جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "intra" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Mixed land use includes various land uses which are adjacent to each other and linked together to accommodate either horizontal or vertical segments adjacent land and within a building to coexistence. Recent urban planning theories, emphasizing on several principles that make the mix use development is one of these principles. Mixed land use effects on travel demands and urban transportation efficiency. This research is applied and methodology in this study is descriptive – analytical that the data collection is the documents (the library) and survey that were collected through questionnaires (designed by the researchers), interviews and surveys. This paper examines the relationship between mixed land use and distribution of intra- neighborhoods and extra-neighborhoods travels. The case studies are two neighborhoods (Chahno and Karmandan) that the Chahno has more mixed land use than Karmandan and we divided types of trips to intra and extra-neighborhoods. It was found that neighborhood with high land use mix reduced automobile travel demands and attract extra-neighborhood trips and the neighborhood with low land use mix have high extra-neighborhood trips. Therefore, findings of this study show that role of mixed land use on attract extra-neighborhood trips and it reduced automobile dependency.

In recent decades the issue of «identity» has gained considerable importanc in social science studies، especially in the field of the Iranian political geography. Some experts argue that the factors affecting this growing process are affected by political، social، economic، regional and global changes، while others consider the existence of modern perspectives and attitudes especially in the field of post-modern thought as the cause of increasing interest in this issue. Certainly، internal factors، especially the Islamic Revolution and its consequences together with regional and global factors have led to more attention to the issue of identity. Meanwhile، ethnic identity has a special place، as Iranian society is composed of different ethnic groups that، throughout history، have contributed to maturity، survival، and sustainablity of Iranian civilization، and despite many ups and downs، have been able to maintain the political life of this country in different ways. In Iran، like other countries composed of ethnic groups، the issues of ethnic identity have been integrated into issues related to national unity and security of the country. In that، because، on the one hand، ethnic identities can play an effective role in the national unity of the country، and on the other hand، they are able to substitute the idea of separatism and disintegration with that of national unity and security by placing their growing expectations and demand. one of the collective identities studied in political geography is “political identity”. According to some، factors such as common history، common interests and shared political fate are some of the factors forming political identity. Studying political identity or political aspects of Kurdish identity requires analysis of the components of political identity among the Kurds. The key question is: “what is the political identity of Kurds and which factors affect their political identity?” According to the main hypothesis of the present study، due to familiarity with new knowledge sources and different local experiences، the Kurds have a fluid political identity. This research is an applied research conducted through library method and descriptive - analytical approach. In the present study، using documents، it has been tried to determine how components such as common history، common interests and shared political fate form Kurdish political identity. The most important element in this regard is investigating «ethnic nationalism» and «inter- and intra-ethnic political conflicts». The results show two basic elements of such movements، namely «seeking help from foreigners» and «internal demands»، while they are in contrast with Kurd ethnic identity but affected by ethnic relations and ethnic identities. Activity of Kurds and Kurdish parties after the Islamic Revolution so far also implies that how these activities have affected political identity of Iranian Kurd people. Based on the research conducted about political identify foundations of the Iranian Kurds، it can be atgued that: first، «ethnic identity» foundations of Iranian Kurds affect their “political identity” because of the associations of their historical roots with Iran and the Iranians history، based on the elements of territory، race / ethnicity، religion، language، customs / traditions، and beliefs / values; second، the study of the foundations of «political identity» of Kurds in Iran indicates that common interests of the Kurds in political areas date back to Kurds’ contemporary history because dividing Kurdish regions among Iran، Turkey، Iraq and Syria have created another fate for the Kurds، dividing Aryan race and Iranian Kurds with Kurdish language and Islamic religion and Shiite religion / Sunnis among the four Countries. Since then، the shared interests among the Kurds within and out of the country and political common fate that have kept them away from each other can be traced as two issues of ethnic nationalism and political conflicts: firstly، Kurd ethnic nationalism in Iran reflects the political diversity in political domain. That is، they are not in complete agreement with both national identity and the official discourse of nationalism in the country. Second، the identity foundations of Kurds and their political performance in recent one hundred years reflect two types of political conflict in the Kurdish region of Iran: first، «intra-ethnic conflict» based on power acquisition or competition among the different Kurd tribes. In these types of conflicts، the behaviors، norms، attitudes and positions of Kurds are mostly affected by the foundations of ethnic identity، structure of ethnic relations and tribal policies governing Kurdish region، such as the impact of tribal politics on performance «SEMCO». Second، «inter-ethnic conflicts» which were first based on preservation of the internal influence of tribes، and later were based on autonomy acquisition or independence. In this group of disputes، the dual elements namely «seeking help from foreigners» and «domestic demand» are important forces of the “political identity of the Kurds” within the triple elements of «common history»، «common interests» and «common political destiny». After the events following the Islamic Revolution، and by increasing the level of education، we witness the gradual increase in political consciousness of Kurds، and the performance of “ethnicity-based nationalism «without» tribal culture«among the Kurds. The Kurds’ political relations are influenced by party relationships and political groupings. Previous experience shows that whenever the central government enjoys a high level of power، it has been able to exert political power on all areas and، in contrats، every time this government is weak، different ethnic groups have upraised in different parts of Iran. In all of these events، due to the promotion of education and assignment of Kurd educated leaders we witness the removal of tribal relationships and emergence of party relationships with ethnic culture combined with some form of ethnic consciousness to gain autonomy. Of course، one can not speak about the political identity of Kurds because there is a long way to the formation of a Kurdish political community forming Kurdish political identity. However، it can be argued that awareness of the fate of the Kurdish political fate that often evokes their innocence، leads to common feeling among the Kurds so that they are demanding common interests trying to get rid of victimization.

One of the effects of unorganized and immethodical growth and congestion of activities in urban areas in our country lies in big crowd and high rate of intra-city traffic accidents. That is why Iran is considered as one of the car accident-arising countries in the world. This article tends to have a general investigation over intra-city traffic accidents in the city of Bandar Anzali and their emerging factors in the citizen's views.
Data are generally gathered through questionnaire in a field study. The results found indicate that weakness in public transportation system with high capacity of carriage, lack of special lane in the main street, apartment building, population increase, and poor public parking spaces are the main factors of crowd congestion and intra-city traffic. Similarly, selling excess building lands by municipality, migration, and narrow passages in old part of the city are the other factors of crowd congestion and intra-city traffic in citizen's views.

Families’ movement from one neighborhood to others neighborhood inside the cities brings up obvious consequences on the formation and changing social domain inside the cities and generally on the social-spatial structure of the cities. In this regard, the entrance of settlers into the city, primary habitation and their movement in the later stages, affects the rate and direction of movements inside the cities to a great extent. Concerning the Iranian cities which are on the one hand still encountered with the wave of immigration from rural areas to urban areas and on the other hand, social-economic changes and lifestyles have made changes in the physical structure and residential patterns, studying why and how residential mobility happens is of particular importance, for accessing the rule of law governing them. Sabzevar is one of Iran intermediate cities and center of Sabzevar Township that located in the Razavi Khorasan Province, where rural migrants constitute about 40% of its population how have migrated to this city over recent decades. The main purpose of this study is to find a reasonable and documented reply to the following basic questions: "in what parts of the city did the rural migrants settle when they first entered this city? How have they changed their place of residence in the next stages? And what elements and variables have affected the process of primary settlement and residential mobility?" The research method is of descriptive and analytical nature and the required data have been gathered through surveying (questionnaire and interview). Theoretical bases: Residential mobility means: movement of the residents of one residential unit in a city to another unit or from a neighborhood to another one in the same city. The residential characteristics of one city or one urban neighborhood are generally developed through localizing behavior or individual decisions or family decisions. Intra -urban movement which covers a wide range of movements made by the family members in various countries can both be voluntar and involuntar. Factors forcing families to change their place of residence in the city, is subject to the desires, ambitions and expectations which in itself it is subject to the family status, education, income, lifestyle and the dweling condition of these families. In addition, physical quality, accessibility to the public services and infrastructure and social identity of various neighborhoods as the attracting and repelling factors play a significant role in the intra urban movements. Findings of this study indicate that the migrants, as they arrived at Sabzevar, majorly settled in the marginal regions and occupied the old texture and in terms of the level of income, they resided at the low income district of the city. High percentage of immigrants expresses their motivation to immigrate because of cheap accommodation, lands and rents (52.8 %) and the proximity to the friends and relatives (29.2%). The residential mobility of the migrants in the stages after the primary residence was chiefly in the low and medium income regions and physically it has taken place at the marginal areas of the city. Of course, these movements have usually been started in the positive direction and have not been from low income toward higher income regions but conversely movements to the regions with lower income have also happened. The correlation testes in this research indicate that there is a significant correlation between the variables such as income, education and the migration record of the migrant families and the direction of their intra-urban movements. Social and physical structure of Sabzevar during the few past decades has been affected by a large number of rural immigrants to this city and the primary residence and their movement in the next stages in various areas of the city. Development of the quasi marginal areas in the city margins, spatial development of Tohid Shahr and affecting on the social structure, evacuation of some middle class and upper middle class families from the central texture of the city and their replacement by the rural immigrants can be referred to as the most important effect. The highest volume of inner city movement of the settlers in has been done the areas with medium and low income and the physical areas of the margin and the old texture. Suggestions: In order to control and manage the residential movement and social-spatial outcomes in Sabzevar and also responding to the demands resulting from these movements, particularly in the housing sector in this city, the following suggestions are presented: For determining and changing residential density in the various areas of the city, dominant processes of intra- urban movements, socio- economic- characteristics, motivations and needs of families interested in movement should be considered. In this regard, it is suggested that the density of the areas with middle class and lower middle class income which have the most residential mobility in them be increased, through observing other civil engineering criteria and rules so that it can respond to the demand in these areas. Implementation of renewal and improvement plans in the old texture and granting benefits and financial facilities and tax incentives to the families residing in these texture, can lead to the revival of residential units in the neighborhoods of this texture and the increasment of attractions of residence for groups with different incomes, especially families with upper middle class income. Continuation of the policy of allocating of Tohid Shahr lands for implementing Mehr Housing Project can prevent from unplanned development of cities on the inappropriate pieces of lands on the margin of the city to some extent and respond to the housing demand especially on behalf of low income groups.