جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "households" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

This research trying to analyze the quality of reconstructed urban services and visage in Bam city after 1382 earthquake. At present, more than 10years have passed from the earthquake occurrence and Bam city is reconstructed for inhabitants living. So the research main questions are presented here: 1) Do the prospect quality and constructed districts services of Bam city have differences with each other? 2) Is there any relation between the prospect quality and Bam city districts services after the earthquake with social-economic condition? The research method is descriptive-analytic. In this research the prospect quality concept and district services were defined based on 6 indices and 39 sub indices. The weights of each index were obtained through the group AHP method. Needed data gathered by households, experts and field questionnaires. For testing hypotheses used causal-comparative and correlation methods. Sample size calculated by Cochran's method (311 households). Sampling has done by cluster and random methods. Gathered data were analyzed by: One-way ANOVA and Tukey-test at first hypotheses; and correlations methods at second hypotheses. The results showed that the quality of reconstructed residential environment in Bam is different between various neighborhoods. Also, the results of correlation test showed that general quality have significant relation with literacy, income, occupation and socio-economic status at 99 percent of confidence. According to the findings, physical quality at society scale has socio-economical aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously.

IntroductionToday, improving and increasing the inhabitant environment quality is the main purpose of the civil planner policies. In this study, the improper location of the physical elements and the urban land uses, the inefficient street network, the compact urban fabric, the high urban density, the improper condition of infrastructures, and the lack of civil open spaces and some other items are such matters which have the main role in increasing the vulnerability of cities to earthquake. In this study, in December 26, 2003, Bam was shaking with the intensity of 6.3 Richter during which 30000 people were killed while 30000 people were injured. Most of the city sections were destroyed completely and other parts also were destroyed up to 30 to 70 percent. The reconstruction quality of Bam is discussed according to the harsh earthquake in 2003 in Bam and the construction of a new city afterwards, so, we should have the deep look to the reconstruction after the earthquake as an opportunity for removing development obstacles. In this relation, the evaluation of reconstruction quality of Bam city is very important. So, the research is trying to analyze the differences of the reconstruction quality of Bam neighborhoods after 2003 earthquake with emphasis on household’s socio-economic status.
Theoretical FrameworkDisasters themselves are devastating, but they do provide the opportunity for governments and communities to implement strategies and frameworks that not only recover and reconstruct but also mitigate against the consequences of further disasters. There are a number of different post-disaster reconstruction approaches adopted by the governments after the disasters. The different approaches primarily relate to the amount of control a household possesses over the reconstruction of their homes. The different approaches principally fall into two different reconstruction philosophies the owner-driven reconstruction and donor-driven reconstruction.
The selection of a specific Post-disaster reconstruction approach should be decided on the basis of the results of a damage and the loss assessment conducted after the disaster along with the consultation with the affected communities and the leading disaster agency. However, the main purpose of the reconstruction is sustainable and equal development, the emphasis on low income and weak households and groups, and the minimum differences of reconstruction quality. So, the selection of the suitable planning and management model and continued evaluation of the reconstruction quality and process is necessary to achievement this purposes.
MethodologyIn this study, the research method is analytical-descriptive. The operational definition of reconstruction quality offered in 7 indices and 9 sub-indices, by AHP and SAW methods. The required data are gathered by households, experts, and field questionnaires. The sample is 319 households calculatedTo test the hypothes causal-comparative method is used. The collecteddata are analyzed by One-Way ANOVAs and Tukey test.
Results & DiscussionThe results of One-Way ANOVAs showed that there is a significant difference between Bam neighborhoods in the quality of reconstruction. Also, there is a significant difference in 5 dimensions of quality of reconstruction between neighborhoods. The results also showed that the physical quality of reconstruction is different between various neighborhoods and is not suitable. The considerable point in this research is the meaningful differences of services accessibility in Bam after the reconstruction. The results show lack of attention to the proper accessibility to all families and neighborhoods. This reveals the regeneration of unequal condition that has been before the earthquake.
Results showed that the degree of prospect quality and services is 63, 58, and 53 for high, middle, and low neighborhoods according to the defined scales of 1 to 100, the degrees lower 40 show the low quality, and the degrees between 40 and 60 show the medium quality. Also, the, result showed that the degree of composed index of reconstruction quality is 56/38, 48/54, and 40/99 for the high, middle, and low neighborhoods. Also, in relation to the general I ndex of quality of reconstruction, the results showed that neighborhoods have significant differences at 99% confidence level. So, the quality of reconstruction of bam city is medium and its degree differs between different neighborhoods.
Conclusions & SuggestionsThe result of research shows that the opportunity of reconstruction is not used properly. According to the findings, reconstruction quality at the society scale has socio-economic aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously. Finally, the results are in agreement with this scientific rule that access to reconstruction opportunities is not equal and depends on the socio-economic status of households and the status of other factors of greater and macro scales, such as: government policies, pattern and ability of planning system, government worldview and definition of equity, and the amount of success to implement the equity and sustainable policies.

For vulnerability reduction of cities to earthquake hazard, such as Tehran city, it is necessary to adopt policies based on the accurate recognition of the nature and causes of vulnerability. The excessiveness of non resistant buildings in developing countries and cities such as Tehran, vaises the question that: Why the degree of seismic vulnerability of buildings, especially residential buildings, is different and high. to answer this question, the review of theories of vulnerability and disaster management showed that retrofitting and vulnerability have deep social dimensions. thus, based on the theories of social structure of vulnerability, the purpose of this research is analyzing the effects of socio-economic factors on residential vulnerability of houses of Tehran city. The research method is descriptive- analytical. Sample volume of households calculated by Cochran's method (325), and sampling was done by cluster method. Needed data gathered by household and expert questionnaires, and analyzed by correlation and linear regression methods. The findings showed that there are reverse relation between degree of residential vulnerability of houses and income -0.575, literacy -0.692, employment -0.825, socio-economic status -0.665, risk perception -0.326. According to the result of linear regression analysis, 83 percent of changes of seismic vulnerability explained. The Conclusion is that, residential vulnerability and retrofitting have deep socio- economic dimensions. So, for buildings retrofitting, in addition to technical and engineering factors, socio-economic factors such as poverty reduction and socio-economic empowerment of households and individuals must take in attention seriously.