جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « توسعه پایدار اقتصادی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

In Mazandaran province, nearly 230,000 hectares of land are used for rice cultivation, and in recent years, approximately 85,000 hectares of land have been under second rice cultivation. In 2021, about 300,000 tons of paddy rice were harvested in the rice fields of Mazandaran from the second cultivation, which had a financial turnover of more than 10,000 billion tomans for the agricultural economy of the province. Therefore, organizing the second cultivation is undoubtedly better than its complete elimination. Nowadays, second cultivation is done in different parts of the world. Farmers in Southeast Asia and some countries of Latin America, which are located in the tropical region, cultivate rice up to three times a year due to abundant rainfall in all seasons and suitable climatic conditions.Every year, the first cultivation of rice is done in 110,000 hectares of paddy fields in the Haraz catchment area, which is located in the counties of Amol, Babol, Fereydunkenar, Mahmoudabad, and Babolsar, about 20 to 30 days earlier than in the eastern part of the province. For this reason, the largest area of second cultivation is also in this area. Rice farming is one of the most important agricultural activities in Mazandaran and a significant source of income for farmers in the province. With an annual production of over one million tons, 42% of the country's rice needs are met in this province. Statistics demonstrate that the per capita consumption of rice for each Iranian is about 36 kilograms, indicating an annual consumption of more than 3.1 million tons in the country. Approximately 2.2 million tons of rice are annually supplied from domestic production, and the remainder needs to be imported. Therefore, governmental supportive policies for self-sufficiency on the one hand, and the financial needs of small landowners on the other hand, urge farmers to engage in second rice cultivation in some coastal areas of Mazandaran Province due to favorable climatic conditions. However, considering the water scarcity challenge in Iran and the transfer of flowing water from Mazandaran Province to other parts of the country, the second cultivation of rice caused some worries and concerns that should be taken into consideration.

This study is in review form and the terms of the method is descriptive-analytical based on field studies. The method of collecting data is based on library and field research.  The study population consists of 2,565 households from eight villages in Laleh Abad District of Babol County, with a sample size of 330 rural households determined by using the Cochran formula. Multiple indices were included in the questionnaire and measured at different levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and its reliability, using Cronbach's alpha, was calculated as 0.86 in the SPSS environment. The distribution and completion of questionnaires among rural households were conducted based on the proportion of the population in the villages by systematic simple random sampling. Data analysis was performed using gamma correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis in the SPSS software. In addition, ArcGIS software was used to prepare and adjust the map.

The results of the Friedman test, while indicating the significant impact of second rice cultivation on the economic prosperity of rural households, also reveal significant differences among various economic indices. On the other hand, the results of Gamma correlation analysis represent a significant relationship and correlation between various environmental damages and the unchecked expansion of second rice cultivation. Moreover, the calculation of the adjustment coefficient and coefficient of determination in multiple linear regression analysis indicates that the environmental threats surveyed in the current research are up to 65% dependent on the indiscriminate expansion of second rice cultivation. Therefore, in order to strengthen the economic prosperity of the second cultivation and prevent the possible destruction of the rural environment, optimum planning of the second rice cultivation is inevitable in order to maintain the rural environment in the framework of land-use planning.

Unfortunately, in recent years, there has been a dual policy regarding the second cultivation of rice, which has confused many farmers and villagers. On one hand, government support policies in the Sixth Development Plan emphasize rice self-sufficiency, and on the other hand, provincial managers encourage farmers to cultivate other crops with less income that do not require as much water as rice.However, field studies indicated that the second rice cultivation needs Well water only in the first four weeks and the rest of the growing process is provided by rainwater, which is not part of flowing water, and its consumption has no effect on reducing the level of underground water. Given that the coastal villages of Mazandaran are considered highly water-abundant areas with surplus water resources, presenting an appropriate cultivation pattern, seed modification, encouraging farmers to cultivate early-yielding and resistant crops, adhering to cropping calendars, and presenting a comprehensive and executable plan can bring a portion of the land under second rice cultivation. So, within the framework of sustainability principles and land-use planning, it prevents possible damage to the rural environment, while providing comprehensive benefits.

Today, entrepreneurship and small rural businesses can play an important role in diversifying the economy of rural communities in order to stabilize and maintain the population. In addition, it can be considered as a means to stimulate the growth of the economy of rural areas and accordingly, the national economy. Therefore, paying more attention to this important issue is necessary and inevitable in order to empower the villagers, develop human resources, diversify economic growth, and also create new job opportunities. The current research is of an applied type in terms of descriptive-analytical and field methods. The statistical population of the present research is the rural households of 12 villages in Babolsar city, which totals 8364 households, and its population is equal to 25840 people. The required number of samples was determined using Cochran's formula equal to 367 people. The reliability of the research tool was also obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the components under investigation, which was equal to 0.79. The data extracted from the questionnaire were analyzed using Smart-PLS and SPSS software and the structural equation method. The results of the research indicate that all themes obtained higher than acceptable values, and the appropriateness of the model indicators indicate the appropriateness of the measurement model that among the comprehensive themes, the theme of infrastructural, economic, and legal factors, respectively, have the most significant impact among the themes. have a review and the determination coefficient of each of the topics reviewed shows its validity and importance. It is worth mentioning that, on the other hand, cultural factors have the least effect, and the investigated indicators in this section had the lowest factor loading.

At present, Sistan and Baluchestan rural development and rural development programs are being prepared for the operation of the sixth development plan of the country. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to formulate a program for economic development and employment creation of the mosque of Abolfazl from the functions of the Bazman district of Iranshahr in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The research method is descriptive-analytical and collecting data using collaborative assessment models (PRA). The participants of this study were 27 male and female trustworthy in the municipality of Abolfazl who were selected purposefully. The current situation of the seven capital, the mosque's Abolfazl village, which can help the rural economy and employment creation, and the proponents and responsibilities of each of the governmental organizations responsible for employment, or global organizations and charities And nongovernmental organizations in order to succeed in the development of economic development and occupational fields. Finally, job creation projects, existing barriers to each project, success stories and job creation capacity of each of them in the framework of the proposed rural employment program Became. If these programs are implemented, Masjed-e-Abol-Fazl village will be on the horizon of the rural program. It will be based on relative welfare, sustainable employment and export-oriented economy, relied on production and revenue in the tripartite economic sectors with a central focus on services (Emphasis On tourism and welfare services) and agriculture (emphasis on modern agriculture and targeted livestock) with the support of the industry sector, especially handicrafts.