جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « iran » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Climate change is a key factor in most weather-related disasters worldwide. Regarding its distinctive geographical location and diverse climate, Iran has the most variable climate in the world. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the MPI-ESM-LR model from the CMIP5 model series in predicting the monthly temperature of Iran under representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCPs) with the CORDEX-WAS project. In this research, for the historical period of 1980-2005, the daily air temperature data of 49 synoptic stations of the country and the MPI-ESM-LR model under the CORDEX project were used. Likewise, for the future period, from the predicted temperature data of RCP 8.5, RCP 4.5, and RCP 2.6 scenarios of the mentioned model in three periods of the near-future (2021-2050), mid-future (2051-2075) and far-future (2076-2100) was used. Validation of the model was done with three statistical indices: r, RMSE, and MBE. The results revealed that the model has a good performance. The slope of the temperature trend in station data and model data has been increasing in the historical period and the future period in RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 in all months, the temperature trend slope has been observed in every decade. In all months, the maximum anomaly of temperature under the scenarios studied in all three future periods can be seen in the northwest and western highlands. The eastern and southeastern regions of Iran have indicated minimum temperature anomalies, except in RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, respectively, the southern coasts and the northeastern heights of the country also show minimum temperature anomalies. In the cold half of the year, the minimum area of temperature anomaly has been extended to the north-western heights and low-altitude interior regions of the country.

Key actors have the most influence on an issue, issue, activity, strategy or decision, and these actors use a variety of methods in a wide range of management, policy, marketing, futures, etc., issues related to border rivers and It is widely used across borders and in environmental management, and the Aras River, with an area of more than one hundred thousand square kilometers, covers parts of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iran. The part of Aras Basin which is located in Iran is the northwestern tip of the country and on the right bank of the river in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil and a small part of Guilan province, which is about 41% of the total area of Aras Basin. Makes up. The aim of this study was to identify the positions of key Iranian actors in the hydropolitical relations of the border river basin. The research method is analytical-descriptive and the type of research is basic-applied. The tool used in this article is the future research method of Maktor. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Interior and the Environment Organization are the most influential actors in the Ministry of Energy.

In geosciences, morphotectonic indicators are used to investigate the effectiveness of land surfaces from neotectonic activities. In this article, the results of morphotectonic indices by tectonic zones of Iran, according to the energy released from the earthquake of 1900-2009 and the position of the basins relative to the types of faults (young seismic faults), Quaternary and pre-Quaternary) were analyzed. For this purpose, 110 years old Iran seismic data was extracted from the geodatabase, and during the programming process in MATLAB, it was converted from point-vector to surface-raster. In addition the results of the evaluation of morphotectonic indices of 142 basins of different zones were used; 8 inactive basins, 40 semi- active basins, and 94 active basins. Inactive basins are located in Alborz, Zagros, and Central Iran. . The results indicate that the amount of energy released can't examine a significant role in evaluating the morphotectonic indices of the basins. Basin’s location in the area of Quaternary faults and young seismic is of great value in the tectonically active basin. The lie of semi-active basins adjacent to active basins, or the lie of inactive basins adjacent to semi-active and active basins; and it should be borne in mind that the thresholds used to estimate the tectonic activity status of basins cannot be used as a definite and mathematical criterion in estimating the tectonic status of basins.

In the aftermath of the Second World War, the world has witnessed two different eras each with its own features, i.e. the Cold War era or Cold Peace era (1947-1991); and, the current era, which is called the era of globalization or globalizing. Attempts have been made in the present research to study and analyze Iran’s geopolitics in the region in the post-Cold War era and within the condition of power System in the world. The findings of this research show that in the new era, the economic-centered system is based on political arrangements with the aim of gaining upper hand over economic jugular veins and energy, particularly in the Middle East. Hence, the significance and role of the states depend on their economic superiority in which their geographical positions too play an important part. It should be mentioned that the role of regional and extra-regional powers in the developments in all countries, including Iran, in the post-Cold War era, has been under the influence of regional policies of these great powers that have led to differences.

The right to occupational health and safety of employees is recognized as one of the basic human rights in the world community. Based on international human rights documents and their internal system, governments are obliged to protect the safety and health of workers. As an active member of the international community, Iran also has obligations in this field. This research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the duties of the government regarding the right to occupational health and safety, with a comparative approach in international documents and the Iranian legal system. This study uses a descriptive-analytical method and information gathering using library sources to investigate the government's obligations in observing, supporting and implementing occupational health and safety rights. Based on this research, it is necessary for governments to commit to the protection of the right to occupational health and safety, taking into account the national priority, to the extent of their ability and capabilities. Achieving occupational health and safety in Iran can help strengthen human rights, social progress, economic development and reduce public costs.

The political turmoil of the last two centuries in Afghanistan and the unfavorable performance of the four-year Mujahideen government (1371-1975), which resulted in insecurity, corruption and severe cultural and economic poverty, created a suitable environment for the emergence of Taliban in the political scene of Afghanistan. Historically, culturally, and territorially, Afghanistan has a lot in common with Iran. But despite these many commonalities, there are various challenges in the path of convergence of these two countries. purpose of this article is the challenges and opportunities of Iran's foreign policy towards Afghanistan (case study: Taliban government), which is done using the descriptive-analytical method. main question of the research is about the challenges and opportunities of Iran's foreign policy towards Afghanistan in the government. What is Taliban? How is role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the process of war and peace in Afghanistan evaluated? To what extent can history of relations between Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan affect foreign policy of two countries, considering the rule of Taliban? results of research show that challenges such as unclear future of how Taliban will deal with Shiites of Afghanistan and tension over Harivard, as well as Islamic Republic of Iran due to its confrontation with America and presence of this country in Afghanistan, play a role in continuation of war in Afghanistan, and history of relations Islamic Republic of Afghanistan can be influential in foreign policy of two countries due to the Taliban's rule in future in relations between two countries.

The family has been introduced as a social institution resulting from the marriage bond between a man and a woman and is classified as individual and personality. Sometimes, couples face problems in their marital relations that cause them to have conflicts. A person's general evaluation of the marital relationship and the fulfillment of the personal needs, desires, and wishes of the couple determines the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the marital relationship; on the other hand, disagreement is normal in any marital relationship and marital conflicts are one of the common problems of couples, in today's world. Therefore, some call divorce liberating in these circumstances. Divorce means the collapse of the most important institution of socialization in human society. This phenomenon is one of the realities that the family institution in today's world experiences widely. However, this does not mean that the family has not faced this phenomenon in the past. Nevertheless, divorce, like all other phenomena in today's world, has changed in nature and is more of an optional choice; therefore, in Iran, due to the rapid growth of the population during the past decades, there have been consequences such as increased rent living, marginalization, selling body parts, malnutrition, increased begging in the city, child labor, increased hand-selling, and finally divorce and the collapse of foundations. In order to plan and organize the situation of people experiencing poverty, one must first gain the necessary knowledge of their location and spatial distribution in Iran and then solve this challenging problem of the provinces with detailed planning so that the complications and negative consequences can be avoided. Poverty at the provincial level, including divorce, was prevented or moderated. Usually, in social sciences, the number of marriage and divorce cases and their causes and results are investigated. However, geographical discussions emphasize the location of damage in the country's provinces and its contexts. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate the geographical distribution. Divorce is in the provinces of Iran. Therefore, it is tried to investigate the distribution of divorce at the level of the provinces so that the country's administration, social institutions, and charitable organizations can help the target groups with precision and proper planning and take effective steps to reduce the social damage of divorce. 

The lowest divorce rate belongs to Sistan and Baluchistan, Semnan, Chahar Mahal, and Bakhtiari provinces. On the other hand, the highest divorce rate belongs to Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, and North Khorasan provinces. Graphical statistical models were used based on the mean center test and standard deviation ellipse. The average center specifies the central location as the basis of all social damage locations. The standard deviation ellipse, using the standard deviation of the distance of each divorce to the center of the average, determines its dispersion, direction, and position. The average divorce occurred in Isfahan province. The ellipse of the standard deviation of the total divorce under investigation has much accumulation; this shows that the divorce complex is in the direction of the southeast to the northwest, so with a probability of 99%, 70% of the divorce area is 6.368836.

 The results indicated that most divorce spots in the east are in Razavi, South, and North Khorasan provinces due to the size of the provinces and population. Also, most of the cold spots are in the northwestern provinces. It can be said that in the upper and middle classes, the main issue is not economy and livelihood but cultural factors related to changes in society's values and attitudes, including in the field of marriage, giving priority to the family, and having a negative perception of divorce, which conflicts with the research findings. Akhoi Samrin's research in 2016 showed that the lack of love and intimacy is the central category of Al. It is similar to the research findings. The category of not being ready for marriage and not going through the marriage process is one of the causal conditions for collapsing marriages. Cultural issues and economic issues were placed under the intervening conditions and categories such as addiction, inappropriate current family structure, lack of marital compatibility, sexual factors and problems, inappropriate relationship with the main families, family history, and personality problems were among the background factors effective in divorce. The results showed that the use of ineffective communication and emotional strategies led to consequences such as feeling tired, lonely, hopeless, hatred for one's spouse, and finally, the desire for divorce, which conflicts with the research findings. The main limitation of the research is the non-cooperation of the country's civil registration organizations, the General Justice, and other related organizations and not providing information about divorce constant problems in the geographic information system software (Crack). As a result, the country's hot spots and centers of divorce have been formed in this region of the northeast and east of the country, and it is indicative of the high incidence of divorce in this region. Therefore, to take the necessary measures to reduce the phenomenon of divorce in the province, it seems necessary to plan carefully to reduce the factors.

Dengue fever is Chickenpox is a contagious and viral disease that is transmitted by two species of Aedes Egyptian mosquitoes and Aedes albopicus mosquitoes and is spreading rapidly in the world. The main purpose of this study is to model the spatial distribution of carriers of this disease in Iran. Due to the lack of sufficient carrier data in the country, carrier data available worldwide and also in Asia, in two different scales were used. Among the most important aspects of this research, we can name the use of heterogeneous layer as an auxiliary factor to analyze the presence points and reduce spatial autocorrelation and the use and comparison of two species distribution models based on presence data for Selecting the optimal modeling method. In this regard, first, using the maximum entropy method (MaxEnt) and a type of genetic algorithm called GARP (GARP), the level of habitat suitability in the world with a spatial resolution of 5 km for both species was modeled. To evaluate the mentioned models, the variables of population density, climate, vegetation density, altitude and soil organic carbon were considered. Due to the high accuracy of the MaxEnt method, using this method, the habitat suitability of the Asian continent with a resolution of 900 m was modeled for both species. The values under the curve (AUC) for the two types of carriers were calculated to be 0.9. The results showed that the northern and southern provinces of the country have higher habitat suitability for both species, with the difference that Aedes aegypti species in the southern to eastern parts of the Oman Sea coast has a higher probability of distribution. In implementing the MaxEnt method for Aedes albopicus, the provinces in western Iran were also identified as desirable, which was not properly modeled on a smaller scale. In February 2016, unfortunately, a small number of mosquitoes and AIDS mosquito eggs were discovered in Bandar Lengeh, which was exactly what this research had predicted. The results of this study can be used in line with planning for population management of these vector insects to control the disease at the same time as monitoring populations during epidemic seasons.

According to scientific evidence, the concentration of large amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to an increase in temperature not only at the Earth's surface but also in the troposphere. Despite short-term fluctuations, evidence indicates ongoing global heat accumulation. At night, after sunset, the short rays are no longer present and the outgoing long rays determine the air temperature. Therefore, the nighttime temperature is particularly influenced by variations in greenhouse gases, including CO2. A portion of the Earth's long-wave radiation passes through the atmospheric windows, while the rest is sent back to the Earth's surface as long-wave radiation by greenhouse gases. This process is crucial for maintaining the Earth's temperature balance, particularly during nights and the winter season. In this study, the AIRS sensor images were utilized for the first time to analyze nighttime temperature and carbon dioxide levels in Iran. Research and studies in this regard help managers and planners to raise awareness and promote climate policies to reduce and prevent possible risks caused by changes in the amount of carbon dioxide emissions and, as a result, climate change.

To investigate the changes in CO2 and night temperature and to assess the effect of carbon dioxide on the night temperature variable from 2003 to 2016 (January, May, July and November), monthly and seasonal time series graphs were examined. The Mann-Kendall test was used to assess the significance or non-significance of the trends and the type of trend. Pearson's correlation test and inverse non-linear regression were used for statistical analysis of night temperature and CO2 data. Night temperature maps were produced and classified using the IDW interpolation method.

Statistical analysis of the average night temperature distribution in Iran showed that the average temperature at the end of the study period (2016) was 0.42 o K higher than the average for the entire study period. The highest fluctuations in night temperature were associated with the winter season and the months of November and January, and the lowest fluctuations were associated with the summer season and July. The seasonal average trend of CO2 was completely increasing in all seasons and showed little fluctuation. Based on the distribution of the seasonal mean night temperature, the minimum night temperature was observed in the Northwest, Alborz, Zagros, and North Khorasan regions in all seasons. The southern coasts and southern coastal cities from Khuzestan province to Sistan and Baluchistan province, as well as the Kavir and Lut deserts, have the maximum night temperature in all seasons. Based on the average night temperature maps from 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2016, the spatial distribution of night temperatures in Iran shows an increase in January in certain central areas. These areas include parts of Semnan, Yazd, Isfahan, South Khorasan, and southeastern Iran. According to the results of the Mann-Kendall test, the trend of night temperature in July was upward and significant, and the trend of CO2 was upward and significant in all months. According to the results of Pearson's test, the night temperature in July has a high correlation (0.66) with CO2. The results of the non-linear regression model between the two variables showed that, with a coefficient of determination of 0.44, the maximum CO2 had the greatest influence on the maximum July night temperature during the study period.

According to the results of this research, the relationship between the rising trend of night temperature and carbon dioxide in July has been confirmed. Thus, the possibility of increasing night temperatures due to increasing carbon dioxide emissions in different regions of the world can be the subject of research by scientists. It should also be noted that in long-term trends there are sometimes periodic changes that last more than a year. If another study and research related to the subject of the present research is conducted and a longer time series (several decades) is studied, perhaps the dominant trend in Iran will show different conditions.

The emission of greenhouse gases is the main cause of global warming and environmental problems. The agricultural sector is one of the major sources of emissions so one-third of the greenhouse gas emissions in the world are related to agricultural systems. Today, forecasting is considered an important planning tool for policymakers. Forecasting the amount of greenhouse gas emissions can show a picture of the future for policymakers and help them in making strategic decisions. There are various methods for predicting variables. This study aims to compare the methods of forecasting and the emission trend of the most important greenhouse gases (methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide) from Iran's agricultural sector. The necessary statistics and information were collected annually between 1990 and 2019 from the websites of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Bank, and the energy balance sheet of the Ministry of Energy, and to predict the variables from univariate methods of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), single exponential smoothing with trend, double exponential smoothing with trend, Holt-Winters multiplicative and Holt-Winters additive and multivariate model of vector autoregressive were used. Based on the research findings, methods of Holt-Winters additive, artificial neural network, and single exponential smoothing with trend provided the best forecast for methane gas, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide, respectively. The results showed that the emission trend of methane and nitrogen oxide gases will be downward and the amount of carbon dioxide emission will be upward. The results can help predict the greenhouse gases released from the agricultural sector and apply appropriate policies accordingly.

Climate change is likely to intensify hydrological cycles and affect the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall.An increase in extreme rainfall in recent years has led to the assumption that climate change has made extreme rainfall non-stationary. Nonstationarity is defined as a change in the parameters of the probability distribution function due to the influence of time variables or other physical variables .The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the non-stationarity of extreme rainfall in Iran.The AIC value was calculated to determine whether the extreme rainfall follows the stationary or non-stationary model. The non-stationary GEV distribution was used to analyze the frequency of extreme rainfall. The return period of extreme rainfall was calculated based on the maximum temperature and the average annual temperature. It was observed that the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall were non-stationarity due to an increase in the temperature and no spatially uniform pattern was observed in non-stationarity across the country. Related to the maximum temperature variable, the intensity of extreme rainfall was significantly decreased in 6 stations, including Hamedan, Shiraz, Shahr-e Kord, Zahedan, Iranshahr, and Shahroud. On the other hand, the trend of nonstationarity in Kerman has been significantly increasing with increasing maximum temperatures. Only two stations, Zahedan and Arak, were found to be significantly non-stationary concerning the annual mean temperature, and both stations showed a decreasing trend.

Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. 

Understanding of competitive advantages, tourist behavior, and local attractions that appeal to tourists is crucial for effective tourism planning and management. In recent times, various types of data have been utilized in destinations to gain insights into tourists' behavioral patterns and develop competitive advantages. One prominent type of data that has gained popularity is tourist-generated photos taken at different destinations and tourist attractions. As visitors explore a destination, they capture photos that reflect their personal interpretation of the natural, social, physical, and cultural attractions they encounter. These photos and videos serve as a valuable source of information about diverse tourist destinations and sharing them on the internet and public virtual platforms allows for the dissemination of beauty, cultural richness, destination value, lifestyle, and specific activities. In the age of the internet, many tourists share their travel photos on social media and online galleries to document and share their experiences with friends and family. The choice of photos for uploading and sharing reflects their personal opinions about the visited destinations, which directly influence other travel and tourism enthusiasts, as a picture is worth a thousand words. In other words, photos or images play a vital role in conveying the image of a tourism destination and nowadays, travel destinations are predominantly promoted through captivating photographs. Therefore, the photos shared by tourists have the potential to disseminate their experiences related to the lifestyle, cultural aspects, activities, livelihood, and natural attractions of local communities.

The objective of this study was to identify tourist categories from various countries and analyze their perceptions and behavioral patterns in rural tourism destinations in Iran. The analysis was conducted through visual content analysis of the photos taken by tourists. All rural areas of Iran with photos published on Flickr by tourists were included in the study. In the past, accessing such images presented methodological challenges. However, in the digital age, many tourists willingly share their photos online and provide geotags, making it relatively easy to access a representative collection of photographs for a specific destination. Building upon the work of Zhang et al. (2019), visual content analysis was employed in this study. The systematic and observational method was utilized to explore how this phenomenon was represented. This method enabled the categorization of observable content into distinct groups. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos. Initially, the visible themes and specific features of the collection were described followed by the identification of the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories. Subsequently, the relevant items were coded. 

In total, 21 distinct scenes were identified from the analysis of the photos. The analysis of photos shared by tourists from different countries revealed variations in their perceptions of rural scenery. European and North American tourists primarily focused on rural houses and landscapes. Asian tourists showed a greater interest in religious buildings and rural houses. Historical sites and rural houses attracted more North American tourists. Similarly, tourists from Oceania expressed a strong interest in historical sites and wildlife. Moreover, the analysis of differences among various continents in terms of the 21 scenes perceived by tourists indicated that most tourists from four continents perceived scenes, such as historical sites, rural houses, traditional attire, and rural lifestyle. These scenes were found to capture the interest of tourists from different continents and cultures. However, scenes depicting cooperation among villagers, music, rivers, and transportation routes were primarily noticed and appreciated by European tourists. The spatial distribution analysis of foreign tourists' trails in rural destinations provided insights into their overall behavioral patterns. According to the ArcGIS output, European tourists had the most extensive trail coverage. Meymand Village in Kerman Province and Abyaneh Village in Isfahan Province were the most observed trails for European tourists. Notably, both villages are UNESCO World Heritage sites in Iran and boast unique and distinctive architectural styles compared to other villages. In terms of trail distribution, North American tourists ranked second with a majority of their trails observed in Abyaneh and Nazarabad villages, both located in Isfahan Province. Asia ranked third in terms of trail distribution after Europe and North America with most trails observed in Chak Chak Village. This village located in Yazd Province holds significant religious importance as one of the holiest places of worship for Zarathustra's followers.

This study aimed to investigate and analyze the perceptions and behavioral patterns of foreign tourists in rural destinations. The findings highlighted the diverse range of tourist attractions in Iranian rural areas, which offered significant tourism opportunities for foreign tourists and served as a competitive advantage for rural destinations. These attractions had a direct impact on tourists' interest and engagement. Considering the varied preferences and perceptions of foreign tourists towards rural destinations, the management organizations responsible for rural tourism can adopt tailored marketing strategies to effectively promote rural tourism destinations. For example, specific rural tourism packages can be designed and marketed to cater to the preferences of tourists from Asian and Oceanian countries, aligning with their perceptions. Furthermore, based on the observed behaviors of tourists, it is evident that greater emphasis should be placed on promoting rural tourist attractions that offer captivating landscapes and historical and ancient sites, as well as social and cultural experiences. These elements are the key factors in attracting and engaging foreign tourists in rural destinations. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlighted the importance of understanding tourists' perceptions and behaviors in rural tourism destinations. By leveraging the diverse attractions and adopting targeted marketing strategies, rural destinations in Iran can enhance their appeal and competitiveness in the global tourism market.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in Iran's climate zones during the periods 1965-1975, 1976-1985, 1986 -1955, 1996-2005, 2006-2015. For this purpose, the weather data (minimum, maximum, average), humidity (minimum, maximum, average), rainfall, wind and sunshine for 411 synoptic stations during the period 1965 to 2015 were collected and analyzed by the Iran’s Meteorological Organization. Moreover, the Asafzari database was also used in two sections. The first section was formed with the help of 1434 stations from the beginning of 1961 to 2004 and the second section from 2004 to 2015 with the help of 960 stations. At first, factors influencing the climate of Iran were analyzed using factor analysis and then clustered using cluster analysis. In order to validate the identified areas, Silhouette Index (SI) was used. The results showed that most of the spatial variations during the five periods studied were very hot and dry (very low rainfall and high temperature), warm and dry (low rainfall and high temperatures), and cold and dry (low rainfall and low temperature) so that each of these three areas, for example, the cold and dry (low rainfall and low temperature) areas, reduces. On the contrary, the size of the two other areas increased. This dimension of change in the first and second period has been quite evident. The results of the silhouette analysis also showed that more than 92 percent of the Iran’s zones were located right in their group, which indicates the high validity of the identified areas.

The polar vortex and Azores subtropical high pressure is considered the most obvious and permanent feature of the hemispheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere, and the increase or decrease of their intensity index and expansion index at the level of 500hPa  pressure level is the main determinant of dry and wet periods in mid-latitudes and Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explain the changes of these two systems in winter and summer. The maps and graphs of the monthly average of the polar vortex and the high pressure subtropical in Iran's atmosphere have shown significant changes in these two factors. The results showed that the surface and intensity index of the polar vortex had a downward trend and the representative of this system has regressed by about 2 degrees towards higher latitudes. The high-pressure indicators near the Azure tropics have been increasing in the summer season; So that in the last decade of studies, about 97 percent of the country's area has been under the control of this system, and the system's representative has progressed from the latitude of 36.15 degrees in the first decade to the latitude of 38.64 degrees in the last decade.

Considering the country's need for livestock products, it is very necessary to establish and develop dairy cattle breeding units in the country. On the other hand, there are many challenges in the value production chain of this sector. The aim of the current research is to identify the challenges of the dairy cow value production chain.

This research is descriptive in terms of practical purpose, in terms of control of field variables and in terms of data collection method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population was specialists, activists and experts in the dairy cattle production sector in Iran. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and content validity method, respectively. Data analysis was done using SPSS software at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics.

According to the results, the most important challenges are, in order of providing financial resources, challenges related to eugenics centers, and administrative and organizational challenges (first to third ranks). Environmental challenges, challenges of cattle products supply and sales centers, and challenges of livestock products transformation and processing industries are in the last ranks (twelfth to fourteenth) of this category.

in all challenges, the rank average of each challenge category is higher than its median value, and the average difference in all challenges with the median value is statistically significant.