جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تفرج » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Today, the concept of capacity utilizing the maximum number of users who use a natural or recreational area at a given time without changing disturbance in the environment is widely used in urban management and planning. The purpose of this study is to determine the recreational range and tourism capacity in the Mashhad area. To this end, three types of physical, real, and effective physical capacity have been attempted to provide planners and designers with a sufficiently reliable basis for decision making and planning for sustainable development.

The research is of a practical nature and data is collected through library and field studies. Initially, 7475 hectares of the area were selected as useful and usable areas for users through the registration of ground points and the preparation of a land use map using the GIS tool. In the next step, through computational formulas, three types of physical, actual and effective physical capacity were estimated. In the meantime, the required parameters were extracted and calculated by reviewing the records, obtaining the users' votes and theoretical research foundations. The researcher-made questionnaire (Likert spectrum) was also provided to users with a record (384 people) in order to score the site management capability parameters.
 

Five limiting factors and ten subsample parameters were used as coefficients in calculating the actual runway capacity of the study site. Meanwhile, the highest points belonged to grocery stores (4.8) and the lowest points belonged to the regional relief system (1.2). Finally, the physical, actual, and effective site of the study site was estimated to be 89700000, 1829880, and 969836, respectively.

In general, the area accepts a significant number of users for recreational and sports activities. On the other hand, the area has pristine spaces suitable for the design and deployment of sports and leisure facilities. However, environmental and safety priorities must also be taken into account.

Understanding the potential of the study area prevents waste of resources and considers the use of any environmental zone in accordance with its capability. Planning and continuous recreation and nature conservation of forest areas requires accurate understanding of environmental factors, assessment of the natural capability and ability of the region with regard to socio-economic, cultural and environmental considerations. The lack of user-optimized user interface is a major cause of destruction in these areas. Tourism is used by tourists in closed and open environments. The assessment of the appropriate location for those tourists who are interested in hobby environments depends on the ecological model of urban development. In open environments, tourists come to various entertainments, all of which are called recreation or sightseeing. In the present study, identifying the status quo, selecting a model, evaluating capabilities, and determining environmental units, power Ecological and user uses by GIS and selection of the best option by Analytical Hierarchy Process with Expert Choice v11.0. The findings of the study indicate that the study area has high capacity for tourism development, especially open-air outdoors that require Management and planning is sufficient and sufficient.

Qurkhod protected area with an area of 43000 hectaresis located at the North Khorasan province and adjencent to Golestan national park. The area by having special settlement specifications, different wild life species and tourism attractios has a high potential for planning and tourism development.The current study was conducted to evaluate environmental capability of the area for extensive and intensive recreation. For this purpose, firsty the appropriate criteria for both extensive and intensive recreation were defined and since for each of functions, simultaneous evaluation of several criteria is needed, then multi-criteria evaluation method was used. Four criteria for extensive recreation and 12 criteria for intensive recreation and a limit layer for inhabitat of index species has been considered. The basic maps for each criteria was prepared and standardized by fuzzy method. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used for weighting criteria and the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method used for combining the layers. The results showed that nearly 4800 hectares (approximately %11) of Qurkhod protected area was suitable for intensive outdoor recreation implementation, while nearly 3200 hectares (approximately %8) had the ideal conditions for extensive outdoor recreation development. Physical carrying capacity of the area was estimaed at about 11 persons per hectare.

Due to the increasing population and demands for recreational resources, estimating the caring capacity of such resources and sustainable use of these recourses is very important to human societies. The current paper investigated the recreational carrying capacity of four urban parks of Qom city including, Hashemi, Nabovat, Fadak, and Alavi park. The required data collected via questionnaire and climatic data from meteorology station of Qom. Finally, the physical, real and effective carrying capacity of the four selected parks was calculated. The result showed that Alavi had the highest and Nabovat the lowest recreational carrying capacity and management capacities play an important role in the estimated value of recreational carrying capacity. Results also showed that demand level is less than carrying capacity in winter and autumn seasons and weekdays. It increases in spring and summery seasons, weekend and holydays and after sunset and it exceeds the carrying capacity. So given the peak time of visit, the park's capacity must be tolerate this times and this issue should be considered in planning and management of parks. Therefore, park managers need to plan carefully for equal distribution of users in different seasons and times to reduce pressure on park resources and facilities.

Nowadays, socio- economic analysis and full review of people requirements is a key factor in providing the required facilities in destinations. The aim of this study is recreational valuation of Parvaz forest park, Choghakhor wetland, Aatashgah waterfall and Dimeh fountain, and also comparison between obtained results and investigation of socio-economic characteristic of visitors by using Zonal Travel Cost Method (Z.T.C.M). This method is based on using map, the view, socio-economical characteristics of visitors of promenades and also increase of the cost and distance from the region. Results showed that variables like age, education and amount of visitor’s income had significant impacts on use of promenades. Investigating amount of visitor’s income showed that strong correlation exists between this variable and the number of visited days of promenades and also their interest to pay entrance fee. It also showed that level of education has a key role in absorbing visitors for promenades as most of the visitors had university education. Results showed that the recreational value of Parvaz forest park, Choghakhor wetland, Aatashgah waterfall and Dimeh fountain is 407150000, 442346000, 137239800 and 723852000 Iranian Rials, respectively. These results show the importance of water resources in tourism attraction. The monetary values obtained depend on the better natural location and beautiful sights around them. High value of recreational areas which was recorded for the studied promenades showed that these promenades need more attention and providing the development of tourism plan.

IntroductionAccording to daily increasing request of people for promenades and recreational centers, social and economic analysis and full review of people requirements is a key factor in providing required facilities. There are various methods for recreational valuation such as Travel Cost Method (TCM) and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Between these two, TCM is adequate to evaluate nonuse values of fountain.MethodologyTCM method was used for recreational evaluation of Dimeh fountain in this study. Generally speaking, TCM method includes 7 steps: 1st step: producing map for determining the situation of regarded region; 2nd step: determining concentric circles around the region with various radius but by constant distance; 3rd step: calculating ratio of visit to 10000 people in each circle (VR); 4th step: getting distance, cost average and the time of two way trip for each restricted circle; 5th step: modeling or determining relation between distance, travel cost and the number of visitors to promenade, so researchers could estimate the request function for average visitors; 6th step: calculating request function by using the estimated relation for promenade; 7th step: calculating area under request curve to determine economic value of promenade; and finally 8th step: case-study investigation of some features of visitors like literacy level, age, sex, education level, amount of income, etc. As mentioned before, Clawson travel cost method has been used here. It could be summarized in the functional model as follows:Vij/Ni=F (TCij, Sij, Ajk) (1)In which Vij number of visitors of the region (i) that visit from promenade (j), Ni total number population of the region (i), TCij cost of accessing to promenade (j) from the region (i), Sij socio-economic characteristics of visitors of the region (i) that visit from promenade (j), Aij attractiveness and aesthetics characteristics of promenade (j) compared with other ones (k). In this model, ratio of visit to 10000 people in each region (VR) considered as a dependent variable and average travel cost and three socio-economic variables (Age, Education and Income level) considered as independent variables. By putting mean amounts of age, education and monthly income variables simplified formation of equation could be concluded.In economic analysis of promenade, relation between mean cost and number of visitors shows visitor attribute to cost changes therefore to know visitor’s behavior against paying at entrance they gave various hypothetical opportunity to them in questionnaires, then they increased payments to average cost of accessing to fountain and put new costs in a simplified model and calculated new ratio of visitors for new costs to 10000 people. At the end, by measuring under area of request function from new ratio of visitors and by using model No. 2 daily recreational value of fountain was estimated:In which V is the economic value of the promenade, N is the number of visitors and AP is the hypothetical entrance price.Results and DiscussionResults showed that variables like age, education and amount of visitor’s income had significant impacts on use of promenades. Investigation of relation between monthly income levels with number of days which people go to picnic showed that correlation coefficient between these two variables is 0.72 which explains high dependence of number of picnic days to their monthly income. Calculating correlation coefficient between monthly income level and their interest to pay the entrance fee (0.58) showed correlation too. Investigation of relation between travel cost and number of visitors showed that high correlation between these two variables is – 0.79 which explains decrease in number of visitors as travel costs increases. Results also showed that the number of visitors decreases while distance from fountain increases. Relation between these two variables showed that the correlation amount is – 0.84. The results were not unexpected at all; there were similar results from parks in United States. It also showed that level of education has a key role in absorbing visitors for Dimeh fountain as most of the visitors had university education. Level of advantage has direct relation with income, as relief times of people would increase by increasing level of education. Investigation of studying in some promenades of the country showed that there are more interest among teenagers and middle ages but our results showed that most of the visitors (24%) were in the range of 30-34 ages.As mentioned above, the recreational value of fountain calculates based on request function.Regression equation is:VR=exp (-0.00024TC+0.059E+0.3062A+0.00000465I-19.062) (3)In which VR is ratio of number of visitors in every 10000 persons to population of home region, TC is travel cost, E is educational level, A is age, and I is the amount of monthly income. By putting mean amounts of age, education and monthly income variables simplified formation of equation (3) will transform into equation (4):VR=exp (-0.00024TC-4.7335) (4)By considering equation (2) under area request curve of fountain which is the same daily recreational value, is 723852000 Iranian Rials.High daily recreational value of Dimeh fountain which was recorded in the summer of 2008 is comparable to the two studies about Anzali wetland (2006) and Taleghani forest park (2007). Estimated values are about 720, 120 and 420 million Iranian Rials respectively for these three promenades. Even by the inflation in time space of these studies, results showed that Dimeh fountain needs more attention and legislation design for tourism industry.ConclusionThis research was conducted to estimate the nonuse values of natural attractions using T.C.M. The findings indicate that the estimated economic value provides enough justification for authorities to increase admission fees in order to maintain the quality of the natural environment, and thereby avoid the degradation of natural attractions. The findings also indicate that fountains provide considerable nonuse values for citizens.