جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تکنیک ahp » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Urban managers and designers are looking for ways to solve problems caused by population growth and increasing migration to large cities. Designing new cities on the outskirts of metropolitan areas to accommodate their overflowing population is one of these solutions. However, new cities will face demographic and ecological crises caused by rapid growth and sudden influx of population without purposeful and organized control and proper infrastructure. Developing new cities was first approved in 1985 as a policy to curb the uncontrolled population growth and migration to large cities in Iran. New cities are mainly developed to ensure proportional distribution of population in the desired urban area, decentralization of the metropolis, improvement of living and service standards, and prevention of unreasonable increase in land and housing prices. In accordance with the policies assigned for the development of new cities and serious restrictions on further development of Tehran metropolitan area especially on agricultural lands, and due to the high slope of land in the northern parts of the city, high groundwater level and inadequate soil penetration resistance in the southern parts of the city, the city being earthquake-prone, existing restrictions on the development of infrastructure, facilities, transportation network and water supply, inversion phenomenon and limitations the ecosystem will face with more population, development of 5 new cities in the suburban area of Tehran was approved by authorities.

Questionnaire and interview-based survey methods have been used in the present descriptive and analytical study. Data collection was performed using documentary and field study methods. Qualitative research techniques and content analysis tools have been used to select commonly used important research indicators from related literature. Following data collection from relevant organizations and institutions, a binary comparison questionnaire was prepared for each group of criteria. Using the Delphi method, urban planning experts were asked to comment on these tables. To evaluate and weight the obtained criteria, AHP method and Expert Choice 11 were used and the average was calculated in EXCEL. Pardis was selected as the case study to evaluate the opinions of new cities' residents. In survey and field study, tools such as questionnaires, interviews and observations were used to investigate the social and economic status in the new city of Pardis. A questionnaire was prepared based on Likert five-point scoring scale to determine the level of satisfaction in residents of Pardis city and to see whether in practice residents benefit more from the criteria assigned a higher weight by experts. The questionnaire was randomly distributed among 450 people and the results were evaluated in SPSS.

Findings indicate that proximity to the capital, acceptable roads, fair weather condition, fewer traffic jams, and lower house prices are among the reasons for satisfaction of Pardis residents. However, previous residents of Tehran expect a living standard similar to living standards in this city so there is still a long road ahead for Pardis city to fulfil its basic plans of offering settlements and employment for at least a population of 200 thousands and obviating the need for daily commutes. Findings indicate that 40% of the employed population commute daily which results in dissatisfaction and an unnecessary increase in household monthly expenses while turning the city into an unproductive dormitory town. Based on what was analyzed theoretically in the present study, as well as our knowledge of the prosperity, dynamism, population, and civilization level of new cities, it seems that a technocratic view based on instrumental rationality in a rent-seeking economy has ultimately led into the present situation in which large-scale urban development projects have been reduced into a series of housing projects. Therefore, various social issues and the problem of identity and dynamism have become a major issue in the urban system of new cities. However, paying attention to vitality and sustainable social development, as well as reviewing and redefining patterns and procedures have made an important turning point and created the required capacity for urban development management and foresight which shall be expanded to reach a useful executive plan and develop its theoretical and practical basis.

Results indicate that the new city of Pardis has achieved objectives of the detailed plan to some extent, but poor infrastructure, lack of sufficient number of employments for the households and lack of economic dynamism have created a city dependent on external employment and thus failing to achieve the utmost goals of the plan.

In recent years, the population of metropolitans and large cities of Iran has had an increasing growth. This has caused irreparable damages to the economic, social, natural and ecologic infrastructure and foundations of those cities. Following the irregular population growth, new cities have been built to lower the population rate in metropolitans and to create employment opportunities. However, inattention to the qualities of urban spaces due to hasty construction and a rapid overflow of metropolitan population has created new cities favorable quality of urban and social life. Even in some cases the result has been deserted and with-no-identity cities Baharestan new town, located in the proximity of the ancient city of Isfahan, through its fitting natural potential and appropriate ecologic characteristic, can help considerably in reducing the population growth of Isfahan metropolitan and lowering economic and employment pressure on this city. The present study, after scrutinizing definitions and concepts of qualities of urban spaces and their relation and influence on other qualities presented by leading researchers of the field, came up with the most principal qualities effective in setting up new cities according to professors and experts’ opinions extracted using a questionnaire. Subsequently, using AHP method and Expert Choice software, this research assessed and measured the extracted principal qualities in the Baharestan new town. The results identified variability, efficiency, the sense of attachment, readability and vitality as principal qualities, all of which were at a relatively inappropriate condition and lower than average in Baharestan. The quality of variability was observed to be at a lower level than other qualities.

Exacerbation of environmental problems, emergence of the economic crises and social adversity hardship inequality, as the effective historical roots in formation of theory of sustainable development, motivated the experts on urban issues to suggest some practical solutions and also some special administrative measures in order to achieve more sustainable cities. In this respect, physical compaction in cities during the 1970s and 1980s would come up as one of the basic principles of sustainable urban development and the strategies to achieve that based on sustainability principles in reaction to sporadic growth. Therefore, assessing and evaluating the compression level of the urban contexts are of the first steps in reviewing the sustainability status in the cities. So, in this study, as the first step, using the existing documents, the theoretical framework of the sustainable development and the compact city is discussed and then the identified indices for evaluating the compression level of the urban contexts will be determined, and using the Delphi method and AHP technique, the weight of each index would be determined. Finally, in order to comprehensive and integrated evaluation of the indices and assessing the compression level of the two discussed quarters in the city of Yazd, we used the GIS and the overlap analysis. The type of this research is of application and has been done by the descriptive – analytical method In Gazorgah quarter from the historical context and Forudgah quarter from the new context of the city of Yazd. According to the obtained results, in 46.77% of Gazorgah quarter, are situated in the historical context, the degree of compression is median and higher, whereas the number in Forudgah quarter is as of 38.17%. Besides, in the historical context, the distribution of the compaction is balanced and closer to the normal distribution.

IntroductionMedical tourism as one of the aspects of tourism contributing to the sustainable development and economic mobility of the country has been regarded as an important branch of health tourism in several countries, either developed or developing, over the past few years. In this form of tourism, many patients would travel to well-known and credible medical centers in developed countries or capitals which hold healthcare facilities, in order to receive treatments. Iran, as one of the developing countries, has also been engaged in a number of such actions in this field, over the past few years. The city of Mashhad has been selected as the region of the study due to a set of specific features this area contains; the presence of Imam Reza’s (AS) holy shrine in Mashhad is the main reason which attracts millions of fascinated pilgrims each year. On the other hand, the existence of well-equipped hospitals and medical centers in Mashhad has led to a considerable number of medical tourists seeking entry to the city. Moreover, train stations, intercity bus transportation system and the international airport are the additional means to which the accessibility of such tourists from all over Iran to medical centers located in Mashhad has been made easier.
The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the extent of importance regarding the effective factors in choosing a destination for medical tourism from the perspective of domestic tourists followed by investigating the role of aforementioned factors in development of medical tourism in Mashhad. Separating the effective criteria and factors on development of medical tourism in Mashhad, as well as comparing the views of experts and domestic medical tourists related to the prioritization of such factors, are among the additional goals of this study.
Theoretical FrameworkMedical tourism, as one of the branches in health tourism, has been developed through the past decade. In the beginning of the industry’s development, only a handful of hospitals in four or five particular countries have been prominent as a medical tourism destination; yet nowadays, hundreds of hospitals and clinics in more than 30 countries welcome this group of tourists as a destination of medical tourism. Basically, medical tourism can be defined as travelling for the purpose of receiving treatments regarding physical illness or different surgical operations under supervision of doctors in hospitals and medical centers. These individuals seek affordable treatments with high quality as well as access to treatment methods which are more suitable and diverse than what already exists in their cities or countries. Considering the high-income nature of this industry along with the reinforcement of healthcare and treatment structures, many countries have shown interest towards the development of this branch in tourism. In a study conducted by the United Nations in 2008, a set of features such as providing advanced facilities, high-quality and the low cost of treatment have been found as the most significant factors which attract patients in the field of medical tourism.
MethodologyData collection in this study has been carried out using the library-internet approach. Also, in terms of the objective and data collection, the present research is an applied and descriptive survey study, respectively. In order to prioritize the effective factors on development of medical tourism in Mashhad from the perspective of medical tourists, a Friedman test has been carried out; on the other hand, a process technique has been used to prioritize said factors from the experts’ point of view. Furthermore, using Expert Choice (through AHP hierarchical analysis software) and calculating the passive statistical society formula, the extent of sample have been found to be 384, with 95% confidence level.
In this study, a simple randomized approach has been used to distribute questionnaires. To ensure the validity of questionnaire in the present study, a logical validity analysis have been carried out which has been investigated and accepted according to the experts’ views. The reliability of questionnaire has also been evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha formula. The result of Cronbach’s Alpha shows 0.821 which indicates the proper reliability of questionnaire.
Research FindingsFrom the domestic medical tourists’ point of view, “advanced medical facilities and equipment”, “the skill and expertise of medical staff”, and “religious beliefs and opinions” are the first three priorities respectively, stated by tourists as reasons for selecting Mashhad as the place for receiving their treatments. “The skill and expertise of medical staff” has been selected by the experts as the most important factor for choosing Mashhad as the medical tourism destination. Other factors such as “medical facilities and equipment” and “distance” have occupied the next categories, respectively.
Conclusions and SuggestionsGiven the importance of medical tourism in a national and international level, arranging a medical tourism strategic plan appears to be fairly useful in segregation of urban areas parallel to the country’s 20-year vision; moreover, considering this branch of tourism as the second priority after religious tourism can highly contribute to the development of medical tourism in Mashhad followed by a sustainable tourism development in the area.

Excessive centralization of population and facilities in Tehran, increases urban problems in the capital, on the one hand, and causes increasing problems in other geographical areas of Iran, on the other hand. Besides, it consequently is threatening the security and development of the country. Various schemes have been proposed to manage this situation. The present study aims to gather and classify the data choosing the best solution to organize the capital of Iran. The current article is the exploratory- analytical one, applied research using library and field data collection (questionnaires and interviews). The solutions were classified in the form of five main options and rating criteria including the ability to run, speed of execution, influencing volume, lower operating costs, economic considerations, political and environmental security. They are then determined by using AHP technique. The most important organization options are prioritized as the following, the internal organization of Tehran, decentralization, territorial approach, creating and strengthening poles rival to Tehran and transferring the capital. Therefore, national authorities are suggested to concentrate on the Tehran problems instead of wasting the time thinking of transferring the capital.

Iran is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. As the statistics show, 31 cases out of 40 types of natural disasters occurring in the world happens in Iran. Such natural disasters in the country have placed Iran on the list of top ten countries of the world in terms of natural disasters in which the incidence and frequency of natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, and landslide show characteristics typical of it. The north parts of the province, including the mountainous regions of the country located in an area with high and medium hazard are subject to various hazards and natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, landslide, and mountain collapse due to the their ecological, seismic, and geological characteristics as well as their topographic conditions and their special climate. . According to the previous studies, almost every year a number of natural disasters occur in this area in which case the focus of influence of most hazards is related to the rural areas due to their large extent in the country.
Study Area :The central district of Faruj has an area of about 1023 square kilometers covering 4 percent of North Khorasan Province. The district is located on geographical coordinates of 58 degrees to 88 degrees and 55 minutes of east longitude and 36 degrees, 45 minutes to 37 degrees, 40 minutes of the north latitude, at an average elevation of 1500 meters above the sea level. The city leads to Esfarāyen from northwest, from east to Ghochan in Khorasan Razavi Province, and from north to the district of Khabvshanin in Faruj. In this district, currently 58 villages have been recorded; 56 villages are populated while the other two villages are deserted.
Material and The research method used in the study was descriptive-analytic following practical purposes. The theoretical foundations were established based on the studies of documentaries and library research. To select the effective criteria and prioritize them for locating optimal temporary housing base, 30 questionnaires were completed by the village administrators and managers, and experts in geography and rural planning. Because the locating process was a matter of making multiple trait, the cell models were used; the analytical hierarchy models included AHP .AHP is a logical framework to understand and analyze complex decisions by decomposing it into a hierarchical structure to makes it easy. Also in this study, to choose a suitable location for temporary housing crisis management database, a combination of AHP (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used.
The reason to pay attention to the environmental indicators of environmental hazards (earthquake, flood, and landslide) is that the location selected in the first phase should be away from these hazards. For this purpose, the hazards and effective factors should be identified in this phenomenon and the importance of the following criteria were evaluated. After preparing seismicity maps, flood, landslide and topography for the final drawings of environmental factors, and the beat raster maps to locate and integrate maps and effective layers in locating had to be standardized.That is, the layers become capable of being integrated with each other through the use of decision rules. For this purpose, the paired comparisons, product hierarchy, linear and hierarchical process were performed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Expert Choice software. According to the final map of locating the environmental factors, it can be concluded that almost 58.5 percent of the central district of Faruj benefits from good conditions and is perfectly suited for the location in which 95 percent of the villages (N=52) out of 55 villages are appropriate for the purpose of temporary housing base in terms of natural indicators and the avoidance of hazards. In addition, only three villages of Agh Cheshme, Armod Aghchi, and Hasht Markh are in poor areas which are relatively appropriate and at greater risk; therefore, they are not suitable for locating temporary housing base.
Through the process of locating emergency accommodation in the area, we came to the following conclusions. According to the environment criteria, earthquake (weight: 569/0) and landslide (weight: 228/0) have higher priority coefficient in locating. This means that villages that are suitable for locating temporary housing are away from environmental hazards. In general, only the village of Mayvan takes the highest scores for the physical location of temporary housing. In addition, the villages of Se Gonbad, Bash Mahale, Kharagh, and Yenge Ghale are placed at the next level benefiting from good conditions, whereas 26 villages under the study are not appropriate in terms of physical facilities and are thus not suitable to locate as temporary housing base.

Delay in construction projects can be considered as a major problem in almost all of these projects and especially، this is visible in developing countries. Hence، the relatively extensive studies that conducted in this issue have attempted to identify the factors affecting delays in construction projects in order to provide the further reductions in delays. In another approach، the present studies using different methods have attempted to indicate and then rank the factors affecting the delays and this has been performed usually according to experts'' viewpoints that could be classified in three major groups، clients، consultants، contractors. Nearly، 200 factors has introduced in these studies that could be classified in 11 categories. Nonetheless and in almost all of these studies، the delays in land acquisition of construction projects has not considered as the main factor of delays. Whereas، this factor can be considered as the major causes of delays in Iran. According to this perspective، the main parts of investigating the causes of delays in these projects can be explained by indicate these factors. Therefore، investigating and ranking the main causes of delays in land acquisition of construction projects is the main problem in this study. This study is performed according to viewpoints of land opponents of Shahid Boroujerdi and Ayatallah Saeedi Projects in Region 18 of Tehran as two projects that the Failing to land acquisition is the main causes of delays in these projects.

Many researchers and scientists to Msabh agricultural development strategy of rural development and argue that agriculture as a main source of income and employment opportunities، could play a major role in rural development. Therefore، in this paper، we study and analyze the obstacles to agricultural development in the district boundary due to its important role as the dominant rural employment has been paid. This descriptive - analytical، library and field data collection (questionnaires and interviews) were carried out. he population of the county korani survey is Four villages were selected using simple random sampling، using Cochran formula، 126 samples were designated as beneficiary. Preliminary tests carried out to obtain the reliability of the questionnaire and Cronbach''s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire more than0/72 respectively. Techniques using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and Expert Choice software were analyzed. The results indicate that the county corani greatest obstacle to agricultural development and structural factors، cultural factors، environmental and market priorities were next. Before doing any action for agricultural development in the region should take into account the integration of farm lands

Crisis management is a useful science that by observing the crises systematically and analyzing them is in searching for the equipment that can prevent the crises or if they have happened، in order to decrease the effects of it، it could assist and improve the situation enormously. In other words، the goal of crisis management is planning، organizing and doing the jobs in the way that decreases disaster effects on damaged people and environment. One of the most important matters that responsible organizations in crisis management always consider is choosing a place for emergency or temporary establishments of damaged masses from the events. Every year all over the earth planet، much people due to incidence of the natural events like earthquake and flood lose their lives and homes. Providing appropriate places for establishing the assistance centers after the earthquake and housing wanderers is one of the important items in planning and crisis management. In this research، the sixth region of Shiraz Municipality has been chosen and studied because of its high seismic potential as the sample of preparation of place database in order to locate temporary housing of damaged masses caused by probable earthquakes. Theoretical bases: Habitation is one of the human''s primary requirements. So after each disaster that causes losses and harms to the permanent settlements، and since building home for wanderers needs much time and cost، the discussion of temporary housing has been introduced. In fact، the temporary housing is residential units with low price or free that is given to stricken people and they can continue living there for the required time until gaining the necessary facilities for rebuilding their normal and permanent home. So for selecting appropriate places for site selection of these temporary residential units، we must consider several criteria and standards. The sociological studies of disasters and the existing experiments show that the damaged masses of people have some tendencies about their selective place for temporary shelter that approximately mentioned below: In this research، according to analytical – descriptive method، after clarifying the effective criteria in positioning the temporary houses that has the record pertaining to research and are selected based on the studied region and available information and data، the studied criteria and indicators were weighted according to the idea of the crisis management experts and by using the couple comparison and Expertchoice software. The output of this step is weights value table of the studied criteria، in terms of importance in studied region. Then، using the AHP model and Arc GIS software، production layers of each criterion as for the specified weight of each، were combined together and their output is the surface zonation map of the sixth region of Shiraz Municipality for temporary habitation of damaged masses. The results of this study show that according to the population of the sixth region of Shiraz Municipality، 51949 specified sites in this research for establishing the temporary houses، not only will supply the needs of current and predicted population of this sector in 1395، but also can be used for overflowing population of the other sectors of Shiraz City. In addition، in case of any unpredictable population changes، unexpected events and etc.، we can take advantage of the other highlighted levels that have lower rating than chosen places for temporary housing of damaged masses. In addition، we must say that according to the idea of experts two criteria، the availability and the existing specifications، both with 33. 6 % of importance are the most significant in comparison to all other criteria and after that the distance of river criterion with 18. 6 %، the distance to risky installation with 5. 6 %، the density of population with 5. 4 % and the distance to fault with 3. 1 % of importance are in the following steps. These numbers show that considered hypothesis in this research namely «it seems that the availability is known as the most effective factor in site selection of temporary housing after the event in the sixth region of Shiraz Municipality.» is not acceptable، and the crisis management experts and specialists in addition to the availability factor، pay attention to the other factors as for the studied region and they cannot consider the availability factor as the only most effective factor in selecting place for temporary housing. Suggestions: Considering the necessary equipment and services in the chosen places for temporary habitation specially parks and gardens such as specifying the landing spot of helicopter، rest rooms، water resources and etc.، so that if a disaster happens، there will be no need for much time for providing them and there will be no disturb in the faster helping process.