جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « caspian » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

By Establishment of three new independent countries Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and republic of Azerbaijan in 1991 many changes happened in the geo- economic map of the world. This basin has transformed to the most important geo-political game. Leading factor has brought about conflicts in this basin that one is the very Ownership interests, mentioned that change of Caspian Ownership after collapse, and from two countries to five countries (Iran IR, Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan) has provided formation of negotiations among the countries. The content of such negotiations in initial aimed to remove and/or reduce conflicts, moving towards convergence on the behalf of the countries so as to take advantage of Macroeconomic benefits of this area in the light of this convergence. Taking national interests into consideration by the countries at this basin mentioned one of the barriers to adopt decisions in order to reach convergence and reduce conflicts at this basin. Observations indicate that each country has provided suggestions and strategies so as to realize its national interests that such suggestions do not span interests of Caspian basin. It seems that this aim (convergence of countries in Caspian basin) requires forming a view based on protecting interests in Caspian basin and not just national interests by the countries. This study followed by an investigation into procedure of negotiations, proposes this point that taking the national interests into consideration by the representatives of the countries in determining the legal regime is the leading factor which led to neglect of interests in Caspian basin, and this has overshadowed infrastructures of convergence among the countries. Yet, adopting the strategies by which interests in Caspian basin placed in top priority would get help to provide national interests for beneficiary countries.

Natural gas, having less polluting effects on environment as well as easier accessibility and transferability, has been enjoying the highest demand growth among the fossil fuels for the last few years. The world's largest gas reserves are located in Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea regions and the countries of South and East Asia are considered the largest markets for the consumption of gas coming from the regions. There are alternate routes to transport the gas from Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea. One of the options is the transport of natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India.This paper seeks to answer the question that "what are the Background, challenges and the obstacles of Turkmenistan-to-India Pipeline Project known as TAPI? The findings of the research show that there are many factors involved in the pipeline project implementation and there are also many challenges and problems within the project construction and transport processes. Such problems, if not solved properly, will surely interfere with the construction and transport processes.