جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « approaches » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Current problems of urban planning, the lack of detailed knowledge about the future of cities and issues; If today is the result of foresight in the past; After numerous bugs in the way of planning and urban planners in the past for the future of our understanding of the time there. This show that the futurology as an interdisciplinary science of urban planning necessary to develop a special place that marks the future prospects of urban planning and Scenario can be a powerful tool among the methods futurology by understanding the driving forces and uncertainties, in the form of multiple stories of the future, helping to clarify the future ambiguous space for planning and decision making. This paper is in the field of interdisciplinary with the fundamental approach has Analytical-descriptive and Tries with library studies and documents review the futurology studies paradigms in the levels of ontology, epistemology and methodology. Then, to clarify the concepts and structures of thought in the field, Analyze the Tools and methods of Futurology and scenario And by providing A model combination of Futurology methods In order to create harmony between the various methods, Provide Possibility of using target them In various research position for researchers.

Based on the literature analysis and the subject's background, two approaches of "technology-oriented rationalism and communication" have always been proposed in developing and transforming planning in countries' management systems. Of course, in the management system of developing countries [such as Iran], the rationalist approach has always prevailed (Healy, 1997). In other words, the "communication approach" that has been in the world management literature since the late twentieth century to pay attention to community-based approaches, as well as improving the dimensions of social capital such as social awareness, social organization, social cohesion, social trust, and social participation. It is taken into consideration; And therefore, in leading countries, it has had positive effects on the process of the spatial evolution of their settlements (Hewings et al., 2018 .(However, with a centralized and "government-oriented" political system in developing countries, little attention has been paid to the approach. No connection. On this basis, a system of thought and approach based on rationalism, which was based more on the growth-oriented view of the economy; And has paid little attention to the social aspects of development and transformation such as social capital in the managerial attitude(Passarella et al., 2018). Numerous challenges have arisen in the spatial evolution of rural settlements in such countries )Joshi, Halseth, & Kanerva, 2016.(Following such a challenge in the process of improving the social capital of villagers and the spatial evolution of rural settlements in developing countries and Iran, therefore, the improvement of social capital characteristics is affected by the role of local management and in line with the improvement of spatial developments in rural settlements is a question that can be answered within the regions and regions of each country. Accordingly, with an in-depth approach, this study tries to address the challenges of improving the social capital of villagers influenced by the local government's approach to spatial developments in rural settlements in the study area.

The present study investigates the effects of local management's approach on improving social capital in Esfahan's spatial changes. Therefore, in terms of the research method's primary purpose and attitude, it is quantitative research in the category of survey research and the nature of the data. The study's statistical population included 42 villages inhabited by the Esfahandeh ward (Jiroft census, 2016). This study determined the random sample size for completing the questionnaire at the village level randomly selected 30 villages in two groups. Then, random sample households were selected within the chosen villages based on the rural household size (P.P.S) method. In this regard, calculated the sample size calculated for the villagers based on the "Cochran" formula (Sarai, 1393), with a 95% confidence level and an estimated variance of 0.25 (0.5 * 0.5) and a possible probability of 5%, The number of 344 households. Since the number of sample questionnaires in several villages did not meet the quorum required to complete the questionnaire due to the rural household size ratio (P.P.S) method, the number of household questionnaires increased to 370 households.The analysis of demographic characteristics and aggregation of questions to enter the model and the analysis of structures and relationships expressed in the theoretical framework was performed using graphic software.Finally, for the present study, Cronbach's alpha value was 0.926. Therefore, the alpha value obtained in this study is reliable because it is close to 1.

The goodness-of-fit index for structural equations all indicates an unfavorable fit. Thus, based on the view of the villagers and its reflection in the path analysis model, the current approach of local management to improve the dimensions of social capital and as a result of spatial changes has paid little attention and this issue has led to improving the dimensions of spatial changes in rural settlements. Do not take; Therefore, the change of local management approach to community-based approach and strengthening the dimensions of social capital with the aim of people's participation in implementing spatial transformation programs is felt.In this regard, the effects of local management's approach on improving the villagers' social capital have caused the changes in the environmental-ecological, social, economic, physical-infrastructural dimensions of the residential space in the study area to below. On this basis, the results obtained are inconsistent with the findings of Shafiei Sabet & Mirvahidi, 2018. That he has reached this conclusion in his research in Rey and Pakdasht region; the improvement of the empowerment dimension largely influences rural development through the planning approach. In a way that with a community-based approach in programs and programs, the participation of villagers in the process of spatial transformation is improved.

Local management planning has not been possible with the existing approach; Villagers as one of the factors and pillars of power among other areas interfering in the process of local management planning in rural settlements and in the process of decision-making, decision-making, implementation, monitoring and control of transformation plans and projects. According to the results obtained in this study, change and reform the approach to the process of rural management system in Iran and the study area by selecting appropriate social and economic policies of the government and using appropriate methods to improve the social capital of villagers in the process of rural local planning and management is emphasized.An approach in which the previous view with expertise from top to bottom replaces local initiatives and by delegating authority and responsibility to local management, local potentials and capacity of villagers and recognizing villagers alongside all actors and stakeholders involved in the management process By improving the dimensions of social capital of the villagers productively and effectively, it provided the ground for positive spatial changes in rural settlements.

Extended Abstract :Sustainable tourism development recently as a management strategy for destinations has got special significant. However, there is Discontinuities between concept of sustainable tourism development (STD) and original paradigm that STD derived from it, means sustainable development, in terms of theoretical and practical viewpoints. The main goal of paper discusses and analyze around the most important practical and theoretical challenges that sustainable tourism development has face with them. The research method is literature content review of this field. This paper, Also, review different frameworks of sustainable tourism development. Dynamics of tourism destination development during the three Separate ways that according one environmental pragmatism move to sustainable mass tourism and finally converge will be discussed. Finding of this paper is identifying the most important theoretical and practical challenges and critics of sustainable tourism development form demand and supply viewpoints. At the end, some of most important tools and practical techniques of sustainable tourism development for the situation like Iran will be recommended.
Sustainable tourism development has been described as a ‘positive approach intended to reduce tensions and friction created by the complex interactions between the tourism industry, visitors, the environment and the communities which are host to holidaymakers’, whilst, more ambiguously, the Brundland Report’s widely cited phrase is unashamedly paraphrased in defining sustainable tourism development as ‘development [which] meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future’. The concept of sustainable tourism development had, by the mid-1990s ‘achieved virtual global endorsement as the new [tourism] industry paradigm’. Since then, it has maintained this position. At the international, national, local and industry sectoral levels, a plethora of policy documents, planning guidelines, statements of ‘good practice’, case studies, codes of conduct for tourists and other publications have been and continue to be produced, all broadly concerned with the issue of sustainable tourism development. Moreover, the concept of sustainable tourism continues to enjoy recognition and support in global development policy circles (Sharpley & Tefler 2015). For example, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg in 2002 (‘Rio ’, following on from the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992), called for the promotion of ‘sustainable tourism development . . . in order to increase the benefits from tourism resources for the population in host communities whilst maintaining [their] cultural and environmental integrity’ (WSSD, 2002, IV, Para 43). More recently, the Outcome Statement of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (‘Rio ’) similarly states: 130. We emphasize that well-designed and managed tourism can make a significant contribution to the three dimensions of sustainable development, has close linkages to other sectors, and can create decent jobs and generate trade opportunities . . . We call for enhanced support for sustainable tourism activities and relevant capacity-building in developing countries in order to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development (UN, 2013a).
To a great extent, criticism focused specifically on the phenomenon of mass tourism. In other words, problems associated with the development of tourism were widely considered to reflect, in particular, the alleged ‘crisis’ of mass tourism (Poon, 1993). It is not surprising, therefore, that the concept of ‘alternative’ (to mass) tourism gained support as a potential means of minimising the negative consequences of tourism while optimizing the benefits both to the destination and to tourists (see Smith & Eadington, 1992). Proposing new, integrated and environmentally benign forms of tourism development, alternative tourism formed the foundation for the concept of sustainable tourism development which, throughout the last two decades, has remained the dominant approach to the promotion, management and practice of tourism.
However, given the fact that the concept of sustainable tourism development is, in essence, a sector-specific application of sustainable development, it is logical to assert that ‘those who insert the word “tourism” between “sustainable” and “development” . . . [should] . . . ensure that, under all circumstances, the resultant principles of sustainable tourism are also principles of sustainable development’ (Hunter, 1995: 163). Means, sustainable tourism should be considered a potential means of achieving sustainable development; that is, any form of tourism should itself be (a) environmentally sustainable and (b) be able to contribute indefinitely to broader sustainable development policies and objectives. Evidently, (a) is also a prerequisite to (b). In fact, there is Discontinuities between concept of sustainable tourism development (STD) and original paradigm that STD derived from it, means sustainable development, in terms of theoretical and practical viewpoints (Adopted from Sharpely & Tefler, 2015). The main goal of paper discusses and analyze around the most important practical and theoretical challenges that sustainable tourism development has face with them.
This paper, Also, review different frameworks of sustainable tourism development. Dynamics of tourism destination development during the three Separate ways that according one environmental pragmatism move to sustainable mass tourism and finally converge will be discussed. Sustainable mass tourism (SMT) approach as the desired and impending outcome for most destinations is occurring along three distinctive paths in an evolutionary manner that reflects environmental pragmatism. The market-driven ‘organic’ path describes the conventional tourism area life cycle model of Butler, whilst the regulation-driven ‘incremental’ path entails deliberate alternative tourism (DAT) in which carrying capacities are gradually increased to accommodate higher visitation levels. The hybrid ‘induced’ path describes planned mega-resorts conceived as growth poles. Each model is invested with its own specific planning and management implications (weaver, 2012). At the end, some of most important tools and practical techniques of sustainable tourism development for the situation like Iran will be recommended.
The research has been studied qualitatively via documentary research and content analysis strategy methods, where multiple meaning can be inferred from a text. Such an analysis can be regarded a research methodology which contributes to content interpretation of the data. Moreover, adopting a comparative approach, this paper compares and contrasts the perspectives concerning sustainable tourism development, and presents its finding in separate tables.
Discussion and It is significant approach that sustainable tourism development needs a global, holistic and more applicable perspective. That is, sustainable tourism development and its principals is a theatrical perspectives but one of unpredictable and Uncounted socio-economic events, processes and institutions that potentially contribute to broader sustainable development policies. Tacitly, therefore, the principles and perspectives of sustainable development should also be applicable to tourism on a holistic, global scale, Instead of being hidden, ‘alternative’ developments. But, as discussed, tourism as a specific economic sector, social phenomena and social institution, does not adapted easily onto the sustainable development approach. Currents and Challenges likes political-economy tourism industry, the lack of ownership and control on the rest of tourism sector, scale and tourism consumption all serve to challenge the fundamental principles of, and requirements for, the achievement of sustainable development and, as a consequence, ‘sustainable tourism’ has become defined by the local rather than global. The conclusion must be, therefore, that there is a need to divorce tourism, as a development agent, from what has proved to be the restrictive paradigm of sustainable development.