جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "chenaran" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

As a significant part of the agricultural sector's problems are related to the value chain and its end rings, the market for agricultural products, the present study addresses the main challenges of tobacco marketing in Iran from the point of view of tobacco beetles. The study area is a tobacco production pole in Razavi Khorasan province, Baghche district, Chenaran province. The research method was descriptive and the statistical population consisted of 512 Tobacco Agents, which were selected by using the Cochran formula of 110 Tobacco Dogs and respondents were randomly selected and participated in the completion of the research questionnaire. In this research, 37 of the initial challenges were identified and questionnaire was used in the Likert spectrum through extensive literature studies and interviews with experts and tobacco workers. The reliability of the research tool was α = 0.703 and its validity was confirmed with 78.92% of the variance in the confirmatory factor analysis. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the identified challenges were as follows: the ten main factors with 81.86% of the variance explained. "The low awareness of farmers about tobacco marketing" with 17.09, "poor performance of trusted organizations" with 12.66 and "problems related to the price of tobacco and tobacco leaves" with 9/11 variance were three challenges, respectively The basic marketing of tobacco is. Studies show that ten major challenges identified in tobacco marketing have led to farmer exploitation in this unbalanced system, therefore, given that tobacco has a different legal context in marketing,

In this research, the ecological indicators and sustainable development dimensions in the city of Chenaran have been evaluated and the data analysis tool are the Emergy method. Indicators such as renewable, non-renewable, fuel and products have been used, and then Chenaran City has been examined in terms of different dimensions of Emergy (intensity, structure, efficiency and environmental pressure), which is used to examine the severity from Emergy's density and per capita, in Emergy's review of the structure, Emergy flows from renewable sources compared to energy and material imports, as well as self-sufficiency and process efficiency, Emergy fuel and electricity, and ultimately to show environmental pressure and Sustainability Indicators (ESIs) are used to combine all factors and currents that are EYR to ELR (Emergy Performance to Environment Load), as well as Capacity Capacity Tolerance Based on Renewable Emergy.

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This research is a Quantitative research. The information obtained from various sectors (ecological indicators) includes renewable resources (R), non-renewable resources (N), materials (G) and fuel (F), which are indicators presented by Odum. Using the Emergy method, it was measured and then analyzed and analyzed in four dimensions (Emergy intensity, structure, efficiency and environmental pressure) and its subcategories and related formulas.
Emergy calculation

Calculating Emergy using the thermodynamic basis of all forms of energy, resources, and human services that converts them to the equivalent of a form of energy, usually Emergy Solar. To evaluate a system, and also to organize the assessment and account for all inputs and outputs, a table is to be drawn from all the assessment flows, including actual flows of resources, labor, and energy. And then the final step of the Emergy Assessment is an interpretation of quantitative results. In some cases, an assessment is conducted to determine the status (appropriate or inappropriate) of an environmental development plan, and sometimes evaluation may seek to make the best use of resources to maximize Be a curiosity. Emergy assessment is both quantitative and analytical. Emergy approach evaluates complex systems and ultimately analyzes public policy and environmental management issues (Silvert, 1982). An Emergy flow defined by the current energy of a type that is used directly and indirectly in a service or product and its unit is Sej. As a result of the effective factors, the position variables and other system features can be converted to a normal metric unit, solar emergy. With the definition of Emergy Emk, the flow k obtained from a process is given below:Emk = ∑iTriEi , i= 1,2,….,n   (1)Where Ei is the actual energy content of the independent flow of i into the process and the Tr, corresponding transformation (correspondence) of the input current i, which has already been estimated.
After the table is prepared for the evaluation of all inputs, the Emergy unit value of the product or process is calculated. The output, for the first unit of energy, is evaluated, and then the Emergy input and the energy unit value are calculated by dividing the Emergy by the output units. The unit values that yield the result for any evaluation are also useful for other Emergy evaluations. Therefore, Emergy evaluations generate the values of the new Emergy unit (Skibaba, 2010).

Chenaran city status assessment was carried out at the level of four main indicators (Emergy intensity, Emergy structure, Process efficiency and Environmental pressure). Each of the above is derived from the measurement of the sub-indicators calculated and analyzed by the Emergy method.The calculation and measurement of Emergy are shown in the following four dimensions:Emergy Intensity The total consumption of Emergy in the city of Chennan is 2.81e + 21 (sej) according to the calculations made in the study year. Emergy density and Emergy density were used to evaluate the severity of Emergy. Results were 3.81e + 15 and 5.75e + 16, respectively. Emergy density and capability play important roles in urban system operations.
Emergy structure Emergy structure is critical to the sustainability of the area, given the rapid expansion of urbanization. Emergy is needed to maintain the observed structure of the two main sources of the natural environment and the use and import of fossil fuels and commodities from other economic organizations, and according to information obtained, Emergy flows from renewable sources compared to energy imports. And the material is relatively small. Although the city is not very extensive and industrial, it is a sign of the imbalance of currents in the urban system. The portion of renewable resources is 7.48e + 16, which is lower than non-renewable resources, indicating that living systems in the region are heavily dependent on non-renewable resources and, of course, the diversity of urban performance. It also cannot be ignored. Another indicator related to the Emergy structure is self-sufficiency ratio. According to the calculations carried out by Chenaran, self-sufficiency rate declines. Because high self-sufficiency level indicates good situation and low self-sufficiency level indicates adverse situation and Chenaran city with low self-sufficiency rate is 4.63e-3 or (0.046) and this fact indicates non-renewable and current resource flows. It also shows an increase in Emergy fuel coming into the city and less use of local resources. The use of fossil fuels has a major impact on the structure of Emergy and the city. Process efficiency Two indicators related to process efficiency are the use of Emergy fuel and electricity. To investigate the systematic functioning of the city. Fuel and electricity play a crucial role in urban development, and the intensity of these indicators can affect productivity. As the results show, the fuel and electricity used in the city of Chenaran are generally at a relatively high level, although the factories and industries in the city of Chenaran cannot be denied consumption of energy and consequently the use of fuels. And it has increased electricity in the city of Chennai and could cause problems in the future. And finally, based on the results of the calculations, it can be seen that the city during the process of industrialization and urbanization is seeking more productivity of resources and consequently their demands for resources also increase, thus causing damage to the Provides local resources and overuse of non-native and non-renewable resources. Environmental pressure To illustrate the environmental pressure in an ecosystem, it is important to discuss the pollution and overuse of non-renewable resources and the depletion of local and renewable resources. As mentioned earlier, the city of Chennaran has a high percentage of non-renewable resources and fossil fuels. It has intensified pollution and harmed the environment and ecosystem. The city's dependence on non-renewable resources and mass waste production adds to the environmental pressure. And, in fact, only fully and with respect to all different aspects of urban operations can we have a good overview and perspective of urban development with the concept of long-term sustainability.

It is important to pay attention to the principles of sustainable development, especially implementation and move towards becoming an ecological city. The results show that in four main indicators (Emergy intensity, Emergy structure, process efficiency and environmental pressure) Chenaran City Given that the situation is relatively stable in the present situation, but the orientation in the actions taken, it has been shown that activities in the environmental field were not in line with the idea of an ecological city and that fuel from material emergy flows. , Renewable and non-renewable resources, have been identified. To represent the environmental pressure and sustainability indices (ESIs) in an urban ecosystem, a combination of all factors and streams is used, which is the EYR to ELR ratio (Emergy function to environmental loading), according to the information obtained, The ELR indicates an imbalance between renewable and non-renewable resources used in a process, the low ELR indicating relatively small environmental loading, while the high ELR indicating excessive use and according to calculations performed In the city of Chenaran indicates an imbalance between renewable and non-renewable resources because the amount of non-renewable resources is greater than renewable resources The ratio of renewable to non-renewable sources is 7.48 e + 16 to 1.09e + 19, which, as a result of the available resources and fuels involved, is much higher than that of the available resources. Adds to the imbalance. Using the ESI sustainability index, one can examine the ecological risk assessment in urban ecosystems obtained by combining both socio-economic performance and environmental impacts, calculated from the EYR and ELR ratios. , And measures the output of a system, relative to environmental pressure.The EYRs obtained in the city of Chenaran are 1.05 and ELR3.76e + 04 which indicate the stability (ESI) of the two together, the ESI obtained in the city of Chennar is 2.79e-05 and Emergy performance ratio is lower than environmental loading due to environmental pressure due to the use of non-renewable resources and high fossil fuels, which also have a direct impact on sustainability and lower the level of sustainability in the region. That is, of course, the growth and expansion of the city and the construction that has taken place, making more use of local resources and, consequently, reducing sustainability.
For this reason, policies such as turning a city into an "ecological city" and its related indicators and standards that pay close attention to the environment and environmental issues can provide an environment with high tolerance capacity

INTRODUCTIONEvery year, 100 million cubic meters of water deficit in the Chenaran plain are witnessed. In addition to the negative effects of rainfall reduction over the last four decades, uncontrolled increases in water retrieval from subterranean reservoirs have been caused by the creation of unlawful wells in agriculture, livestock and industry, and the expansion of complexes A large industrial complex with a large number of production units, increased drinking water consumption has been affected by the growth of Mashhad's metropolitan area. A portion of the drinking water of Mashhad, the supply of water to the industries created in the Mashhad axis of Chenaran and the water needed for industrial settlements Created (at least four settlements) is one of the main uses of water in the region after agriculture. The decrease in the water of the permanent and seasonal rivers of the city, reducing the discharge of springs, gullies and lowering the level of aquifers is one of the main factors limiting the production of agricultural products in the Chenaran. Due to the serious constraints on water resources in the city of Chenaran and the need to achieve sustainable economies for the residents of the village and, consequently, to prevent them from migrating to major cities and to increase farmer's incomes, it is necessary to develop a suitable cultivation pattern.
THEORETICAl FRAMEWORKThe plan for reforming the cultivation pattern is one of the fundamental demands for the region's agriculture, through which, while preserving its sources of production, agricultural activities are economically feasible and also provides for the economic development of the village. The question now is that by cultivating what products in the Chenaran region, with a severe shortage of water and adjacent to the bigger market of Mashhad, can be solved to solve the problems of farmers in this area. Therefore, the attempt has been made to use this method to analyze the hierarchical analysis of AHP And using the TOPSIS model, this issue is to be considered.
METHODOLOGYThe data and statistics required from this study were from Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization and also through face-to-face interviews and completed the questionnaire by simple sampling from 20 expert experts and 20 farmers. Representatives of 8 sample villages of the city (Akhmalad villages, Hakim Abad, Ayyatollah, Kamal Abad, Dolatabad, National, and Mukhnan). Some of this information and statistics have a small aspect, and by referring to the relevant organization's databases, including the Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization as the agriculture manager in the said city Were available, and others were among the qualitative data in this field The achievement of Saeb's optimal judgment was based on the opinion of expert experts and farmers as the target community. The criteria that were considered in determining the optimal cultivation pattern were subdivisions of two main axes: rural economic development and optimal agricultural water management. These criteria consisted of criteria for crop production costs (planting, harvesting and harvesting), revenues from product sales, and guaranteeing purchases and returns of production capital that are debatable in the category of economic development. Also, the performance criteria of cubic water in the production of produce, number of irrigation beds (Water content) and yield per hectare The agricultural management dummies cover. The products that are sampled and dominated by their dominant cultivation in the city, and by a survey of sample farmers and experts to determine the pattern of cultivation have been considered (wheat, barley, rapeseed, sugar beet, potatoes, tomatoes, Alfalfa, forage corn). A model for selecting the criteria for the purpose of study (optimal cropping pattern).
DISCUSSIONIn this research, in order to determine the cropping pattern due to the serious constraints of agricultural water sources in the area under study (Chenaran), it was attempted to determine the pattern of cropping along with water resources management and in addition to focusing on rural economic development and improvement of the level Livelihood of the rural community. In this regard, by determining the criteria such as water consumption per hectare, water yield in crop production, irrigation frequency and pollutant index, income and cost of product production, as well as the criterion of guarantee of sales, was tried using the Dynamic Analysis Method Hierarchy and TOPSIS Model, rather than selecting the best options for determining the cultivar pattern
CONCLUSIONIn this research, in order to determine the cropping pattern due to the serious constraints of agricultural water sources in the area under study (Chenaran), it was attempted to determine the pattern of cropping along with water resources management and in addition to focusing on rural economic development and improvement of the level Hierarchy and topsis model, rather than selecting the best options for determining the cultivar pattern The products are industrial and it is better to take into account the monitoring. Sugar beet planting from the industrial and alfalfa groups of the forage product group is minimized.

This research aimed at studying the effects of tourism development on improving rural areas in five tourism villages of Chenaran. The statistical population included the rural households. The study also used Cochran Formula in order to specify the sample size and it utilized random, multi-stage and stratified sampling. A questionnaire was distributed among 30 rural households in order to obtain the necessary data. Then the results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Likert scale and one sample t-test were used to analyze the responses to the items “promoting social security” and “health and improving the villagers' awareness and education”. The average presented responses given by the statistical sample were about the effect of rural tourism development on evaluating indexes of “promoting social security and health” and “improving the villagers' awareness and education” based on Likert scale and using one sample t-test. The averages were generalized to the society and it was proved that the average responses for the designed items of the questionnaire in the amplitude was smaller than the specified limit or three. Thus it can be concluded that tourism development had a small effect on the evaluating indexes in the studied area.

In this paper the status criteria in city development strategies (Good Governance, Livability, Competitiveness, Bank ability (has been considered. City Development Strategies are a major and recent initiative within the World Bank, and reflect the increasing importance of urban regions as centers of population and motors of economic development. Furthermore, the processes of democratization and social welfare development often find most intense expressions in urban regions.to achieve this goal A questionnaire with a sample size of 380 citizens and 50 organizations of experts administering the city of chenaran was completed. The methodology is practical at the purpose of research and descriptive analytic at the course of research... A nonrandom selection process was used to obtain focus groups and city authorities and random selection for citizen. Research findings indicate that the main criteria of the average CDS model from the view point of the city authorities and citizens were lower than the theoretical average. Some recommendations to reinforce this indicator have been expressed.