جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « date palms » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The agricultural sector in the less developed countries on a national and regional scale affected by the national, regional and global economy, facing many challenges in terms of its functioning. This issue has limited food security and local and national development because agriculture in the marginalized and deprived areas of these countries is often of a kind of retail and traditional agriculture. Therefore, understanding the nature and dynamism of the rural and marginal areas of the less-developed countries, which are heavily influenced by several factors, including ecological conditions, not only requires awareness of environmental and structural changes, but also requires awareness of the effects of decision-making institutions and the spatial changes resulting from it. In less developed countries, including Iran, low productivity and low yield factors are considered the main challenges facing agricultural sector. One of the major challenges affecting the production function, especially in the field of date palm gardening, is the ecological and climatic conditions. Such a condition cannot be disrupted by human actions. Makkoran Area is climatically located in a dry, warm and very hot desert area with special conditions of rain (monsoon rainfall). Palm tree farming activities in this area faces many challenges, particularly in terms of adaptation to the climate. The present study seeks to trace and construct spatial relationships (networks) involved in the climate adaptation of date palms and emphasize its functional development in order to develop local economy in Makkoran Area of Iran.

Previous researches have examined production efficiency in date palm gardening often in two dimensions. Some have examined production efficiency related to structural and human factors (such as institutional barriers to achieving subsidies, access to agricultural services, production costs, etc.) and few studies have examined the distribution of date palm trees and the possibility of its economic production under the influence of climate change.Lutfi (2010) examined the effect of production performance on date palm trees productivity in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Tunisia and Iraq, and showed that replacing them with high-quality cultivars is one of the main problems in reducing date palm productivity. Al-Abbad, Al-Jamal, Al-Alawi, Al-Sharid and Belifa (2011) investigated the economic feasibility of date palm trees cultivation in Saudi Arabia. They argued institutional barriers for accessing subsidies as a major threat. Shabani, Kumar and Taylor (2012) probed the effect of climate change on the distribution of date palms in the world and based on the results, some countries and regions such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq and southwestern Iran will face restrictions in the future in terms of date palm trees climate adaptation. But so far no study has investigated how the spatial relationships between actors (human and inhuman) shape the date palm economy especially in the production sector and  how it is possible to define the climate adaptation mechanism of date palm via a relational (network) approach. Therefore this issue is strongly felt in Iran especially in economic agricultural and geographical studies.In the present study, the actor-network theory is considered as a theoretical framework. The main theme of the actor-network theory is that the action of the combination of human beings and non-human substances in a network is created. This means that the theory combines all (human and non-human) actors and denies purely social, technical, or purely natural affinities. It deals with the detection and tracking of links between a variety of actors (human, non-human, material, and discursive) that allows actors, events and processes to emerge as they are. Nowadays researchers, including geographers, follow a similar path that tracks heterogeneous strings of things to understand the construction of the social within the public. Instead of a social actor, this theory focuses on the social and material world in which the social-material actor is called the actant, and instead of a stable network with nodes, it shows the fluidity and unpredictability of the cohabitation of actors who have adopted the intellectual root of Deleuze.

This research was conducted based on a mixed-methods (sequential strategy-variable) approach. The statistical population consisted of 17493 exploiters of date palms in the villages of Makkoran Area. The purposive-probabilistic method was used for sampling. For determining the sample size at the qualitative stage, the "adequacy of information" criterion and in the quantitative stage, the "representativeness" criterion was employed via the Cochran formula. Sample size at the qualitative stage was 111 exploiters of date palms and 16 experts. In the quantitative phase, 376 exploiters of date palms and 32 experts answered the quantitative questionnaire. The type of mixed analysis in the study is “the mixed-methods sequential explanatory analysis" based on a qualitative-quantitative strategy. Qualitative data were analyzed using "NVIVO" software, and quantitative data with statistical methods in SPSS software environment. In the final stage, analysis and inference of data were done according to Latour's (1987) arguments of the "translation" method.

Findings showed that there are complex and multi-faceted spatial relationships occur between human and non-human actors regarding the climate adaptation of date palm trees. In this regard, the geographic location and climatic actors are restrictive actors and barriers for the adaptation of indigenous date palm types are beneficial actors and provide favorable conditions for the production of dates.Also, these restricting actors are involved with other varieties of date palms (non-indigenous types) and mediated by the exploiter and the government (the Agricultural Jihad Organization) has become capable or opportunity-constructing actors. In other words, date palms, as a key actor due to geographical location and climate action, both restricts and provides conditions for the emergence of newer opportunities (the cultivation of new, compatible and exportable types). Hence, each one of the actors has a force field that influences the other and takes action on other or resist against other’s action in the form of pressure and reaction of date palms’ climate adaptability. Therefore, date palms have multi-faceted and reciprocal power relations in terms of pressure-resistance concept with geographic location (latitude and longitude) and climatic actors, which are mediated by exploiters, economy, government, land, and water.

Among the actors of the geographical and climatic location, the relative humidity, altitude, latitude, temperature, rainfall, intensity of the solar radiation, and longitude have a wider and stronger spatial network and, as main determinants play roles in climate adaptation of date palms. Other climate actors, such as evapotranspiration, monsoon flows, and wind speed are also less restricting and weaker in spatial relationships. Therefore, spatial relationships between actors showed that date palms, exploiters, climate, geographic location, government (the Agricultural Jihad Organization), water, capital, and land are key actors in the adaptability of date palms, respectively.

Date palm gardening economy has faced with many challenges in function, production, maintenance infrastructure, and marketing in the less developed countries, including Iran- which is the major producer of this product. Therefore, understanding the nature and relational dynamics that exist between actors is of great importance. Accordingly, this study aims to trace and construct a spatial relationships between human and nonhuman actors in the field of commercial ability of date palms to develop the functions of date palm economy in the Makkoran area. This research is conducted based on a mixed-methods (sequential strategy-variable) approach. The statistical population of the research consists of 17493 farmers and 32 agricultural experts. A purposive-probabilistic sampling method is used for sampling. For determining the sample size in the qualitative stage, the "adequacy of information" method, and the "representativeness" method based on the Cochran formula is employed in the quantitative stage.  The type of analytical method used in the study is "Sequential Combinatorial Analysis" based on a sequential qualitative-quantitative strategy. Qualitative data is analyzed using "NVIVO" software, and quantitative one is analyzed using statistical methods in the SPSS software environment. Final analysis and inference of data are based on Latour's argument (1987) in the "translation" method. The findings of the study show that various spatial relationships between actors (human and inhuman) are established or developing. Based on these relationships, factors such as geographical location, climate, date palm, farmer, capital, target market, refrigerator, government, spatial distance, transportation technology are considered as the key and active actors in commercialization of date palm as they shape a broader and stronger network of actors with durable relationships.