جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "border control" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The developments in the global level have led to the relationship of countries to each others to achieve national security and interest in a common and international arena. This has affected the political border of countries and border area and provided trade exchange development among countries in legal or illegal forms and increased considerable transition among countries by using this new situation and the efficiency of the globalization process. Iran has a prominent place in national security among the countries that have long borders and various neighboring border control. However, the number of neighbors reduces the effectiveness of border control and imposes vast human and financial costs on the country. To manage and better control the borders in different ways, countries use new equipment border outpost's developmentas well as border forces for border control that have different strengths and weaknesses. In the meantime, the use and application of inhabitants of borders, due to their high capacity and potential for the management and control of borders, can be one of the options of countries. Islamic Republic of Iran with long border annually pays significant money to control and manage its borders and unfortunately no positive attitude and tendency exist for contributting it to control and manage of its borders, so residents of border have been a marginal player for controlling and management of border. In this paper, we try to examine the border resident's place in controlling Iran and Turkmenistan borders in North Khorasan province.
Theoretical Framework: Border residents: All persons have permanent residence within the depth of the border line and adjacent islands in any country are called border residents.
Border control: After demarcation of borders between two countries, governments for preventing to inter insecurity, problems of the borders of neighboring countries and for not affecting national security on sovereignty and national interests, control their borders.
This research is descriptive-analytical. The data were collected through library (use of the resources available in libraries and documents on the subject and exploring the Internet sites) and field research (questionnaire).
Derivation of effective factors on border control by border residents in the past time have been done through theories, books, thesis and articles. These factors include 60 factors shown in the form of six sections for a better understanding. It should be noted that these factors are associated with each other and affect and from each other; On the other hand it should be noted that the borders are two-way phenomena and their existence depends on the existence of one side or the other side. As a result, due to the specific characteristics of the borders, it is necessary for each of the neighboring countries in its region to have strong territorial sovereignty and border control. So, if one of the neighboring countries for various reasons, including civil unrest, economic problems, corruption or the existence of feudal rule (non-integrated), cannot exert strong authority over their lands, neighboring country cannot achieve the desired result in securing its borders. Therefore, any factor should be considered in the context of border controls based on the bilateral and multilateral views. In the following, it's attempted to look at the factors affecting border residents based on border controls along the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan in North Khorasan province.
Conclusion and Suggestions: The process of accomplished changes through recent decades such as globalization and entering into the information era, etc. in different ways provided enhancement ties and proximity between geographical spaces to some extent. This affect in different ways oneach sides of border and provide the increasing importance of cross-border spaces instead of border line. The extraction of the factors of organizing the border residents for border controls along the borders of North Khorasan Province with Turkmenistan is accomplished by exploring theories. These factors include 60 factors set in the six territorial, demographic, socio-cultural, economic, political, and military security sections. These research findings confirm the theoretical part. In the field, the data collected via the questionnaire and evaluated by T-test shows that all 60 factors considered by the scientific experts and administrators affected the organization of border residents in controlling the borders of Iran and Turkmenistan across the borders of North Khorasan province. Thus, in order to use the approach to organize the border residents to control the country's borders, these factors should be considered in the border area. Another point that has been evaluated is multidimensional factors affecting border residents to control the country's borders. It should be noted that these factors has different aspects (positive, negative, or both) and each of these factors according specific conditions and geographical space can act as positive or negative factor in some period of time.

Controlling and supervising borders is one of the most significant issues concerning international borders، especially in unstable and unsafe regions. Appropriate supervision and imposing control on borders has attracted government attention throughout history، due to its important role in national security (Glassner 2004:80); The Great Wall of China، Hadrian''s wall، and Golestan''s wall، etc، provide some evidence corroborating this claim. Different types of electronic devices are currently used alongside more traditional methods، for this purpose in the present time. Nevertheless، in some parts of the world، imposing optimal control over the borders is still a challenging issue for the governments، who are constantly looking for more effective and better methodologies (Lotfi 2011:77). After China، Iran and the Russian federation have the largest number of neighboring countries in the world. On the other hand، Iran''s borders lie within ten major physiographic regions، including mountains، foothills، deserts، swamplands، lagoons، rivers، forests، steppes، lakes، and seas (Karimipour، 2000:22). Such geographical features and having numerous neighboring countries has provided a special situation for Iran. Obviously، strategic or military control of these long border lines is extremely difficult. Based on this fact، numerous plans، policies، and methodologies have been used by different responsible organizations to manage and control borders within recent years. It seems necessary to evaluate the level of their effectiveness on border security. Research The present research can be described as descriptive and analytical in nature. Gathering the needed information has been done through library research and field research methods (questionnaires and interviewing authorities). The questions included in this study were as follows: 1- How effective do you describe the physical devices which are being used to control and supervise Iran''s eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? 2- How effective do you describe the electronic devices which are being used to control and supervise Iran''s eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? 3- How effective do you describe the plans (frontage defining policies، evacuating border villages، setting up border markets، defining forbidden border areas) which are being used to control and supervise Iran''s eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? Arguments and Numerous factors can threaten the national security of a country on borders، including border disputes and military invasion، having long border lines and enemy penetration through borders، the existence of similar languages، tribal values، and religions on both sides of the border and their anti-national activities، smuggling، especially drugs، human trafficking، border crimes، etc. As a result، different countries in the world have adopted different approaches to maintaining their border security، considering the existing threats to their borders with the neighboring countries. Different threatening factors are causing disturbances in Iran''s eastern borders، especially where this survey focuses on (Khorasan Razavi province - Afghanistan)، and this has attracted more attention toward this region. Based on these facts، Iran''s government and involved organizations are employing three methods to impose control on the border lines، these three methods include 1) physical approaches 2) electronic approaches 3) plans and policies for controlling the border lines (defining a frontage، setting forbidden areas، etc). This survey has studied every single one of these approaches. The results indicate that the management policies and methods have had an influential role in making the borders impenetrable، along the borders with Afghanistan. In more precise words، electronic supervision، physical supervision، and controlling plans have respectively played the most effective roles in making Iran''s eastern borders impenetrable.

The logic of border geopolitics warrants that preservation, safeguarding and protection of borders should be placed in the center of policy-making and strategic policy as a basic value in line with the exercise of national sovereignty, political independence and territorial integrity. This strategic issue would not be possible in the absence of border management and available secure borders wherein all strata of the society and country, especially border dwellers, would feel comfortable. Prevalence of unsafe and anti-secure centers on Iran’s border with its neighbors has created concerns for borer dwellers, the central government and those involved in border issues. Within this context, several measures, preparations, plans and programs were made and implemented in the past on eastern borders which laid the ground for review of effectiveness of such plans on border security. The research method was analytic-descriptive and the required data was collected through field method and by using questionnaires distributed among 200 volunteers and analyzed with SPSS software. The results show that outposts, border markets and border routes, in the order of one to three respectively, are among the most effective and efficient variables on management and control of eastern borders of the country. Meanwhile, an exemplary society emphasized on effectiveness of diplomacy, creation of physical barriers, establishment and development of border regiments and use of technical and electronic equipment.

National security is the essence of independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty. Maintaining of other purposes and also creating and grounds of any immense goal depend on creating and preserving of national security. Thus National security is one of the most important foreign policy goals of each country. The secret of national security is possessing of secure borders. Iranian border with Afghanistan due to the characteristics of poverty, deprivation (especially in neighboring frontier–settlers), instability, promote an atmosphere of chaos and lawlessness, the presence and activities of armed terrorist groups and drug cartels in the region, illegal passage, immigrant citizens, is one of the most Crisis-prone and vulnerable parts of the country. Thus due to the border permeability, security in the region and Khorasan Razavi province of different aspects of reality is threatened. This case has forced Iran to control its borders in the form of large investment on border blockage projects. Given the huge imposed costs of the border blockage project on Iran and lack of scientific research on positive and negative impacts of the project, the present study try to answer to this question that how control of Khorasan border with Afghanistan, affect on the province security and with what ways it can be improved?. In terms of methodology, this study has a correlation nature and characterizes the relationship between two variables of border control and security, which conducted using both documents (Library, receipt imaging, statistics agencies and different organizations) and field study (observation and interviews with authorities and frontier–settlers) methods, and also by use of inferential statistics software package SPSS and GIS, the information is collected and analyzed. One of the main factors influencing security and border provinces, which can also be considered as a reinforcing factor, is the frontier–settlers livelihood issue. Results of the analysis of questionnaires and interviews with public, officials and statistics from national and international agencies, indicate that the border control project represents a significant impact on regional security and mutually livelihoods, so that 87 percent of people and officials in the three border city, believed to the mentioned findings. In the case of border control and the ways in which it is implemented in the region, boundary checkpoint construction with 90 percent is in the first rank, concrete construction with 70 percent is in the second rank, and construction of border markets with 60 percent is in the third rank of border security and improve livelihoods in the region. An important matter is that only the physical buildings and use of electronic devices are not sufficient to security establishment and the development and prosperity factors in the region beside physical control should be noted. Any plan should be implemented based on the mentioned mutual relationship to see increasing security in the region. After analyzing the research findings, the final model of the research was derived and was determined that security creation depends on two factors of border control and frontier–settlers livelihood. On the other hand a direct and mutual relationship exists between border control and frontier–settlers livelihood. Only focusing on one of the mentioned factors in establishing security in the region and the province is in vain. After determining the relationship between border control and frontier–settlers livelihoods, the parameters involving in border control, according to the model, are development model and the Military-Law Enforcement. In development models the border markets can be activated and developed, in Military - Law Enforcement model by two methods of physical blockage of the border with establish of police stations, and construction of concrete walls and electronic blockage in the highlands and mountainous such as Jahanam-dareh region in Torbat-Jam where there is not the possibility of using a physical obstruction, optical equipments, radar and GIS should be used. Therefore the present study suggests that Khorasan Razavi province border with Afghanistan can be controlled using the integrated model. In terms of frontier-settler's livelihoods, by creating jobs (by establishing of border markets) and the subsequent increase income, reduce unemployment, the livelihoods of the region can be improved which ultimately leads to increased security in the region and the studied province.