جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سطح توسعه یافتگی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

thenational capitals, is the largest center of political power gathering in the country and a place for the national and executive rulers of the country. However, due to the coordination mechanisms used by the government of each country, the factors influencing the choice of the capital's location are usually political or strategic rather than economic. The city of Tehran has been divided into four developmental levels based on the level of development and integration of the seven criteria. Accordingly, I divided the city of Tehran into four geopolitical regions. The emphasis in this paper is on the geopolitical area of the north-center (1-3-6), which has a strategic position in Tehran, and as the region progresses, the economic, social and environmental development of all areas of Tehran will progress. Because the city is a system, it is an open system, which, with the advancement of each geopolitical region, will further the development of other regions and distribute it, it will ultimately lead to progressand achievement of the country in the political power that is the geopolitical essence. The main factor in the development of geopolitical areas is the emphasis on the main function of the regions and the more competition of these regions, which will compete in the regions of each area trying to be the best, as a result of Tehran's strategic city has become one of the best capitals in Southwest Asia and eventually triggered More economic power will be nationalized

Today allocation and distribution of credits in urban areas especially in Metropolises has become a serious socio-economic issue. So, it has been part of the inequalities in different aspects of social, economic, political, and overall areas underdevelopment affected by the unfair distribution of credits. This study was conducted to assess, evaluate and compare 22 districts of Tehran metropolis in terms of the relationship between the development, the amount of funds and focused resources on each region in order to distributive justice. Therefore, this research in terms of target is applied research and based on a nature is descriptive – analytical research. The geographical area of the study is Tehran metropolitan and its Statistical population is 22-fold regions of Tehran Metropolis. The sample for this study by nature of subject and volume of the low number of statistical population was considered the 22 the region. Technique for data collection has been a library study. In order to ranking of regions based on indicators of development (indicators of land use, and urban economic and services elements) is used TOPSIS model. Also statistical methods such as ordinal bivariate correlation coefficients including gamma and cross table is used to indicate the type and how the relationship between the variables. Also analysis software such as EXCEL, SPSS, GIS are used in this regard. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between development level and the amount of credit among the 22 regions of metropolitan Tehran. So, developed areas allocate their more funds than developing or underdeveloped areas. But, this is incompatible with distributive justice and in fact the situation in 22 districts of Tehran metropolis is not satisfactory in this respect and in line justice. Therefore, credit and focused financial resources as a major parameters could have a significant role in 22 regions of metropolitan development.

For this purpose, first history and the studies done about this area was evaluated in order to spatially analyze the development of the rural society as the underpinning of the national plans based on multilateral development perspective. In this paper, by using a combination of descriptive, documental and developmental research methods and studying 76 variables in the form of 8 indices, it has been tried to analyze the condition of rural areas of Ch &B and classifying the towns in respect of development. Finally, by using GIS software and analyzing the data and also using overlapping index, it was tried to classifying the towns in respect of development indices in the map form. With regarding to the effect of each pair-wise comparison and criteria in phase hierarchical analysis method, weight of the layers was also calculated. Finally, by using the results obtained from integrating the informational layers, development level was classified based on 9 item scale (9: high, 0: low). The results of this study show that there is a significant difference among the towns of this province, so that towns of the provinces Saman, Ben, Shahrekord, Farsan, Boroojen, Kiar, ardal, Lordegan and Koohrang are placed in 1 to9 scales, respectively. Limitations/ Guidelines: with regarding to the structure, one of the wrong policies of development which is orientated toward urban interests is to reduce the distance between city and village in Ch&B. Deprived and so deprived villages are preferred in the plans and programs of rural development specially villages of Koohrang, Lordegan and Ardal. Practical guidelines: If the rural development plans and services for solving the problems and improving the existing situation, independence and participation among the villagers will be enhanced. Originality/ value: since there is little research about development in the studied area, then the results of this study should be employed as guideline for development plans for providing and implementing the purposeful programs about integrating and balancing the villages of Ch&BN.

This research investigates agricultural development level of Iran’s provinces on the basis of 35 agriculture development indicators (infrastructural, institutional, manpower, mechanization and productivity) utilizing combined method of factor analysis and numerical taxonomy. The results indicate that despite of natural conditions’ effect, development level of countries’ regions to a large extent affected by human and managerial factors. Hence some provinces with appropriate natural capacities ranked as less-developed and non-developed in regard of agriculture development. Considering that sum of minimum gaps for East Azerbaijan equals to 4.51 and is more than upper threshold of homogeneity [d(+) = 4.331], this province is heterogeneous to others but in regard of agriculture development placed on the best condition. Furthermore among homogeneous provinces, Mazandaran, Isfahan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari and Tehran in regard of agriculture development level (DL< 0.7001) acquired first to fourth position in ranking. In addition Ghazvin, southern khorasan, khosestan and Sistan & Baluchestan one after the other, in respect of agriculture development level (DL > 0.9302) placed in twenty-sixth to twenty-ninth position. So for reducing regions and provinces agricultural development inequalities, approaching regional and local planning and taking into account balanced resources allocation, capacity assessment studies, production professionalism and attracting internal and external investors can be useful.

Proper identification of backward regions is crucial for forming the reliable basis of national and regional development strategies to increase the overall growth rate and decrease intra- regional and inter-regional disparities; therefore, it is very necessary to comprehensively assess the status of regional development with regard to different dimensions of development. The ranking of regions according to degree of development is often treated as the problem of the multi-criteria classification of alternatives. This problem has been solved by applying different methods. The present analysis highlights the fact that Iran witnesses uneven development across different regions. Most of sub-provinces (64% of all sub-provinces) are at the below average level of development. These regions require concerted planned efforts to overcome obstacles to growth and consequently to improve their development level.

Public spaces، which belong to all the individuals of different ages، occupations، cultures، and races with no restriction، are one of the most important parts in a city. Today، the importance of the studies on these spaces، considering the needs of the citizens، is more evident. Study and evaluation of urban public spaces، is an urgent necessity in planning the urban management and improvement، and it is a sign of the reproduction of these spaces which is done to improve the city in cultural، social and structural aspects. The approach to the study of these spaces includes 3 perspectives that are considered problems in literature related to urban society: a) Surfaces or areas devoted to public occupancy: the discussion here is the fact that how much of the general net area is devoted to public occupancy. b) Distribution of these spaces over the city: In this part، the dispersion and accumulation of each one of the public occupancies in a specific area، is compared to its standard ratio. The purpose of researching and studying urban public spaces (in this case، Tabriz) is as follows: a) Evaluation of quantitative status of public spaces in Tabriz; b) Analyzing the settlement of public spaces in Tabriz and the dispersion of these areas; c) Comparing the different public spaces in distinct regions of Tabriz; d) Presenting required strategies to improve the general status of public spaces in Tabriz. The following research discusses these two assumptions: a) There is a meaningful relationship between the area and per capita public space in Tabriz and the current existing standards of the country; b) There is a meaningful difference between different regions of the city in terms of development. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical. Statistical research population is the city of Tabriz which، based on the general pattern of the city، is divided into 9 urban areas. Evaluation of urban public spaces of the city of Tabriz is done by means of 11 main indices and their 75 sub-indices. Analyzing the data of the research is done by using TOPSIS scientific method and SPSS and GIS softwares. Theoretical bases: The current study first discusses concepts like space and urban space، different perspectives on urban spaces and a variety of different notions، different kinds of urban spaces، urban typology and urban theorists، content and functions of urban spaces; and finally it discusses the importance of these spaces. Based on the goals of the current study and also the acquired results، it can be understood that according to the different mentioned indices، there is development inequalities and physical imbalance between distinct urban areas of Tabriz. Also، based on the results which were shown in charts and in addition to them، the maps of different areas of Tabriz that were researched according to each and every one of the study indices، the previously mentioned research assumption were proven to be correct. Thus، based on the results of the study it can be comprehended that in order to improve and expand the city of Tabriz in upcoming decades، acquiring improvements in decision making and executing the urban projects in the best optimized approach، regarding how the urban functions are settled and their fair distribution over the 9 urban areas of the city، is essential. Urban public spaces are important factors in a city and in the field of urban occupancies، they are considered to be the field of physical and social communication. In general، citizens need spaces to meet their needs. Nowadays، we do not pay enough attention to these spaces and we have difficulties when it comes to their production or organization. Current study، based on urban public space indices، intended to illustrate the physical imbalance and also the improvement differences between urban areas of Tabriz. Suggestions: According to the ever growing population of Tabriz during the recent decades and the imbalance and inequality of public spaces in 9 different urban areas of Tabriz، study and assessment of population density in all of the 9 urban areas by related organizations and finding and executing proper strategies that produce balance between public spaces and the present population of a given urban area، is more urgent than before. So regarding the lack of urban public spaces in Tabriz in most of the introduced indices، it is imperative to produce required spaces in each one of the regions that، based on the indices، suffers a lack of urban public spaces. Urban traffic is one of the problems that can be seen in most of the cities، in Tabriz، especially in downtown and the old parts of town، there is a heavy traffic during daylight time. It can be inferred that if the distribution of public spaces is done properly، it is only logical that the number of the people who، because of the lack of a required space، go from one region to another district، will decrease.

Today, the redaction of inequality resources and facilities is one of the most important criteria for sustainable development and social challenge in our country. One of the main necessities of the national sustainable development process is attention to regional characteristics by utilizing a collection of economical, social, and environmental indicators in order to optimally designate resources for various regions along with identifying these differences. This research intends to analyze the level of development in provinces of Iran. First, 13 economical, social and environmental indicators have been identified and related data has been gathered for 28 provinces in Iran. In order to provide a composite indicator the method of factor analysis has been utilized and composite indicators for the provinces have been calculated and categorized. According to this categorization Kohkiluye and Buyerahmad, Tehran and Semnan provinces have been ranked first to third, while Kordestan, Sistan and Baluchestan and Hamedan provinces are ranked among the last.

Inequality and its different dimensions are the significant signs of underdevelopment. Regional inequalities represent a continuing development challenge in most countries, especially those with large geographic areas under their jurisdictions. Large regional disparities represent serious threats to countries as they create potential for disunity and, in extreme cases, for disintegration. Marginalized populations often are left excluded when important development and investment decisions are made. Regional disparities in Iran have been growing at an alarming rate leading to serious problems including migration with its associated problems from backward provinces to the more affluent ones. So that, the Human Development Report for Iran in 1999 reflected such disparities and reiterated that one of the major human development policies in the country’s Third Plan is to “pay attention to the spatial planning as a long-term framework for social justice and regional balance”. In order to provide a scientific basis to decrease regional inequalities, it is very necessary to comprehensively assess the status of regional development with regard to different indicators. Once this assessment is done and we get a clear idea of the backwardness of some regions, we can proceed to tackle the problems of backward regions. The aim of this study is to assessment the regional development inequalities in Iran at sub-province scale. In this way, multi criteria decision making methods were applied for evaluating regional development level of sub-provinces.

For determining the development level of sub-provinces of Iran, a national survey involving all sub-provinces of Iran (336 sub-provinces in 2006) was conducted to obtain data. The required data was mainly collected from detailed results of the last Population and Housing Census (2006) published by Statistical Centre of Iran, and statistical yearbooks of provinces of Iran in the same year. It was developed a system of 54 indicators of regional development that address economic development, agriculture, education, health, housing, infrastructure, and social- cultural attributes. The weight of indicators was calculated using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Then, these weights were submitted to TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The development level of sub-provinces of Iran was determined based on the scores of sub-provinces as relative closeness to the ideal solution in TOPSIS method. Analysis of Coefficient of Variation was also applied to reveal regional inequalities about different dimensions of development.

At final step of the process of evaluating regional development of sub-provinces of Iran, relative closeness of sub-provinces to the ideal solution in TOPSIS method was calculated. Based on these scores, all sub-provinces were classified into 6 groups of development including highly developed, developed, relatively developed, medium level, backward and highly backward; so that 3, 12, 49, 123, 142 and 7 sub-provinces stilt in these categories, respectively. Results show a clear unevenness among sub-provinces and there is a salient system of core and periphery in respect of regional development. Shemiranat, Teharan and Damavnd stand out as the most developed sub-provinces being in the center of Iran; Nikshahr, Saravan and Sarbaz are highly backward regions located in the southeast of the country. Coefficient of Variation calculated for each group of indicators is as follows. Infrastructures: 0.622, agriculture: 0.605, housing: 0.485, education: 0.422, health: 0.398, economic: 0.320 and social- cultural attributes: 0.215. Therefore, inequalities in the indicators of infrastructures, agriculture and housing are more critical in comparison to other dimensions of development.

The results of this research showed that there are obvious differentiations among sub-provinces in development level. So, the problem of regional disparities in Iran is indeed a cause for great concern. Spatial distribution of sub-provinces with regards development level shows that an intensive system of core and periphery exist in the country. So, it is necessary to reduce regional disparities in Iran to pave way for greater national integration, increase in economic growth and political stability. It should be stressed that six highly backward sub-provinces are located in the southeastern region of Iran; so, extraordinary focus ought to be on this region to improve development level in both qualitative and quantitative aspects. However, it is urgent to improve development indicators- especially in which inequity is critical- in backward regions.

Today, reducing the inequalities to achieve resources and facilities, is one of the most important criteria for sustainable development and social challenge in the country. There are various definitions of development. Development generally means the improvement of people's life styles through improving of education, incomes, skills, employment, housing and security. Thus development should be viewed as a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes and a national condition of life from unsatisfactory to satisfactory. This research intends to analyze the level of development in Mazandaran province and increase the effectiveness of future actions, through a “quantative – analytic” method using Results of General Population and Housing Census in 1385,as well as GIS and SPSS software It is necessary to note: First: holding high levels of division by some counties does not mean they are in ideal situation. Second: the mentioned results were obtained by means of 37 special indicators. Certainly changing these indicators will lead to research findings change.

Empirical investigations and researcher's findings in the field of Rural studies, show that rurals are in different degrees of enjoyment of development facilities and services. The question is that why there are differences between rurals with regard to enjoyment of development facilities and services? Such approaches like Modernization, Growth Pole, Urban Roles theory and Rural Development point to the importance of role and effect of relations and linkages between urban areas and rurals and considers it as development factor of rural areas. Some other approaches like traditional dependency school, point to relations between centre (Urban) and surroundings (rurals) as the reason of underdevelopment of rural areas. Does relations between rural and urban relate to degree of their development and enjoyment of development facilities and services? Does physical distance between rural areas and cities effective in this field? Findings show that there is connection between the degree of relations between rural areas and urban and the degree of their enjoyment of development facilities and services. In other word, developed and enjoyed rural areas are rurals that their residents doing more travels to cities. in addition, rural areas that are enjoyed of high development facilities and services are villages that are not far from cities. In other word, the less physical distance between village and center of province, center of sector that is urban, and center of rural area the more enjoyment of development facilities and services. In addition to this, the rurals that have more relations with urban and enjoy of more development facilities and services accepting more migrants. Also findings show that the rurals that are closer to urban have more relations with it. Therefore, it shows that linkages between rural and urban have a development effect on rural.