جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « food insecurity » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Access to adequate and desirable foodand nutritional health are consideredas the main axes of development and the foundation ofbreeding the next generation of the country. Rural communities playasignificant rolein ensuring the country'sfood securityby providing more than two-thirds of food.However,evidence showsthat the situation of the country's main food security providers is unfavorable,at least compared to urban communities,due to reasons that havenot been addressedso far.The present study was conducted with the generalaimof analyzing the food security situation and the factors affecting itin theruralcommunityof Bakshlochai district.The statistical population of thestudy consistsof all headsof households in51villageslocated in Bakshlochai district.Using Cochran'sformula,180 householdheadshave been selectedas the sample. Inthe quantitative part of the present study,a standard and global questionnaire of the US Department of Agriculture was used to assess food security,the validity and reliability of which have been confirmed in several studies.In the qualitative part,data collection through purposeful sampling and snowball method continueduntil the theoretical saturationstage and thecollected data were analyzed using the data theory theory(GTM).The results of thequantitative part of the research showed that food security in the study area is in unfavorable conditions.In this way,7.8%of the studied people have food security,10% in food insecurity without hunger,25% in food insecuritywith moderate hunger and 57.2% in food insecurity with severe hunger.There is no significant difference in terms of food security. Also, the results of the qualitative part f the research related to food security challengesin the studyarea showed thatthe five main food securitychallenges thatareinterrelated are:weak policy-making,weak economicconditions,inadequacies And environmental hazards,cultural barriers and social change and agricultural instability

Ensuring sustainable food security for the people living in Iran is one of the basic goals in the development programs before and after the revolution. In this regard, in the present research, the knowledge of the food security situation and the socio-economic factors affecting the food security of the nomadic households have been discussed. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, and based on a questionnaire in terms of tools. The statistical population of the present research is nomadic households located in Zanjan city. In 2015, Zanjan city has 3741 nomadic population and 829 households. Using Cochran's formula, the number of samples needed to complete the questionnaire was obtained. The food insecurity scale method has been used. Research findings show that 24% of njan city has 3741 nomadic population and 829 households. Using Cochran's formula, the number of samples needed to complete the questionnaire was obtained. The food insecurity scale method has been used. Research findings show that 24% households have food security, 24.08% have food insecurity without hunger, 24.31% have food insecurity with moderate hunger, and 27.61% have food insecurity with severe hunger. Also, the results of Heckman's model show that with a probability of 99%, 11 economic and social factors are effective in the food security of nomadic households.

The role of nutrition in health and increasing efficiency of humans, and also, human learning has been proven in extensive global research; Therefore, achieving food security is of particular importance among the priorities of each country's development goals. Food security is one of the indicators of quality of life and has a broad concept that is determined by the interaction of a set of biological, economic, social, agricultural and physical factors. Humans need an environment in which to live in peace, and rural settlements have experienced many environmental, ecological, social, cultural, economic, and physical-spatial problems over the past three decades, such as declining incomes and employment, migration, lack of services, and infrastructure facilities which cause instabilities in these settlements. Instability in the geographical areas of developing countries is far greater than in developed countries. The reason is rooted in the economic and social poverty of these societies. Poverty is one of the most important and fundamental issues in the field of rural development. The issue of reducing poverty and creating a higher level of income and employment is one of the most important and key issues in rural development. The changes that have taken place in the form and content of human life throughout history indicate the existence of development. One of the alternative strategies that can lead to the development of this community and complement other development strategies in these areas is the development of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is an essential element in poverty alleviation and reducing migration, creating social welfare, preserving the characteristics of traditional culture, preserving traditional contexts, creating job opportunities alongside agricultural and livestock activities in rural areas. In general, tourism leads to the economic development of the local community and improves the quality of life in rural areas. Therefore, in recent years, the importance of the tourism industry as a way to reduce rural poverty, especially in developing countries, has been considered by policymakers. Therefore, in this study, the impact of sustainable tourism on the food security of rural households is examined, and it is expected that the results will be used by the economic planners of the countries. Important questions in this regard include: What is the relationship between food security and sustainable rural tourism in the study area?2. Which dimension of sustainable tourism has the greatest impact on the food security of rural households?

The statistical population of the present study consists of households of rural target villages, rural managers of the city, experts and elites. According to the Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, this city has 10 tourist target villages. In 2016, 10 target villages for tourism had 3038 households with a population of 11174 members. Using the Cochran's formula, the number of samples which is required to complete the 380 household questionnaire was calculated. In the present study, the method of data collection as a library and questionnaire, for analysis of information from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test and path analysis), and for calculating food security, both methods of food insecurity scale and the calorie standard are used. On a food insecurity scale, questions do not directly address nutritional quality, but cover the household's understanding of changes in food quality, regardless of the actual food composition. In this model, household food security is measured by food security score. Thus, questions in 18 sections, which include a specific set of experiences, characteristics, and behavioral patterns that may occur in a family with food insecurity, are assessed from the households.

Following the research and to analyze the effects of sustainable tourism on the food security of rural households, Pearson correlation test has been used. The results show that the most influential indicator between food security and sustainable tourism indicators is economic stability in the village. Test results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between food security and sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism increases employment and income generation, which contributes to economic stability in the region. After the economic sustainability index in sustainable tourism, the social sustainability index has the greatest impact on food security, and the social sustainability index creates food security by making changes in people's attitudes and customs regarding food consumption. At this step of the research, using three sustainable tourism indicators, the effects of sustainable tourism on food security in the study area have been analyzed.

To analyze the path, first a regression was obtained between the dependent variable (food security) and the independent variable (sustainable tourism indicators) and in the rest of the steps, each with the highest beta (BETA) was assumed to be the dependent variable and the other variables were assumed to be the independent variable. At this step, food security is considered as a dependent variable and sustainable tourism indicators are also considered as independent variables. According to the results of the path analysis test, the economic stability index has the highest beta (0.425), which indicates the most effective dimension of sustainable tourism in food security. As a result, the study of the effects of sustainable tourism on food security in the studied villages also shows a higher impact of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism than other dimensions.

One of the most important and effective dimensions of human security, food security is access. There is a need for food including human physiological needs of human existence-threatening. This requirement will continue until the person is alive. Among the factors contributing to food security, food security is a necessary prerequisite for the realization. The present study analyzes the economic factors affecting the food security of rural households have been investigated. The research and application of analytical methods is of the essence. Zanjan Township in 1390, the rural population has 97,225 people, 26,429 households, 13 rural and 248 are inhabited. 54 rural and 290 households using a modified formula Cochrane was selected as the sample size. An archive and field data collection (questionnaire) for data analysis, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (regression) and to calculate the amount of food security and food insecurity scale method is used. he results show that only 33.5 percent of households with food security and Geographic factors, housing size, housing quality, the garden area, the amount of land irrigated, rained land rates, savings rates, the price of the vehicle, the number of small animal, large animal numbers, guardianship, access to credit, many go to town and buy food from the center of the food security of rural households is effective.

Rural societies, which are meeting more than two-third of food supplies, play an important role in providing food security in Iran. But, there are evidences which indicate that the situation of food security is unsuitable in comparison with urban areas. This situation result from some reasons that have not been considered yet. Therefore, this research is aimed at measuring food security and delineating its future challenges in Iran rural areas. To do this, household House Holder in 24 rural settlements were selected in Badr District as a case study. In quantitative section, for measurement of food security, a standard an international questionnaire from United States agricultural ministry were used, which its validity and reliability had been confirmed in several studies. In this phase, 175 of household House Holder were estimated as statistical sample and their point of views were examined. In qualitative part, data, which were collected from interview with key and knowledgeable, were continued until reaching to theory saturation by using purposeful sampling and snowball method and collected data were analyzed using Ground Theory Method. The results of quantitative section showed that food security is in an unsuitable situation, around 6.3% of persons placed in food security situation, 9.7% of persons in food insecurity without hunger, 25.1% of persons in food insecurity with moderate hunger and 58.9% of persons in in food insecurity with severe hunger. So, based on these results, there isn’t any significant relationship among studied rural areas in terms of food security. The results of qualitative section in relation to food security challenges also showed that there are five main challenges about food security in study area, which have a continuum relationship with each other. These challenges are: weak of policy making, weak of economic situation, continuum, environmental hazards, cultural obstacles, social changes and agricultural unsustainability.

Food security is a key element in individual's mental, psychological, and physical health. Meanwhile, the food insecurity is a serious problem, especially in the underdeveloped and developing countries. Although availability, access, utilization, and stability are noted in the food security definitions, it seems that there are factors beyond the framework, which affect food security. Food insecurity depends on the consumption behavior and its underlying factors. In the meantime, the feeding pattern and habits, derived from the culture and knowledge of nutrition, also affect human health. The current study, in terms of the nature, is a quantitative research, and in terms of purpose is an applied research. The information was collected by a 2-part questionnaire including the researcher-made questionnaire and the household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS). A number of 258 heads of rural households was selected as the study sample from 11 villages in Kermanshah County, Iran, using the multistage sampling method. The results showed that while more than 58.5% of the rural households were in food security or mild food insecurity status, about 14.7% of the households faced with severe food insecurity. Results of structural equation modeling showed that nutrition knowledge had a negative and significant impact on food insecurity. The results also showed that nutrition knowledge had an indirect effect on food insecurity through nutrition culture, which should be considered in the food security studies.

1. Human as the main component of society and economy had a requirement that food security and healthy food nutrition was initially and major. Food insecurity and hungry can be affect on human health in the first stage, and social and psychological consequences in addition. Food security is a complex condition that its dimensions were availability, access, utilization and stability. The ability to access food rests on two pillars: economic and physical access. Economic access is determined by disposable income, food prices and the provision of and access to social support. Physical access is determined by the availability and quality of infrastructure. Ttherefore, monitoring food security and mitigating food insecurity in the any community was necessary. The purpose of study was to investigate food insecurity and its related factors in rural female headed households in the Islamabad Qarb county.
2. This study was a descriptive survey research and the statistical population of the study was rural women heads of household in the Islamabad Qarb county. 107 heads of household were selected by random sampling method. Data collection was accomplished by using questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the participants. The stundardaized questionnaire were used that the questionnaire was validated by a 5-member panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed through pre-test of data tool and Cronbach Alpha (α=0.92). To assess the level of food security, HFIAS index, regression and discriminate analysis were used for food security analyzing.
3. Results showed that 25.2 percent of households were in food secure level. Also results showed the other heads of household in low insecure level (51.4 percent), 21.5 percent in moderate level and 1.9 percent in severe food insecurity level. The results of HFIAS analysis showed the most of household food insecurity refers to food that family members do not like, because it was not possibility for providing proper foods. The results of the regression analysis were explained four factors including to: knowledge, supporting organization, the number of dependents and income that it explained 62% of the total variance of food insecurity. Also, the four levels of food insecurity were approved and appropriately fitted by discriminate analysis.
4. Final strategy is empowerment of rural women not is support and taking dependent to government. But in early stage, social protection and other measures that increase the incomes of poor families to buy food, they can have an even more positive effective and spur rural development, by creating employment opportunities, equitable opportunities for women in rural development.
Some of the most important factors in reducing the problems of rural women heads of household were: creating job opportunities, appropriate supportive mechanisms behalf of government, making of appropriate culture for families to support of training for mentioned families, and training of skills for home based business.
Ultimately, rural women's empowerment, political stability, effective governance, uninterrupted long-term commitments to mainstreaming food security and nutrition in policies and programmers are key to the reduction of rural women's hunger and malnutrition. So it can be expected that those factors which had high priority will contribute to related actors and organizations to apply food security of rural women heads of household strategies. It can be expected that those factors which had high priority will contribute to related actors and organizations to apply food security of rural women heads of household strategies.

Introduction The interaction and mutual cooperation of rural and urban areas in developing countries is different from the developed ones. The type of relations between villages and town can affect different aspects of rural lifestyle, one of them is its effect on food security. Researches show that the range of effectiveness of such relations include property, the use of new technology, supporting relatives and acquaintances, availability of local markets, pricing policy and market access, development of off-farm income, and consequently, availability of foodstuffs, and increase of food variety and consumption that can all affect food security. Due to the increasing flow of urbanization in Zanjan County, in this research we are studying the economic rural-urban relations on food security. There are two main questions mentioned here: How is the security status of food among rural households? How can we define the economic rural-urban relations on food security?
Methodology This is an applied study which has been done using descriptive- analytical method of research. Rural households from villages of Zanjan County contain the statistical society of the present study. In 1390, there was 97225 villagers, 26429 rural households, 13 rural districts, and 248 inhabited villages in Zanjan County. Among these, a number of 14 villages have been selected as samples using modified Cochran formula. Since it was required to select 54 out of 248 villages to study in case analysis, all the 248 villages were checked to recognize how far they are from the urban area. Then, they have classified into 5 groups. Finally, using simple random sampling, due to the frequency of each population class, 54 of them have selected randomly. Those 54 villages, contain of 11662 rural households and a population of 289547 people. Because of using the household unit as the analytical unit of the research, the required number of then for accomplishing the questionnaires has been calculated 290 households within Cochran formula. The required data has been collected by the use of library and field (for questionnaires) methods. Data have been analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney U and T groups). To calculate the amount of food security two methods of food insecurity scale and standard calories have been used.
Discussion and conclusion Findings from the study implies low food security within the studied rural households. Classifying food security within the rural households based on food insecurity scale indicates that only 31.1 percent of them are taking advantage of food security, the rest 68.9 % are struggling against food insecurity. The followings are reported according to the descriptive findings obtained due to the different times of rural household's visits to the town: 11.54 % visit the town once a week, 17.77% twice a week, 16.44% three times a week, 26.66% four times a week, and 27.59% five times a week or more. In other indicators, no significant effect has reported within the economic relations of villages and towns. Maybe it is because of the weak rural-urban relations within the studied areas. Therefore, the followings are suggested according to the new findings of the study:- By strengthening agricultural infrastructures in the villages of high environmental potentials it will be possible to accelerate the process of agricultural development of the studied area, create appropriate conditions for money-making, and improve food security.
- Considering the impact of direct selling of agricultural products on food security, the government can make a vital role by its broad support of guaranteed purchase of agricultural products to increase food security and incomes of rural households.
- In the studied villages, the improvement of rural routes and shops can increase the access of rural households to food.
- Development of tourist-oriented activities in high potential villages can provide a good condition of rural-urban relation formation.