جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "cultural" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The identity-building components of architecture play a crucial role in strengthening cultural and religious identity, as well as fostering convergence and cohesion among different ethnicities and religions. The city of Urmia, with its rich history and cultural and religious diversity, is a prominent example of this convergence. Recognizing and enhancing these components can help preserve and promote cultural and religious identity while strengthening social cohesion. This research continues previous studies aimed at identifying the identity-building components of architecture with an emphasis on the convergence of ethnicities and religions in the neighborhoods leading to Imam Street (the old and historic fabric of Urmia). The study aims to identify the identity-building components that influence architecture and define the specific characteristics of the architecture in that region.

The current research is developmental in terms of its objective and applied in nature, as it seeks to recognize the identity-building components of architecture with an emphasis on the convergence of ethnicities and religions. Given the nature of the research topic, the research method of this dissertation is considered a mixed quantitative-qualitative study. However, the core of the research relies on a descriptive-analytical method. In the descriptive-analytical section, field surveys, data collection through observation, interviews, photography, etc., are conducted.

The results from examining the central neighborhoods leading to Imam Street in Urmia show that the identity-building components of architecture significantly enhance and reflect the cultural and religious identity of the city. The architectural diversity in these neighborhoods represents extensive cultural and religious interactions that have contributed to the peaceful coexistence of different ethnicities and religions. This study indicates that architecture can act as a powerful tool for fostering convergence and social cohesion, and attention to these components can help preserve and promote cultural and religious identity while enhancing social cohesion.

A fundamental topic in the science of geography is defining the functional boundaries of a city in spatial and locational dimensions to ensure proper management at regional and district levels. Determining the legal boundaries of a city and its various areas and districts involves considering various natural, social, cultural, and urban service factors within a geographical scope of activities. Consequently, large cities are often divided into different areas under separate managements supervised by the central municipality, providing activities and services to citizens based on this structure. In the urban management system of Iran, the historical fabric is determined based on requests from the Cultural Heritage Organization to the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture, which examines the areas that formed before the year 1300 SH (1921 AD). However, this approach, focusing solely on the preservation and protection of eligible buildings and imposing legal restrictions on urban expansion, often conflicts with urban management and has led to the destruction of many historical and cultural buildings. Thus, it cannot be the sole criterion for defining the central area of the city. In the process of future urban development, this issue has encountered numerous practical problems in the country. Therefore, the researcher formed a Delphi-based aggregation group consisting of 45 experts and specialists in geography, cultural activities, and urban planning. Based on the results of meetings with this group, a ten-point index was developed to define the central area, and six proposed options from this group were suggested as suitable models for determining the city's central area. Finally, the researcher employed a hierarchical approach inspired by the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method to compare each proposed model for the central area in the old urban fabric, considering their compatibility with the functionality of cultural and historical uses. The most compatible model with the performance of historical and cultural uses was identified.

Today, migration as a multi-dimensional phenomenon has attracted the attention of cultural and social researchers. Migration affects families and intergenerational relationships. Additionally, changes in political and social structures are among the consequences of migration. The migration process influences many social and economic trends in society. Therefore, the present research was a quantitative research and data collection method was survey. The research sample included 384 individuals. It has used Barry and Giddens's theories to show how close the immigrants are to each of the patterns of similarity, separation-choice, and integration from the hosts' perspective. The findings indicated that a stronger sense of belonging to the environment, adherence to native culture, religious and moral values, and typical behavioral tendencies among migrants lead to a more positive attitude towards the migration of non-native individuals. As the incidence of crime committed by immigrants' decreases, a more favorable attitude towards the immigration of non-native individuals tends to emerge. Additionally, the more appropriate the behavior of immigrants towards nature and the environment, the more positive the attitude towards non-native immigration becomes. Factors such as a sense of belonging to the environment, adherence to local culture, commitment to religious and moral values, crime incidence, behavioral tendencies, and respectful treatment of nature and the environment all influence attitudes towards non-native immigration.

Water and irrigation has become the origin of many social, cultural and political changes and relationships in civilization in Iran's geographical context, and this category has a logical and effective relationship with geography, and after a basic and superficial understanding, it can be the origin of many of the following topics. For example, population density, movement, economy and livelihood of rural life, settlement, urbanism, villag, geshlaq, desert travel and Bedouin living and so on. Water was and is one of the main elements of creation in the beliefs of ancient Iran, and it has had a direct impact on the formation and settlement and type of life in Iran, including its impact on mythology and religious beliefs and its signs in civilized life, such as the construction of temples. Dams and aqueducts, etc., is a direct investigation and one of the main elements of the climate and region and each region with a geographical domain, and precipitation, temperature, volume of flowing water, atmospheric precipitation, and underground beds, etc. are all related to water. and its management depend. Therefore, the study and review of the natural geography of Iran, the type of climate and the geographical location of Iran and the Iranian Plateau and its relationship with economic advantages such as the existence of roads, caravanserais and the geopolitical issues of the Iranian Plateau and its extension and expansion to the watery areas such as Sihun and Jihun and the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea, the Nile River, and

Nowadays, tourist and commercial centers are constantly expanding. These days, a grand project called “Iran Mall” has been constructed in District 22 of Tehran, which is a magnificent example of the capabilities of Iranian engineers using state-of-the-art technologies. It has managed to significantly change the appearance and structure of its surrounding area. One of the factors that has contributed to the recognition of this shopping center and attracting tourists is the organization of events and special occasions, which connects the tourism industry with the economy. This article examines the Nowruz event in Iran, its cultural and social activities, and its relevance to a commercial platform. The descriptive-analytical method, along with library studies and field visits through interviews, were used for this purpose, and the role of organizing such events in the formation of important tourist centers in Tehran was identified. Shopping centers have played a significant role in the development of social interactions and the improvement of urban life. Iran Mall, by utilizing large spaces, organizing multiple events, and providing diverse facilities, meets international standards. Even during the COVID-19 crisis, it played a crucial role in changing the use of spaces and solving societal problems. Overall, the completion and development of this cultural and commercial landmark, as an Iranian and Islamic symbol, has had a considerable impact on attracting tourists, despite some criticisms such as the lack of architectural coherence in the spaces.

One of the emerging technologies in the formation of smart and sustainable cities is Cyberpark, which gives people the ability to enhance their quality of life, especially to improve the technological and social interactions in various fields (cultural, educational, etc.), through the sharing of knowledge and experiences, self-fulfilling and ultimately co-creating. In this way, considering the nascent concept and application of Cyberpark, recognizing and developing this type of project requires a deep scrutiny of its existential elements. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze cultural and educational open public spaces in order to form Cyberparks in the Mashq square of Tehran as a case study. The research framework has been developed in this research, using meticulous and systematic analysis of previous research in the form of libraries and documents about the features and dimensions of cyberparks. Then, through a quantitative method, while collecting data and analyzing them, the relationship and the impact of stakeholders' satisfaction with the quality of equipment and facilities of open spaces studied on the activities formed by users in these open spaces are investigated and according to the three dimensions of Cyberparks (public open spaces, stakeholders, and new information and communication technologies) have been studied.

For this purpose, Mashq Square, Tehran, has been selected as the case study and data is collected in the field through an online questionnaire survey that explored students’ views and behaviors towards university public open spaces. Then, using the quantitative analysis method and SPSS statistical software and also with the help of a case study strategy, data analysis was performed. In order to improve the validity of the research, first, a pilot study (30 questionnaires) is conducted, and then the main questionnaire is prepared.

During the research, various dimensions such as the quality of the university's public open spaces, the qualities and facilities available in the university's public open spaces of the university, student social life, and the social interactions taking place in relation to information and communication technologies, the degree of willingness to cooperate in the design and maintenance of public open spaces of the university, daily use of information and communication technologies and the kind of them in the public university spaces and the quality of information and communication technologies have been explored. In the statistical analysis, with the help of t-test and according to Pearson coefficient (correlation test), correlation levels, the forming dimensions of "Cyberpark" with each other and the indicators of each dimension have been tested separately. The findings emphasize the enthusiasm and high willingness of stakeholders (university student) to participate in matters related to the university public space. In addition, the quality of the public open space of Bagh-e Melli campus in the University of Art is strongly related to its facilities and has a strong correlation with the social life of students (related to the use of information and communication technologies). On the other hand, students' need for the development of information and communication technologies in the open space is positively assessed and reflects the preferences of stakeholders for the application of technologies, which is important in the formation of "Cyberpark" in the university public space.

Overall, the results indicate that in planning for the development or improvement of communication infrastructures, taking into account the goals of users of information and communications technology and considering the age groups of users in this field will have the greatest impact on the realization of creating a specialized educational Cyberpark and promoting the participation of stakeholders. This research is one of the first scientific steps in the field of specialized Cyberparks and has focused more on examining the differences, and it is hoped that further research in this area will shed light on the reasons for these differences, which will certainly be of great help to planners and decision-makers of public open spaces within the city, especially university officials in expanding ICT infrastructure and facilities to create a specialized Cyberpark, especially in the educational field and university environments.Findings show that from the point of view of stakeholders, the quality of open public space studied, in terms of sports facilities and games and entertainment facilities, equipment and service space and comfort facilities, facilities for access to communication technologies and facilities and infrastructure of Internet and telecommunication network, is generally not very satisfactory. Therefore, to develop the dimensions of cyberpark in this area, it is necessary to develop the relevant facilities, equipment and infrastructure to be able to provide the necessary basis for the realization of cyberpark by upgrading related activities.

Historical and cultural attractions are a kind of national wealth, which becomes a type of tourist facility after appropriate use and can be exploited by qualified people. These valuable resources, like other huge resources of Iran, need targeted and planned management. The goals of investors and users of different types of tourism infrastructures are completely decisive in their management process, and in the case of historical and cultural works and buildings, it directly affects the process of revitalization, restoration, maintenance, and introduction of local subcultures. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the full range of goals and approaches that can be adopted.

Design/methodology/approach:

 To fulfill the goal of the study, 15 industry experts were identified as participants. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Max QDA Analytics 2018 software, based on the logic of the thematic analysis method.

The results of the research showed that the goals of the applicants for exploitation (investment) of tourism facilities (historical and cultural buildings) are categorized into three main themes (categories), including economic goals, cultural goals, and sustainability goals. Each of these goals can be achieved through various approaches that are mentioned in the research.

The findings of the study revealed that the goals of the applicants for exploitation (investment) of tourism facilities (historical and cultural buildings) are categorized into three main themes (categories), including economic, cultural, and sustainability goals, each of which can be achieved through various approaches mentioned in the study.

Originality/value: 

In this research, in the new method that was presented to evaluate the operator's goals, if the operator's performance has a percentage of relative agreement with the outlined goals, to extend the contract with the successful operator, at the discretion of the organization and the rehabilitation fund, facilities should be considered as the incentive factors. Drawing and placing goals in the contract period by the organization or fund can be done in such a way that easier goals (economic and cultural) are considered at the beginning and more complex goals (sustainability goals) are considered at the end of the period; because more complex goals usually have a combination of elementary goals in their hearts.

Iran's villages have unique environmental and social contexts, and each is a treasure trove of the country's diverse cultural heritage. The village is a culturally traditional community dominated by simple culture. Habitat and climate are two man-made and natural systems that have a profound influence on each other. Climate is one of the determinants of the structure of rural housing in which patterns and activities of an area are influenced. Rural life, too, is a type of production-based and indigenous structure whose inhabitants often provide for their needs in the rural area. One of the most important is the need for shelter and a place to live. Rural buildings, especially in the past, have been a symbol of identity and represent social, cultural, economic, and climatic structures of the region. Rural housing, with its simplicity and simplicity, intuitive patterns and adaptation to the natural environment, has formed a living and social biological function that gives it a distinct identity. Rural housing by exploring the factors discussed will help to explain the structure of housing according to the needs of the people and appropriate climatic, social, economic, etc. factors.

Explaining the social, cultural and economic factors of reverse migration from city to village (Case study: Sarpol-e Zahab city) Reverse migration is a process that includes three stages of birth and life in the village, migration to the city and living there and then, returning to the village. The purpose of this study is social, cultural and economic factors of reverse migration from urban to rural areas. The present study is considered as a descriptive correlational study according to the applied purpose and according to the data collection method. The statistical population of the study includes households with reverse migration from city to village in Sarpol-e-Zahab city, using Cochran's formula, 406 people were selected as the sample size. In this study, quota sampling method was used to select the sample. To analyze the data, two descriptive sections (center orientation and dispersion indices) and inferential indices (correlation and regression) were used using SPSS and AMOS software. The results show that unity and empathy (r = 0.70), educational facilities (r = 0.34), tourist attractions (r = 0.74), new communication technologies (r = 0.69) There is a positive and significant relationship between access to resources (r = 0.75), infrastructure development (r = 0.78) and reverse migration from urban to rural areas.

The purpose of this study is to investigating the leveling and components of international exhibitions of tourism and related industries using interpretive structural modeling (ISM). This research is applied in terms of purpose. In terms of descriptive-survey method. The statistical population is 15 experts from the International Exhibition of Tourism and Related Industries who were selected as a statistical sample of the research. In this study to identify components after studying the literature Related research and interviews with exhibition managers used brainstorming, nominal group technique and then interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and for analysis (MICMAC) variables were divided into four groups of independent or key variables, communication and dependent and autonomous. The relationship between variables and the type of variables can lead to a better understanding of the subject in international exhibitions of tourism and related industries. The results showed that in the first level the components of producer goals, host goals and economic variables that show The effectiveness of these three variables is in the second level of international exhibition planning indicators, participant goals and social variables. In the third and fourth levels, political and cultural variables are the most influential components of the goals of international exhibitions of tourism and industry.

In Iran, along with the growth of urbanization, the spread of poor neighborhoods, especially informal settlements, has been the phenomena of the contemporary city. One of the reasons for marginalization is cultural and ethnic exclusion. Socio-economic exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon, and it goes beyond material dimensions and economic deficiencies, which implies a wide range of social, cultural and political deprivations. In this regard, gender is one of the most important issues that causes stratification in all societies. Given that half of the population of each society are women, this study aims to study the spatial differences in the socio-economic exclusion of marginalized cultural and ethnic groups in Sanandaj with an emphasis on gender. The method of collecting information, library, documentary and questionnaire. Sampling was done purposefully and out of a population of 260,000 marginalized people in Sanandaj, 400 people were selected using the Cochran formula. SPSS analysis of data was performed using SPSS software. Through the multivariate regression test in both aspects of access to resources and Exclusion / social integration, economic factors with numerical value of "0/498 and 0/568" had the most effect on the socioeconomic provision of individuals. It was also determined through an independent independent t test that, in terms of access to resources, economic factors and poor social services, numerical values ​​were "43/166 and 41/647", respectively, and in terms of crises / social integration, economic factors and social flagging, Respectively, with numerical values ​​of "49/706 and 47/123" had the most impact on the social and economic exclusion of women.

The present article was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of factors affecting the socio-political participation of citizens in the implementation of sustainable development projects in urban areas. In this research, urban development of Arak metropolis has been considered as a case study. The statistical population is the employees of the executive bodies of Arak in 2009. The sample size was 361 people according to Morgan sampling table, which was selected by random quota classification. Data collection tools were interviews with academic experts and a questionnaire of executives. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through factor analysis and Cronbach's tests. Achieving a coefficient above 0.70 in both cases indicates the stability of their measurement. Methods of data analysis are: utilization of descriptive statistics, structural equation tests, Sobel test. In this regard, PLS software was used to test the research model and hypotheses. The results showed that each set of social, cultural and economic factors was mediated by socio-political participation with sustainable urban development. But there was no relationship between political factors mediated by socio-political participation and sustainable urban development. At the same time, the set of factors affecting sociopolitical participation has a positive effect on sustainable urban development, the model of this effect was also tested and presented.

This research seeks to investigate the rules for forming the cities in a case study regarding the tradition, methods as well as social and cultural flows in Tehran city. Thus, two questions were discussed to reach this purpose 1. Which scientific, cultural and identity parameters include theoretical frameworks of the planning process of Islamic city in Tehran? 2. Which parameters of Islamic city planning play a more effective role in modern Tehran? Research method of this study can be considered in two parts. the analytical and descriptive studies. In the second step, there was a field trial studying the reliability and validity of parameters. Finally , the questionnaires were used to survey the users of urban spaces.To reach an exact study field, Tehran city was considered the place of study as well as the place and culture variables of people were controlled and the gender separation and age were adjusted to reach a comprehensive conclusion of study. The results of the current research represent some parameters, including legibility and dynamics, unity and integrity, considering water and plants elements, introversion and confidentiality, considering indigenous materials, utilizing the religious, native and domestic culture have played an effective role in forming and planning Islamic city. Moreover, the dynamic and legibility parameters have played a more effective role in planning Islamic city than other parameters in modern Tehran. Keywords: planning, Islamic city, identity, cultural and scientific parameters, dynamic and legibility, unity

The rate of urban livability is directly related to urban services, population density, spatial identity, the presence of green space, the economic status of residents and the accessibility of urban facilities and infrastructure. Accordingly, indicators and criteria for measuring the urban livability of the cities are introduced. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective indicators in urban planning and development with a sustainable development approach in order to assess Kish Island's livability.The sample size of this research includes 54 officials and experts in tourism, urban planning and development of Kish Free Zone Organization, and professors and experts of other fields related to urban and tourism. The results of the questionnaires were calculated using SPSS software and T-test. ANOVA test was used to study and compare the quality of life sustainability indicators in political, managerial, social and cultural, economic and environmental dimensions. The results show that this test is significant at a high level of 99% and (sig = 0/000). In other words, it can be said that the minimum mean of one of the dimensions of survival with other dimensions has a significant difference. Duncan's post hoc test was used to check the accuracy. The results show that the political, managerial and economic dimensions are respectively 2.4932 and 2.9342, with the lowest score, and the environmental and social dimensions, cultural, with a mean of 3.1914 and 3.2242 respectively, is in a better position. .

A survey of the history and evidence of life in traditional Iranian neighborhood reveals a coherent, self-made physical and social structure and system that expresses the transcendent concepts of human dwelling. Neighborhoods today due to changing lifestyles and new urban developments, do not have the participation of locals and the self-made neighborhood system. Therefore, it is imperative to pay attention to the principles and teachings of the social life and transcendent concepts of traditional living to enhance the quality of life in today's city. The purpose of this study is to recognize the concept of dwelling in the neighborhoods of Tehran during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods and the research method is a combination of historical interpretation methods and data content analysis. This study first briefly defines the concept of neighborhood; then the factors of perception of neighborhood concept and characteristics and specifications of each factor and how to trace it from the content of the texts are presented. Finally, in the literature research, the recognition of the life and lived experiences of the dwellers of Tehran neighborhoods is discussed; this section is based on a number of social cultural writings from Tehran neighborhoods. The result is that the factors and criteria of perception of neighborhood concept demonstrate the social role and participation of citizens in different aspects of dwelling, including good affairs and social-political movements in neighborhoods. Neighborhoods that have been a place for the presentation and emergence of social and cultural values including dedication, charity, respect for elders, and the arrest of the deprived; whereas concepts of territory, hierarchy and privacy are defined and appearanced in neighborhood physics and perceptions of dwellers and they are relatively satisfied with the provision of many of the services in the neighborhood and the mental relaxation of social dwelling. As a result, dwellers have considered themselves part of the neighborhood and the emergence of place belongings to the neighborhood can be understood in various physical, behavioral, and semantic dimensions.

In the classical sense, tourism requires a real space and relocation of location to another location. But with the advent of information and communication technologies, the Internet and cyberspace have made a significant contribution to leisure and tourism planning. In a way that apart from the important role played by providing tourists with services new type of tourist has been shaped by the name of virtual tourism. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of cyberspace in the developments of the tourism industry, especially cultural and historical tourism. The main question of the present article is how does cyberspace affect tourism industry, especially cultural and historical tourism? The results of this article show that cyberspace is one of the most important factors shaping the tourism industry because it plays an important role in the marketing and supply and demand of the tourism market and on the other hand in some types of tourism and especially cultural and historical tourism that is not just the discussion of income and profits in them that is not the main motive of supply and demand Cyberspace is easily accessible to marketers and market demand by spending less time and money. To answer this question the hypothesis we are trying to test is that internet tourism has played a large role in the development of the tourism industry in today's digitalized world it serves as a driving force for economic tourism development.

So far, tourism has been viewed from different perspectives and in different fields. Recently, the behaviorists have led tourism development researchers’ minds to identifying individual characteristics, more than ever. Because, the tourism facilities and equipment provision if not based on the understanding the environment, will not be getting much satisfaction. Accordingly, the development of tourism based on the tourists’ behavior is an effective and desirable solution. Tourism applications are strongly affected by behavioral -activation patterns of communities. Tourist behaviour always takes place in time and space, and the study of spatial temporal behaviour has become increasingly popular in recent years. Tourist behaviour has been studied by researchers from various perspectives. Describing and portraying tourist spatial-temporal behaviour patterns results in a better understanding of tourist activities. A better understanding of tourist behaviour patterns may, in turn, provide a scientific basis for industry practices, such as attraction management, product renewal and attraction marketing. This study has practical significance for the upgrading of attraction facilities and the ultimate improvement of the quality of tourist experiences. Time is considered to be one of the three main constraints on tourism demand (the other two being money and political control). Recently, tourism scholars have paid increasing attention to the effects of time factors on tourist behaviour. Time, space and context were considered to be three important domains of tourist experience. The concept of time geography was proposed and developed by the geographer Hagerstrand. Hagerstrand’s time geography offers a useful conceptual framework with which to study individual activity patterns under various constraints in a space–time context . The space–time path is the core concept of time-geography. It highlights the constraints imposed by activities that are finite in space and time, and the need to trade time for space when moving among activities. The space– time path represents the spatial movements of an individual over time, and offers an effective way of modelling the spatial-temporal characteristics of individual activities . By applying the concept of the space–time path, it is possible to capture and analyze tourist behavior information in both the temporal and spatial dimensions, which helps us to improve our understanding about tourism behavior both theoretically and practically.
Research The aim of the present study is functional and the method is heuristic, described. This study focuses on the concepts of time geography and collecting data from Visitors of The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad by diaries studying time–space activities method. In order to analysis, direct and indirect relationships based on graph theory are used for the data structuring and To depict identified behavior patterns, Alpha levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 were assessed.
This study focuses on tourists’ temporal-spatial behaviors, and tries to recognize tourists spatial-temporal behavior structure patterns that can use to update attractions facilities and improve the final quality of the tourist experience in The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad and similar attractions across the country. This research seeks to answer this question, how is the spatial- temporal behavior pattern of The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad visitors and what factors influenced on it?
Discussion and The research results obtained from The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad case study revealed nine clusters of temporal-spatial behavior patterns that the spatial behavior factors had the largest contribution in the clustering analysis. The most popular tourist spots of the Saadabad collection was palace of Mellat located in district C and the Green palace located in district E, that the most visitors stood for 30 minutes there, and the main activity in the collection was visiting the Palace – Museums. To depict identified behavior patterns, Alpha levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 were assessed and results of Alpha=0.25 were detected for set appropriate behavior patterns.
This study focuses on intra-attraction tourist temporal-spatial behaviour patterns, and attempts to clarify intra-attraction tourist spatial-temporal behaviour patterns using the concept of the space–time path of time geography. A case study of The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad has done. Tourist spatial-temporal behaviour can be described and clarified by temporal behaviour factors, spatial behaviour factors, activity choice factors and path characteristics factors. After a qualitative reasoning process, the results of the clustering analysis can be presented as visual images. Describing and portraying intra-attraction tourist temporal-spatial behaviour patterns can help us to better understand tourist activities and demand among attractions. The research results of the Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad case study revealed nine clusters of temporal-spatial behaviour patterns, rather than a homogeneous social group. spatial Behavior factors made the largest contribution to the clustering analysis in this case. The results of the quantitative study suggest that a stay of at least 10 minutes and at most 45 minutes is the threshold for stay time for the identification of a stay point. The results of this study help people get a better understanding of intra-destination tourist behaviour patterns in The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad in a more accurate and structural way. A better understanding of tourist behaviour patterns should provide a more scientific basis for industry practices, such as location of service, guide identification system and intra-attraction transportations. This study thus has practical significance for the upgrading of attraction facilities and ultimately the improvement of the quality of tourist experiences. The research results obtained from the Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad case study revealed nine clusters of temporal-spatial behavior patterns that the spatial behavior factors had the largest contribution in the clustering analysis. In a similar study in China, Huang Xiao-Ting and Wu Bi-Hu , were identified seven clusters of temporal-spatial behavior patterns in the Summer Palace. In the mentioned study, temporal behaviour factors had the largest contribution in the clustering analysis.

Today, the Middle East is the main part of all global geopolitical crises. This paper analyses this crisis as the product of a complex interaction among three groups of actors, namely, emerging identity-based sub-national and transnational forces, fragile national states with lower structural ability, and powerful regional and trans-regional actors seeking regional hegemony.
The research is basic in terms of its goal, and casual and descriptive- analytic in terms of method and nature. Data gathering procedure is based on library findings.
The results of the paper are provided as follows:1. The rise of national and transnational identities in the context of social and cultural cleavages in the Middle East
The full-cleavage structure of Middle Eastern societies has always been a key factor in political conflicts and instability in regional environment. In recent years, factors such as imperfect integration in international processes, inefficiency of nationalist and secular authoritarian regimes, and finally the attack of the United States on the Middle East have made two main cleavages of Middle Eastern societies active, tribal-ethnic (sub-national) and religious and fundamentalist (transnational) cleavages. Thus, a set of identity-based forces has been formed as a kind of "resistance identity" which do not accept the established order based on the nation-state structure.
2. Identity uprisings and turning fragile states to failed states
The nation-state is considered as a colonial product in the Middle East that has not had the sufficient ability to overcome the challenges arising from dispersed structure and has also not been able to play expected functions of a modern state. These occur mainly as the region faces a complex and "strong" social structure based on tribal, ethnic, and religious belonging. Fragile states in the Middle East, in the face of identity-based uprisings, have practically turned to failed states.
3. Regional and international actors, and tendency to utilize identity-based forces
While fragile states in the Middle East have encountered intensified crisis and collapse, regionally strong states (especially Saudi Arabia) as well as international powers tend to use identity uprisings as a tool to put pressure on their competitors. They also try to mobilize their available resources and increase their manoeuvre power.
Discussion and Using the discussions of Manuel Castells, this paper considers sub-national (ethnic), identity-based, and trans-national (religious) forces in the Middle East as a "resistance identity". Although the identity-based forces are considered as a product of the nation-state crisis, their actions virtually intensify the already prevalent crisis of fragile state in the Middle East and turn them into failed states. In this situation, more powerful regional and trans-regional states mobilize their resources to align the developments with their own interests. They also tend to use identity-based forces to put pressure on their competitors and increase their control in the regional environment. This paper considered the Saudi foreign policy as an example that tends to use identity variables and identity-based forces as a tool to achieve their regional hegemony. This plays a key role in intensifying crises and forming a devastating balance in the Middle East crisis areas.