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises, a database was created based on the crises and its spatial information was prepared in 4 criteria and 26 sub-criteria. After creating the spatial database of the mentioned district and compiling the criteria and sub-criteria, a layer of information was prepared in ArcGIS software and a distance map was drawn for each sub-criterion through Euclidean distance mapping in order to measure and manage the resilience. Then, fuzzy operators were applied to draw each fuzzy map (subscale) with a value between 0 and 1. Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was utilized to weight and evaluate the research criteria and sub-criteria. Next, the map of each criterion and sub-criterion was drawn by combining the Euclidean distance and fuzzy operators multiplied by their fuzzy weights obtained from the ANP model in ArcGIS software. Thus, the final map was prepared for each criterion and sub-criterion, which showed their values of resilience to the environmental crises. Then, fuzzy superimposing operators were applied to superimpose the fuzzy weighting maps and a superimposed map of 26 sub-criteria (4 criteria) was obtained for each fuzzy operator. To identify the best fuzzy operator by superimposing the research sub-criteria, analysis of spatial relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable was done through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. Finally, the classical K-mean clustering method was employed to classify the neighborhoods from the perspective of resilience to environmental crises.

The results showed that the weights and values of the socio-economic criteria, road infrastructure, land use and accessibility in resilience measures were 0.49, 0.23, 0.16, and 0.11, respectively. In the socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria, the sub-criteria of house strength, pedestrian bridge, access to social places, and access to medical centers with the weights of 0.33, 0.43, 0.32, and 0.29 had the highest values in resilience. Among the fuzzy superposition operators, the algebraic addition operator (SUM) had the highest correlation with the research criteria in identifying the resilience of the neighborhoods. The northeast and southeast neighborhoods, as well as the central neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran, were the most resilient neighborhoods to environmental crises. In the final step of the current research, the classical K-mean method was used to cluster the existing neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City based on their resilience to environmental crises. The results revealed that the neighborhoods were divided into 3 clusters. In the first cluster showing a lot of patience, the neighborhoods of Javanmard Qassab, Mansouria and Mangal, Hamzehabad, Sartakht, Ibn Babavieh and Zahirabad, Taghiabad, and Abbasabad were located. In the second cluster indicating moderate tolerance, Dolatabad and Shahadat, Sadeghieh, Shahid Ghayuri, Deilman, Aqdasiyeh, Estakhr, and Alain neighborhoods were situated. Finally, the neighborhoods of Sizdeh Aban, Shahid Beheshti, Firoozabadi, Valiabad, and Hashemabad were located in the third cluster with poor productivity.

Environmental crises, such as earthquake, flood, drought, air and water pollution, and fire, have the potential to become harmful in areas where there are no crisis management and risk mitigation. In the 21st century, the world has been hit by such environmental crises as Asian tsunamis, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, successive earthquakes, flash floods, desert dust storms, and widespread fires. Although predictive tools are able to predict some disasters, future crises cannot be forecast based on empirical evidence. Therefore, increasing the ability of a system called resilience is very important for responding to such crises; yet, its resilience must first be measured. In the present study, the resilience of District 20 of Tehran City to environmental crises was evaluated based on socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria. The results of this modeling led to the extraction of 3 clusters for the resilience of the neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises. The neighborhoods in the west region had the highest resilience compared to the urban areas.

Identification and zoning of landslide-prone areas using Object-Oriented Analysis and Analytic network processing (ANP) (Case Study: Shahrudkhaye basin, Khalkhal city) Extended Abstract Introduction In mountainous basins, in order to implement projects related to water development and environmental management, development of communication networks, and development of industrial and residential centers and facilities, what is necessary before carrying out any project is to identify hazards related to material movements on the ground. Among the occurrence of geomorphological phenomena such as landslides, it is necessary to provide a hazard map of its occurrence and its zoning so that problems such as damage to economic, industrial and agricultural infrastructure are not repeated. Landslide is one of the geomorphic processes affecting the evolution of landscape in mountainous areas. Landslides have a huge impact on the economy on a local and global scale, and every year thousands of people around the world lose their lives due to landslides. Iran, with its predominantly mountainous topography, tectonic activity and high seismicity, diverse climatic and geological conditions, has major natural conditions for causing a wide range of landslides; Therefore, as much as we enjoy the blessings of being mountainous and the diversity of the climate, we are also exposed to the dangers caused by it.

Khalkhal city is located in the south of Ardabil province and its center is Khalkhal city. The city is a mountainous region whose altitude decreases from east to west and from north to south, and in terms of climate has mild summers and cold winters. The study area in this research is Shahroudchai catchment which is located in Shahroud section in the south of Khalkhal city. Shahroud River, which flows in the Shahroud section to the south and joins Ghezel Ozan after its winding route. Shahroud Chay catchment area with an area of

Inequality in access to and distribution of services is common in most rural and urban areas of developing countries. This leads to spatial displacement and mass migration of rural groups to cities in the hope of having a variety of facilities and more suitable living facilities. Given this knowledge, the study argues that rural settlements, like urban settlements, should have some socio-economic functions in addition to residential function. These functions are in the form of distribution of services, the desired access to which will guarantee the stability and stability of the rural system. In this regard, proponents of service development theory also believe that improving access to services and facilities is one of the basic requirements for achieving rural development. The study of this necessity in mountainous areas has been one of the most important measures due to the fact that the welfare of its inhabitants is highly dependent on it due to access restrictions. Tarom city is located in a mountainous area and a large part of its population and rural areas are located in mountainous areas. Many of its rural areas are sparsely populated and scattered due to their mountainous nature, which has also had an impact on the establishment of the service delivery model. Therefore, preliminary studies in the field of research indicate challenges in access to services in rural areas. Needs attention to effective factors to determine the appropriate model of service delivery in rural areas of the city.

Establishment of activities and establishment of rural service centers in suitable places will achieve high efficiency and economic justification of services and ensure their sustainability in the future. The basic step to achieve this is to determine effective and appropriate priorities for it, which should be in accordance with the conditions of the study area. First, the effective factors on the access of rural residents to rural service centers were determined based on the researcher's field knowledge of the study area, experts' opinions and similar research in three factors and 12 sub-criteria. Then, after determining the degree of importance of the criteria and sub-criteria, the weight of each of them was determined on the zoning map and the appropriate areas were determined. Finally, in order to determine the suitable rural areas for the establishment of rural service centers, the conditions of each rural area were ranked according to the sub-criteria and the villages with priority were ranked in the Vikor model.

According to the research findings, human, physical and natural factors are the most important factors for the establishment of rural service centers. Population density and concentration is also the most important sub-criterion. Sub-criterion of population density in rural areas, because most of the population is scattered and sparsely populated, has a high priority to determine the most suitable village for service centers and therefore more population will have access to it. According to another study, only 6% of The area of ​​the study area is quite desirable due to its serviceability. There are 20 rural points in this area, each of which has suitable conditions for providing services to the villages in their area of ​​influence in the countryside. According to Vicor score of 20 rural points, 3 rural points for each village were determined as the most suitable central village for rural services. Selected rural areas have a positive population and growth rate and high employment. These areas are located in suitable communication routes in each village and the distance of all rural areas to these rural centers is appropriate. In terms of service stability, these areas are at a good distance from the fault line (earthquake risk) and waterway lines (flood risk) and since these areas are located in low and flat areas, they also have more services in terms of Economic justification and construction costs are appropriate for the development of services.

The need to pay attention to the rural areas of the country and provide appropriate and sufficient services and facilities to activate rural units, either due to the need to expand production activities (agricultural sector) in these areas or due to proper organization of housing and population stabilization in these areas due to widespread migration , Is a serious and inevitable thing. In connection with this issue, one of the first steps is to recognize the capacities and capabilities of rural areas and to properly regulate and organize the provision of services in order to rationally use these capabilities, which must be firmly and steadily taken. In the study, rural areas that were suitable in terms of factors and conditions were identified. These areas have a good justification for establishing rural service centers. There fore, by determining the appropriate areas and areas for rural service centers, it is possible to provide the necessary conditions for the growth of services in these areas and with proper access to all rural areas studied to these services, rural development can be achieved.

Tourism planning requires understanding the interaction between supply and demand and the impact of each in relation to the other; Therefore, planning the destination of tourism is one of the important factors of development planning. In the meantime, network analysis is one of the most up-to-date and efficient analytics that enhances their power over superior centers by linking small centers. Given the weakness of the attraction and the diffusion of many tourism destinations, their arrangement in the form of a network helps to synchronize the potential of these destinations; Therefore, network analysis and its applications in regional tourism development are essential. This study aimed to increase the competitiveness of these attractions within the framework of network theory by using a descriptive-analytical method, and the research data were collected by field survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 79 villages around 5 tourism centers of Ardebil district. Data are analyzed using NODEXL software, and density, degree, contrast, self-centered computational networks and gravity relations graph. According to the study of tourism network and presenting the spatial pattern in Ardebil area, the research findings show that most single cell villages were studied in south east and southwest part of the region. The central and western part of the region, large multicellular villages, are located in the central, western and northeastern parts of the region. The region's multi-celled villages are located around the tourist centers of the region (Ardebil and Sareen). Therefore, regional development and tourism management should strive to strengthen the link between the region's attractions, and establish a complete network and linkage for optimal use of the region's attractions.

Equitable distribution of services at the regional scale and achieving a balanced spatial structure in the region are among the most important goals of sustainable regional planning, especially in developing countries such as Iran. In this regard, one of the most important strategies and policies in regional spatial planning is the decentralization of development. The purpose of this study is to identify the most important urban areas of Fars province in order to determine the priorities of development and decentralization of the unipolar development of the province. To this end, the regional network modelling based on graph theory and the concepts of social network analysis are used to conduct the spatial analysis of Fars province. The data used in this study includes  the Fars province road network extracted from the OSM open source system, as well as the spatial information of the urban and rural areas of Fars province extracted from the website of the Statistics Center of Iran. Regarding research methods, Pandas Library and NetworkX Library were used in the Python programming platform to form the network graph and analyze the centrality indicators, while ARC GIS software was for final processing and visualization of data and information. According to thenetwork centrality indices and the location of the province cities, notwithstanding Shiraz as the main hub of development in the province, Zarghan, Sadra, Kavar, Lepui, Khane Zenian and Noorabad are the main development priorities. In addition, the Shiraz-Marvdasht and Shiraz-Khaneh Zenian roads were determined to be the most important transportation paths and communication corridors. The results and findings of this study showed that network-based modeling and the use of graph-based analytics (in particular, social network analysis techniques) can be useful and effective as new analytical methods in regional studies and planning.

The position of points in the network is one of the most important aspects of urbannetwork analysis. The capacity of urban nodes depends on their role in the urbannetwork. One can provide a unified policy framework for the urban network byrecognizing the points and relationships and how they interact with each other. Thisresearch seeks to determine 1)the role of points in the urban network; 2) the capacityof the urban network, and 3) the integration of the urban network. Methodologicallyspeaking This is applied research. Research data include intra-provincial and inter-provincial passenger flow. 43 selected urban and rural settlements of Ardebil provincehave been selected for the analysis. Indices of power of linkages, degree of centrality,network entropy and core-periphery analysis were performed in UCINET6 software.In this research, a new typology of nodes in the urban network is presented.Accordingly, nodes in the network play one of the five roles of central, articular,independent, isolated and other foci. Analyzes show that Ardebil, Khalkhal, MoshginShahr, Parsabad are the centers and Sarain, Grammy, Aslanduz, and Bale are the articular nodes of the urban network. It was also found that the high number of isolatedfoci (22 foci) in the network is one of the major threats of Ardebil urban network.Finally, suggestions have been made to realize the integrated urban network andincrease network capacity.

Road traffic accidents impose numerous social, economic, and cultural costs upon various societies, especially developing countries. Identification of accident blackspots is a method proposed to deal with car accident risks. Among various events associated with transportation network, road traffic accidents play a significant role, because of their specific features, including high frequency, high intensity and the chance of direct involvement of all members of the community.This problem is more conspicuous in developing countries such as Iran. The present study aims to identifyaccidentblackspotsand to prepare risk map for road trafficaccidents in Babol city using volunteered geographic information.

According to the characteristics of the study area, the present study takes advantage of criteria such as distance from population centers, proximity to city squares, distance from footbridges, and proximity to road intersections to identifyaccidentblackspotsand a prepare risk map for roadtraffic accidents in Babol city. Accident blackspots detected by volunteered geographic information, along with the criteria determined by applying analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and analytic network process (ANP) were compared in a pairwise manner, and their respective weight was calculated to showtheir specific level of impact. Ultimately, a risk map was produced for the risk of road traffic accidents obtained from each method. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the identified accident blackspots obtained from volunteered geographic information, as well as the accuracy of susceptibility maps, ROC curve and Kappa Coefficient were applied to police official records.

 According to the findings, Jame Mosque shopping center, Shahabnia shopping center, intersection of Farhangstreet and Velayat square were identified as the most accident-prone areas in Babol city. Also, among the prespecified criteria, distance from population centers and distance from intersections are considered to be the most important criteria, respectively. Results obtained from the evaluation criteria indicatedhigh accuracy of volunteered geographic information, and thus it is concluded that this kind of information can be effective in determining the accident blackspotsinBabol city. Also, the ANP method works better than AHP method in preparing the risk map of accidents.

Due to the large number of road accidents, especially in developing countries,the issue of accident blackspotsand providing a risk map for road trafficaccidents are an essential part of roads safety. In the present study, volunteered geographic information was used, along with multivariate decision-making methods of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and analytic network process (ANP) to identifyaccident blackspots based on number, causes and severity of accidents and to develop a risk map for driving accidents in Babol city. Moreover, the criteria of distance from population centers, proximity to the city squares, distance from the footbridges, and adjacency to intersections were used to determine accident blackspotsand to prepare a risk map for driving accidents in Babol city. According to the results, Jame Mosque shopping center, Shahabnia shopping center, Farhang intersection and Velayat square were identified as the most accident-prone points in Babol city. Also, distance from population centers and distance from intersectionswere identified as the most important criteria, respectively. Evaluation criteria demonstrated that volunteered geographic information can be effective and accurate in determining accident blackspotsinBabol city. Also, the ANP method worked better than AHP method in preparing the risk map of driving accidents. The method proposed in this study to identify accident blackspots and preparedriving accidents risk maps can be generalized to other areas. Basedon the characteristics of specific routes, other criteria such as arc radius, longitudinal slope can alsobe used. It is also suggested that the results of other methods used for investigation ofaccidentblackspotsand production of risk maps based onvolunteered geographic information (VGI) are compared with the results of the present study.