جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "شورای اسلامی" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Urban Management is a decisive factor for improving the life quality for people for which various approaches have been adopted so far. Good governance is the last approach in urban management which concentrates on participation, transparency, responsibility, law force, justifying and accountability in governing. This approach in urban management can produce the desired outputs for organizations and people. Municipality and Islamic council of Ahwaz which are the two important organizations in urban management in Ahwaz can use good governance approach in fulfilling their duties. In this article, the researchers use people’s judgment in a sample community about the performance of municipality and Islamic council to study how much compatibility exists between the performances of these public organizations with good governance principles. The researchers also use a questionnaire for collecting people’s judgment. The results of this survey showed that the average of citizens’ judgment about the consistency of municipal and city council performance with good governance values are 1.41 and 1.22. Respondents say that municipality and council performance in index of rule of law (with average 1.66) is low and in index of participation (with average 0.98) is very low. If we accept the respondents’ judgments about municipality in districts of Ahwaz municipality in this study, judgments show that the performance of municipality management in district 3 with an average of 1.26 has low compatibility with good governance values and municipality management in district 1 with an average of 0.94 has very low compatibility. Generally, the performance of municipality and council in terms of compliance with the principles of good governance, (with average of judgment about 1.31) in a range of 4 values between bad and good, is weak.

Given the importance of the role of local management in urban and rural development and understanding the factors that influence it this research seeks to examine social participation and its importance, analyze its relationship with the performance of local governments (city and village councils, municipal-rural) using field data. This research is a mixed one and has been done in a quantitative way through survey research and in the qualitative part, focused interviews have been used.The population of this study is 18 years old and older people living in Damavand towns and villages according to Cochran's formula, the sample size is 382 data were collected through questionnaire and interview form in this research simple random sampling method is used.Interviews were also conducted with the use of purposeful sampling to theoretically saturate the experts and councilors.In conclusion, it can be concluded that there is a strong correlation between social participation and research dependent variable (performance of local administrations) with a coefficient of 0.511. That is, with the increase in social participation, local management performance improves as well.

Introduction and Problem Statement: Today, creating local institutions is the representation of the levels of participation and the criterion to measure it in rural areas. Local institutions and community organizations are a mechanism to attract the public participation and collaboration and a context to emerge the people collaboration in the management process of their settlement environment. Participation in rural development management process is not done in a vacuum and must be representative of the institution's decision-making bodies come true. The institutionalization of participation is possible only through institutions and these institutions are considered as a mechanism for integrating public participation in local communities and local people's participation in social life by the organization, is a identity . In fact, these organizations have a role to mediate between the people and the government, the effects of public participation in public life has been defined communities ( Abdullahi et al, 2010: 29). Rural management is multilateral process, which consists of three pillars, people, government and public institutions. In the process with public participation and through of rural organizations, has formulated and implemented the rural development programs and plans and under taken the monitoring and evaluations (Rezvani, 2005: 211). In other words, rural management indeed is process of organizing and conducting the rural society through shaping of organization’s and institutions involved in the management of rural areas. These organizations and institutions is tools to providing goals of rural society and plays an important role in progress of development goals(Roknodin Eftekhari et al, 2008: 8). "Participation in the first step as a means of collecting environmental information to make decisions that will form the core of the concept of sustainable development" is defined (Primmer, 2006,841).By explanation of the participation importance in the rural management and its emergence by the social institutions, Should it be noted that generally rural settlers integrated in participatory institutions and encouragement of their participation in local agencies is explained by influence of structural , institutional , social and economical processes. . Furthermore, the micro-level variables such as personal characteristics and mental account of his part in public participation are effective. (Said i, 2004 : 171 ) and the people in the forms of rural organization explains. In general, the participation is the result of a social interaction. Such a feature, we take it that the social space of the action (participation), we studied and analyzed. Conditions and social space that is unique to the social system and the conditions and space that is unique to the individual. In other words, for a complete and correct understanding of social action must first: identification the factors of the economic- social and cultural external witch impact on the individual action. Second, the factors that is unique to the individual and are important to the individual, examined (external factors and internal factors) (Moghadasi, 2010: 4).Internal factors: One of factor that plays an important role in facilitating and limiting people's participation in local institutions is individual Characteristics. External factors: Other factors, to attracting of the public participation in local institutions in rural areas are structural factors. Empirical evidence from the study area showed a low level of public participation in the field of rural management institutions and people's participation in management institutions in not acceptable. Generally, the purpose of the preparation of this article is to answer these fundamental questions: people's participation in rural management institutions (village council ) What is ? What indicators are related to the Participation ? Which dimension has the greatest impact on people's participation?
This study is a type of applied studies in which descriptive - analytical methods and statistical methods for data analysis have been used. The data collected in this study by using the method of questionnaire and survey. The research population is in 15 villages in Asalem District. Based on measurements of Cochran sampling method , 209 of the peoples were selected as the sample . In this article, data analysis and hypothesis testing methods - descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency distribution, correlation coefficient and regression t- test using SPSS software was used.
The results show a correlation between gender and participation is a meaningful relationship. Generally participation is a result of individual social action. Such a feature compel us that social space this action (participation) studied and surveyed. The results of correlation shows that between individual indicators just there is correlation between the gender and participation. According to the Independent Samples Test, Average of participation in women’s is 2.926 and in the men’s is 3.493. The Base on this we can express that there are significant different between average of participation in women’s and men’s. This point can be this reason that in rural communities’ women’s littler toward to men’s involving into rural affair. There is no relationship between the place indicators and participation. Unlike previous studies that there is relation between the economic conditions with participation, this is not true in Asalen and there has not any relationship between economic indicators and the participation. In order to measurement of the participation rate is used to one- sample T- test that indicate average of participation is equal to 3.33 and average measure )test value( is equal with 3, based on this we can say that participation in community sample is located in the avrage level. average participation of each of the villages studied, indicating that klasara and chakharamahale villages to order have highest level of participation with 3.84 and 3.69 and ershadmahale and gharibmahale to order with 2.71 and 2.96 have lowest level of participation. The between individual, place and economic indicators there is correlation only between the gender and participation. the results of regression shows that the greatest impact on forming of the social participation between of the components has the social trust with Beta rate 0.418 and the social gender with -0.219 has the lowest rate. In other hand the social trust has effect on 41.8 % of the variation of the participation.

IntroductionA large number of development projects in developing countries focus on rural areas. Emerging global evidences suggest that while the sustainability is a crucial and independent dimension of development, it has most often been neglected when planning these projects in many developing countries, including Iran. These have been faced with numerous challenges such as a growing sense of rural households’ dissatisfaction, negative attitudes, and conflicts with the project, as well as unsustainability, and in many instances complete failure. In recent years, rural development projects in Iran and many developing countries have been criticized for their detrimental effects on various aspects, and unsustainability at large. Then, the impacts of these projects and their long-term future have emerged as major rural policy issues in recent year. In this regard, in line with the triple bottom line approach from sustainable development, the IRCs are of particular importance in considering the sustainability of rural development. The IRCs establish a range of rural development projects to alleviate poverty, unemployment, and an insufficient food supply. Although these projects were assumed to be beneficial for rural people, they often had unintended negative impacts on the environment and local communities. Therefore, the aims of this paper were twofold. First, to find out the performance of IRCs towards sustainable rural development; second, to determine factors that are most likely the key determinants of performances of the IRCs in Semirom county, Esfahan province, Iran. Methodology An evaluation research methodology adopted in this study consists of survey technique conducted with a sample of members of IRCs in the county. The data were acquired by questionnaires used in face-to-face interviews. A panel of experts confirmed the face validity of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was improved based on the pilot study results. The reliability of questionnaire was tested by using a sample of 15 members of IRCs in villages outside the study area. All statistical analysis were performed using SPSS statistical package (version 17.5 for widows), which consisted of reliability measures, t-test, and hierarchical regression. A significance level of 0.05 was used to establish statistical significance. The Semirom (31º25'N, 51º43'E) is a county located in the Esfahan province of Iran. The county is comprised of two districts, six rural districts (include many villages), and 122 villages. Seventy From 122 villages have IRCs. Therefore, the statistical population of this study consisted of 70 villages with 210 members of IRCs in Semirom county. Out of this, 47 villages with 141 members of IRCs were selected using Pattern sampling size table with the aid of multistage stratified random sampling. Finally, data were collected from125 members of IRCs in 47 villages. Using a model to focus on the performance of IRCs will help policy makers and experts to make the best use of the facilitating factors that might improve these local organizations. Therefore, the performance of the IRCs was empirically tested using a "total performance index" (TPI) to measure the performance of IRCs: Where TPI is the total performance index of IRCs. PERFORM1. .. PERFORM6 is the performance of IRCs in socio-culture, economic, environmental, and constructional and communication with other organizations, and physical Guide Plan. ResultsFindings revealed the moderate performance of the IRCs. The mean total performance was 2.86 on a scale of 1 to 5 (standard deviation=0.45). Furthermore, the six components of the performance (socio-cultural, economic, environmental, constructional and communicational ones with other organizations, and physical Guide Plan) were placed in a medium position, either. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to validate the theoretical model. In each stage of analysis, a set of predictor from the “determinants of IRCs performance” model entered into the regression equation. It was hypothesized that a variety of factors, including social capital, village and its environment, government's support, members’ satisfaction, members’ knowledge, public participation contribute to formation of IRCs performance. The dependent variable of the analysis was performance of IRCs. The results of hierarchical regressions indicated that the models were able to explain a small percent of variability in performance of IRCs. Findings indicated that among the variables postulated in the model to explain performance of IRCs, “members’ social capital”, “government's support”, and “public participation” had a significant influence on performance of IRCS regarding sustainable development. ConclusionBased on the results of this study, people in rural areas have expressed their desire to cooperate with the councils to solve the village's problems. Therefore, rural people should play the main role in the process of project planning and development. Much has been written about the value of local participation for all stakeholders, particularly in bringing local values and social objectives to the decision-making process and promoting sustainability. Furthermore, government support plays the main role in improving IRCs’ performance. Then the government's support should increase to improve IRCs performances and activities.

Today exploiting the participation and the abilities of local people, particularly rural population, toward rural development has been considered as one of the effective strategies toward sustainable and comprehensive development of rural areas. The most important tool to achieve this goal is establishing NGOs based on the needs as well as abilities of different groups living in the villages, in diverse and essential issues of indigenous and local environment, in order to perform rural developmental programs. These organizations, in economic and social Fields – due to avoid a complex public sector bureaucracy and profit making of private sector - made it possible to in such areas as fighting poverty and hunger, environmental protection, forestry, increase awareness General welfare, health, community and family, according to Women and Children, redacting social damages and act Successful than the private and public sectors. Villages in the contemporary developments and threats facing widespread, and therefore ensure continuity of rural life and survival requires solutions and new methods to deal with problems that are innovative, invent, create products, processes and techniques depend on is large. For this purpose, managers must take on roles that are peripheral to suit changing conditions. Thus, rural development compared with the last link with the concept of entrepreneurship has wider.In recent years, the Islamic Councils and Rural Workers have been defined as the new managerial bodies in villages. As local people-centered managerial entities that are direct responsible bodies in villages, Rural Workers and Islamic Councils can make policies, manage and implement various educational programs, help the development of necessary infrastructures, attract financial resources, and play a major role in the development of rural entrepreneurship, paving the way for the development of rural entrepreneurship. Essentially, the two factors of entrepreneurship are determined as opportunity and desire to become entrepreneurs. The main factors driving opportunities include: internal entrepreneurial abilities, attempting to investment, market entry and general macroeconomic environment is. Entrepreneurship development is influenced by different factors. These factors can generally be divided into two groups of: (a) Individual factors, and (b) the environmental ones.This study investigated the role and practice of Islamic Councils and Rural Workers in gaining the local people participation and the development of entrepreneurship in the region’s rural areas.MethodologyThe type of this study is practical and its method is surveying. Collecting the data and information has done through documentary and field research methods and the data collection tools were questionnaires as well as interviews. Data have been analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive-analytical informations. The population of studied area includes villagers, entrepreneurs, officials, local experts and commentators in villages of Bahabad. Based on the Cochran formula, a sample size has been selected, consisting 143 rural people, 45 officials, and 30 entrepreneurs. The study area boundaries include parts of villages in Yazd Province, Bhabad and Bafq city and pool research in the years 1387 and 1388 was conducted. Results of research indicate that Rural Workers and the Islamic Councils had been relatively successful in the development of rural entrepreneurship; and local people believe that entrepreneurs, officials, experts and local commentators, Islamic council and Rural Workers have properly provided the necessary fields for the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas such as entrepreneurial infrastructures, entrepreneurial attitude and behavior, attracting financial and economic resources, and cultural and social factors. FindingAccording to the above mentioned factors, the practices of Rural Workers and councils have been acceptable and led to the development of rural entrepreneurship. The policy of developing people participation in developmental programs can play an important role in the development of entrepreneurship. Due to the contexts and features that are suitably available in the rural environment, the possibility of forming NGOs and organizing them in different contexts is completely provided. Organizations and nongovernmental organizations as institutions that represent different classes of people in the rural section are very effective tools for the development of entrepreneurship policies and accordingly can respond unmet civil rights, needs, demands and expectations of various classes of society by providing the ground for innovation and entrepreneurship in different areas. They can also increase the transparency, reduce the bureaucracy corruption, facilitate downsizing, simplify regulations, and ultimately increase the efficiency and effectiveness of state management in rural development. Restore, improve or create such local people-centered organizations (in the villages and generally at country’s level) actually means democracy, assignment of affairs to the people, decrease of government’s costs and responsibilities towards the rural management and also recruitment of public contributions in rural areas’ construction and developmental activities. This ultimately could lead to development of infrastructures, conditions and characteristics of rural entrepreneurship.