جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "low" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Housing is a multi-dimensional structure, and it has, economical, social and environmental aspects in addition to physical features. In fact, all these aspects form performance and acceptance of housing. Housing planning for low-income groups, has been one of the major challenges in developing countries. But, the low-income housing is seen only a roof over head in most cases, due to technical and financial constraints. The Mehr housing plan is one of the most expensive low-income housing policies in Iran. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of these policies (with regard to the sustainability of the housing) and to create a measure for evaluating its performance. This research is a descriptive and analytical type. Data collection was done by two survey and library methods. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The multiple and linear regression models, as well as T-test were used. The results showed that the average of all the indicators is below the mean in the fourth level of the model and accessibility sub-criterion has been minimum average among others. Only the quantitative dimension is equal to theoretical average in the third level conceptual model of research. In the second level of model, only the economic dimension has been mediocre. The sustainability housing index (which is a combination of four dimensions), is lower than the average in the first level of model. In addition, the results of the regression analysis showed that housing sustainability and its sub-criteria were affected the Mehr housing performance indicators greatly.

One of the elements of the permanent development is housing. Unlike everyday used goods, housing, after fulfilling the need for it, would become a kind of investment since it gets value continually. Other than its economical value, it increases in value and demand due to its social, cultural, body-physical, psychological, health (spiritually and physically). Low-income groups of different societies, generally, are incapable of providing appropriate house thanks to economical (financial) problems and intense increase in the price of housing. Also, the ability of such groups to save money and making use of government facilities is limited. Such a condition in a defective cycle will, always, bring about a gap among offer and demand, effective demand, and potential housing demand amongst these weak groups. Kurdistan Province is considered as one of the critical regions of Iran according to norms of housing inventory and housing investment and the rate of house-ownership is too low in its first five Decile. Allthe above mentioned reasons have caused housing a serious question so that homelessness and home-badness is slipping towards higher Deciles.
The study is a fundamental-applied one and has adopted a qualitative and quantitative method for analyzing its data. The required information and statistics for analysis and investigations such as society’s income Deciles, the area of a home to Decile, owners/tenants per cent, financial capabilities, and absolute-relative line of poverty are collected from the authentic source of Iran Census Center.
Quantitative analyses are performed through indirect method functions and Stone-Garry Function. At last, for estimating and calculating the absolute line of poverty EVIEWS software, and for the relative line of poverty SPSS and Excel software were used.
Investigating the index of the area owned by urban families in the province demonstrates that in the studied period, we have witnessed a drastic decrease. This decrease in the lower Deciles of the society equals to 38% of the beginning of the period and 28% in the highest Decile.
Ownership rate has shown a general decrease, too. The average rate of 82.63% in 1375 has lessened to 61.4% in 1385. The percentage of tenants’ population in all Deciles has grown and, on the average, moved from 13.68% in1375 to 26.83% in 1385.
The proportion of tenants in high-income Decilewas 5 timesmore than low-income one at the beginning of the period. However, at the end of the period, the proportion was 4.6 times.
Employment rate has accelerated partially so that in the first Decile with 21.05% in 1375 has reached 50% and totally it has grown to 78.5% from 74.74%.
The proportion of food cost to total costs among non-owner families id more than 32%. And the cost of housing has formed the major portion of the cost of such families.
For investigating financial capability of different Deciles regarding house provision, indirect function has been applied which suggests a large amount of difference among different income Deciles according to the function results so that the first six Deciles , literally, cannot afford house provision, at least 60m2; however, the tenth Decile has an unusual ability. At the end, the researcher has tried to identify absolute line of poverty through Stone-Garry Function Method and EVIEWS software and relative line of poverty- the basis was half and 2/3 of median rate which is 75m2 based on 1390 plan of urban families’ cost and income. Accordingly, the absolute line of poverty of housing is 50m2 and the relative line of poverty with half of median rate is 37.5m2, and with 2/3 of median rate is 50m2. Therefore, 13.7% of urban families are living under absolute line of poverty, 6.5% are under relative line of poverty (half of the median rate), and 17% are underrelative line of poverty (2/3 of the median rate).
The results of the study suggest that there are numerous principal problems in the realms of housing economy and market. Furthermore, one can witness the impacts of several factors in housing sector such as economy’s major condition, inflation rate, the growth in the price of land, the growth in the price of construction material, growth in the gap between effective demand and potential demand, the low amount of government’s bestowed facilities for either purchasing or building house, and applying rigid rules and regulations regarding house construction.
All the above-mentioned factors have caused a harsh situation for low-income groups of people for obtaining appropriate house. In addition, as time passes, it has been becoming worse. Hence, during the period of the study, the inability of people regarding providing suitable house has slipped to the middle Deciles of the society which was only 3.
Based on what has been discussed, applying some proper strategies, policies, and decisionsseems necessary in order to provide the required (economical, legal, cultural, and urban civilization) factors for low-income groups. Some steps like reforming urban civilization’s rules and regulations, facilitating construction license, increasing facilities related to purchasing/building house, collecting suitable rules and regulations concerning gradual house construction,adopting applied steps to decrease brokerage in land and housing market, and to decrease taxes related to housing sectormust be taken.
Guidelines:Using the potential of the local environment (materials, labor Vnyrvy) for the manufacture and supply of housing and a positive attitude in recognition of informal settlements,Department of Financial Management - Legal and urban households in need of support,Creating an efficient financial system for the provision of housing for low-income groups,The actual transfer of land to build housing for low-income groups and identify them,Potential deterioration of tissues to provide housing for low-income groups, the reformist approach is based on the empowerment of low-income groups.
Politics:Detailed and accurate identification and implementation of policies to help low-income groups by ID,Establish clear lines of credit to finance a special fund of funds identified,Increasing the supply of rental housing acquisition condition,Promote ways of a making incremental housing - further decreases the share of the cost of housing for vulnerable groups,Buying and selling land and housing management repeatedly applying clear rules and strong enough to prosecute enforcement actions.

Cyclonicity Index in upper level (surface level) may indicate the effects of trough (cyclone) or ridge (anticyclone) pattern over an area. The goal is to create Daily Cyclonicity Indices (DCI) in 500 and 700hPa level over Khorasan province focusing on Mashhad in 1948-2010 period as well as to estimate the frequencies (days/year) of upper circulation types and effect of DCI on temperature and precipitation in region. Daily means of geopotential maps in 500 (and 700) hPa level (23011 numbers) were extracted from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Published by NOAA. In upper level five types of atmospheric circulation are diagnosed as follows: area influenced by trough line (TL), trough edge (TE), geopotential col or unclassified pattern (COL), ridge edge (RE) and ridge line (RL). Time series of DCI were then resulted. The frequency averages annually in the total period for the circulation types, TL, TE, COL, RE and RL, are respectively 67, 15, 111, 105 and 66 (days/year). This research showed that the Khorasan area are under: low geopotential height (trough pattern: TL+TE) in 23% of days/year, geopotential col (or unclassified) in 13% of days/year, high geopotential height (ridge pattern: RL+RE) in 47% of days/year. Coverage area of DCI is estimated to be about 300km radius from the center point (over 280,000km2) that extracted from the mean of atmospheric wavelengths. Correlation coefficient between DCI and temperature (precipitation) in monthly scale is -81% (50%).

Sudan Systems are low-pressure systems which originate from the Red Sea and their low-pressure isoheights are detectable around south of the Red Sea، Sudan and Ethiopia. The system، in cold seasons passes Ethiopia، Sudan and Red Sea and reaches to west of Iran and results in severe rainfalls in northwest، west and southwest of Iran. In all these synoptic-dynamic systems، low-pressure isobars or low isoheights are considerable. 11 severe storms which happened in southwest of Iran (1998-2008) are selected and using Japanese ReAnalysises data (JRA25)، anomalies of dynamic and thermodynamic indices، 2 days prior to the start of storm and during stormy days have been analyzed. The selected indices in this research are relative vorticity، convergence and divergence، vorticity advection، specific humidity and moisture advection. According to the results of this research and analyzing 6-hourly recorded rainfall amounts، it is understood that in the reference events، before the start of the storm، geopotential height values in the under-studied region decrease and at the time of maximum rainfalls، the geopotential height reaches its lowest values and by end of the storm، the values start increasing.; whereas parameters which are related to convergence and vertical movements، such as relative vorticity، moisture advection، convergence of moisture and specific humidity amounts correspond to the same trend of rainfall from the beginning to the end.

The housing is a durable, multidimensional, non-homogenous, immoveable, very expensive good, and the main factor signifying the sociability of people within the universe which is accompanied with symbolic values as the sign of status and lifestyle of people. Based on this, the current paper has aimed to evaluate the state of the houses of people of different income classes, to suggest plans for preparing people of low income with appropriate housing at different city spots of the province of Lorestan, and to reveal more about the poor quality of the construction of houses, inappropriate urban planning pattern, and improper materials used for building urban houses, in order to attract the attention of the authorities and managers. Based on the studies we have conducted, nearly two third of the population of the cities in Lorestan live in nondurable houses, deprived from suitable needed spaces. This study is a fundamental – practical study, conducted within the geographic-politic boarders of the province of Lorestan, in the year 2007, the statistics source of which was Iran's Statistics Center. The methods used include statistics techniques of population tenths. In order to estimate financial states of the groups, the indirect function method is being used. Also, in order to define the opportunities, threats, power points and weak points of the low-income groups, the SWOT model is used. Findings of this research show the family size has had a reduction from 4.3 in the year 1997 to 3.7 in the year 2007. Within the period of 1997 to 2007, the mean residential areas owned by the first to the last tenths have had fluctuations in different city spots, i.e. the mean residential area owned by the first tenth as the lowest tenth of the society has increased from 57.9 square meters in 1997 to 82.7 in 2007. On the contrary, the mean residential area owned by the last tenth has decreased from 139.5 to 122.1. In the year 2007, the mean residential area owned by the first tenth was 82.7 square meters, and this value was 60.7 square meters for the second tenth, 107.7 for the third, 99.7 for the fourth, 117.5 for the fifth, 105 for the sixth, 1.6 for the seventh, 102 for the eighth, 112.9 for the ninth and 122.1 for the last tenth which is the highest mean value of the residential area. Within the period of 1997-2007 the rate of owning a house in urban areas of the province of Lorestan has decreased from 54.5 percent to 50 percent. This value has had a great reduction in the second tenth and has decreased from 86.4 percent in 1997 to 34.5 percent in the year 2007. The rate of house ownership has increased in the third tenth, decreased in the fourth tenth, increased in fifth, sixth and seventh tenths and decreased in the last tenths. Tenancy percentage has increased in the first, second, fourth, ninth and last tenths and decreased in the others within the period of 1997 to 2007. Based on the mean price per square meter, in the year 2007 house ownership ability is on average 4.8 square meter of a residential area in the first tenth and about 13 square meters in the fifth tenth. Saving tendency is 5 percent in the first tenth, 4 percent in the second tenth, 6 percent in the third tenth, 8 percent in the fourth tenth, 9 percent in the fifth tenth, 9 percent in sixth, seventh and eighth tenths, 22 in ninth tenths and 19 in the last tenth. The income of these tenths is 3.8, 7.14, 3.13, 22.7, 37.3, 39.8, 58, 70.6, 98.3, 331.2 and 447.2 million Rials respectively. The poverty line in the area of housing has increased within the period of 1997 to 2007 based on both mean value and mid value. In the year 2002, the average poverty line was 4 based on mean value and 36 based on mid value. These amounts were 9 and 9.2 respectively in the year 2007. The lower tenths of the residents of urban areas in Lorestan province are of the highest unemployment rate, lowest income, and highest rate of tenancy the value of which reduces as we move towards higher tenths. Hence, regarding the volume of housing needs, the first tenths of the society are of higher needs for the tenancy percentage in the province is about 18 percent. The income of the first to fifth tenths is also very low as compared to the average price.