جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "mapping" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Considering the fact that the supply and demand of ecosystem services may be geographically different, therefore, the management of this spatial heterogeneity requires the evaluation and zoning of ecosystem services in the form of spatial maps. Accordingly, in the present study, the spatial distribution of ecosystem services in the mangrove forests of Khamir and Qeshm was evaluated and zoned. According to the results in this area, cultural services have the most points among the available services due to the high entertainment value. Therefore, among the examined criteria, leisure and nature tourism have more demand for spending leisure time and tourism due to its pristine landscapes, aesthetic values, education, recreation, etc. Likewise, among provisioning ‎ecosystem services, traditional fishing (Moshta) is scattered in most areas of this region within the main tributaries and estuaries and has the largest supply in the area.  This ecosystem service is important among the residents of the area, the reasons for which are the livelihood and economic dependence of the local people on this service. Finally, the prioritization of ecosystem services distribution in the studied areas demonstrated that the most services offered and with the highest priority in the area are related to cultural services. In this service, the highest priority is also given to the standard of recreation and nature tourism on the high class, and other services, including aesthetics, sense of place, heritage value, spiritual and religious value, education, and inspiration, are placed in the next priorities. Accordingly, zones that have a high density of mangrove habitats also have a high supply of cultural services. Therefore, examining the spatial distribution of ecosystem services through the evaluation and zoning of these valuable resources can help to correct the plan and protection of natural ecosystems to meet human needs.

In this study, tourism climate was examined in Isfahan province based on TCI and limits of the province was zoning based on the index. Using TCI, climatic variables, the mean maximum daily temperature, the mean daily temperature, minimum daily relative humidity, mean daily relative humidity, total precipitation, total sunshine hours and mean wind speed are investigated. To achieve this goal, the synoptic stations data have been analyzed in the area of information and in order to enhance the accuracy of interpolation of the surrounding stations. Therefore, TCI is calculated for each of the stations studied monthly and the following results have been compiled in GIS and were zoning Isfahan province based on TCI and finally, the weather favorable for tourism activities is estimated during the days of the year in vast province. To achieve this goal, the synoptic stations data have been analyzed in the area of information and in order to enhance the accuracy of interpolation of the surrounding stations. Therefore, TCI is calculated for each of the stations studied monthly and the following results have been compiled in GIS and were zoning Isfahan province based on TCI and finally, the weather favorable for tourism activities is estimated during the days of the year in vast province.

In recent decades, the excessive use of groundwater resources has led to a drop in groundwater levels in most plains of Iran. To this end, the use of remote sensing techniques has recently expanded to study the fluctuations of groundwater levels. GRACE satellite data is a valuable new tool for groundwater monitoring and is currently the only remote sensing satellite which is capable of monitoring groundwater level changes. Hence, considering the special and critical conditions of Jiroft plain from the point of view of water resources, the study on the identification of the change of groundwater resources (as the main water resource in the region) have special importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the fluctuations of groundwater levels in Jiroft plain using GRACE satellite images from 2003 to 2016

This study investigates the trend of groundwater level changes in Jiroft plain using GRACE satellite images during 2003-2016. In this regard, the data was firstly processed in Google Earth Engine based on three algorithms, including JPL, GFZ, and CSR, and their results were compared with observational data (piezometric) from 2003 to 2016. This comparison was performed by examining the linear correlation between the changes obtained based on the GRACE satellite algorithms and the observational data. Also, for temporal and spatial analysis, the aquifer water level was mapped using Kriging method in ARCGIS software.

The results showed a good correlation between algorithms and observational data. According to the results, JPL algorithm with 64% correlation was the most suitable model for monitoring the quantity of groundwater in Jiroft plain. The results of groundwater mapping from 2003 to 2016 indicated the most drop of groundwater level in the central, western and southwestern parts of Jiroft plain, due to more wells and the expansion of agricultural activities in these regions. The examination of groundwater change trend showed that both observational data and JPL, CSR, and GFZ algorithms had a significant decreasing trend at the level of 5%. The similarity trend of observational data and algorithms also indicated the relatively good accuracy of GRACE images to investigate the groundwater level fluctuations.

The recent droughts and increasing the number of exploitation wells have led to the decrease in groundwater levels. Therefore, the assessment of groundwater level fluctuations of Jiroft plain is necessary. In this study, GRACE satellite data were used to evaluate groundwater level fluctuations in Jiroft plain. The results of groundwater mapping from 2003 to 2016 indicated the most drop of groundwater was related to regions with more wells and more agricultural activities that are in line with Hao et al., 2019. The study of linear correlation between the results of the three algorithms of GFZ, CSR, JPL, and piezometers, showed a good correlation between the algorithms and the observational data. According to the results of JPL model with 64% correlation, it was the most suitable model for monitoring the groundwater level in Jiroft plain. Considering the appropriate correlation obtained, it can be concluded that researchers and organizations can apply GRACE data as a low-cost and easy method to monitor and analyze groundwater level fluctuations that are compatible with the findings of Farokhnia and Morid (2014); Faraji et al., (2017) and Nabavi et al., (2020). Investigating the change trend of groundwater showed that both observational data and JPL, CSR, and GFZ algorithms have a significant decreasing trend at the level of 5%. The similarity trend of observational data and algorithms also indicated the relatively good accuracy of GRACE images to investigate the groundwater level fluctuations. The findings of Farokhnia et al., (2014) also showed the similarity of changes trend of the total water balance of the basin by the Grace satellite and the observational data.

The first step in natural resources management and development plans is mapping and identification of areas with landslide hazard potential. The purpose of this research is evaluation of landslide hazard of Oghan watershed basin in Golestan province using Fuzzy-based model. For this, first Landslide dispersion maps of the basin were prepared using aerial photos, geological maps and field studies, then map of each of the effective factors in landslide occurrence such as (elevation, slope and aspect, lithology, rain classes, land use, distance from fault, distance from streams and roads) as information layers in Geographical Information System (GIS) were prepared and have been used in fuzzy-based model. After standardization of each mentioned layers using fuzzy membership function and combination based on fuzzy operators (sum, and, or, product and gamma), map of landslide hazard zoning was prepared in four danger classes that are low, medium, high and very high. Results, in comparison with other operators, showed that zoning map of the Gamma fuzzy operator (0.5) with quality sum(Qs) of 1.17 has the highest accuracy and Sum, And and OR operators with Qs less than 0.039 have the lowest accuracy in landslide hazard zoning of Oghan watershed. Key words: Mapping, Landslide, Fuzzy model, Oghan watershed, Golestan Province. Extended abstract Introduction Landslide is one of the most destructive natural events in steep areas. Due to its geographical position, climatic and geomorphological conditions, population increase, pressure on natural resources and land use change, Iran is exposed to natural hazards like landslide. Therefore, identification and preparation of natural.

Tehran as the largest city in Iran, is one of the most polluted cities in the world, so necessity of accurate detection of contaminants and identifying contaminated areas for reducing their severity is obvious. The aim of this research was prepared Tehran air pollution map and determining the areas with the highest polluted. Forstudying air pollution situation in Tehran, after gathering concentration of 5 main Atmospheric pollutants (CO, NOx ،SOx ،O3 ،PM25) from 20 air pollutant recorder station, three Interpolation methods in ArcGIS software include: Kriging, radial basis function RBF and inverse distance weighted IWD have been used. In Additon, for comparing methods and selecting the best of them, root- mean-square error RMSE and the correlation coefficient R2 had been used. It determined that in most of parameters IDW had better accuracy for zoning pollution of the area by checking the RMSE values. For achieving results with using mentioned methods, map of air quality limits in the area was ready and by combining five maps and weighing them into each parameter, general pollution map of the area was prepared. Results showed that in Monoxide carbon pollution zoning map, most of the pollution was related to the unhealthy class, in Nitrogen Oxide and Ozone was related to very unhealthy class and in particle matter and sulfur oxide was related to unhealthy class. In final map also most portion was related to unhealthy class. Overlay Masudieh station with 1091 pollution weight had the most pollutants and dangerous weather conditions and Darrus station with 628 pollution weight had better position.

Frost is one of the most important phenomena in climatology, which is caused by changes in temperature over time. The sudden occurrence of this phenomenon at the beginning and end of the cold period can be very dangerous for the agricultural sector. Therefore, the awareness of the frost time - occurrence has long been considered by researchers (Thom and Shaw, 1958; Rosenberg and Myers, 1962; Schmidlin, 1986; Watkins, 1991; Waylen, 1988). In order to manage the reduction of the effects of this destructive climate phenomenon on the agricultural sector and the exploitation of large regional environmental capabilities, it is necessary to notice seriously the detailed study of this phenomenon and its characteristics at the land level. And this will be costly and time-consuming. Therefore, with the purpose of preventing the last two factors and at the same time achieving managerial goals, it seems necessary to accurately zoning and recognizing homogeneity and non-homogeneity between different areas in a large area.  

In the first step, daily minimum temperature data were adjusted based on Julius day, and the averages of the five indicators including the day of the onset of frost, the day of the end of frost, the annual number of days of frost, the length of the frost season, and the length of the growing season were extracted. In the second step, the five indicators were modeled separately with three land-climate factors, namely altitude, longitude, and latitude of the stations, using multivariate regression models. To measure the accuracy of the obtained models, four basic assumptions were examined (). Using the regression models obtained for all parts of the province, the statistical indicators of the frosts were calculated and generalized to the points without stations. Finally, using the kiriging method, each of the five frost indicators of the province was zoned.  

The correlation coefficient of three variables, altitude, length, and latitude with different frost indices was obtained by simultaneously entering these three variables into the regression model. And four basic assumptions for measuring the accuracy of the obtained models were confirmed. The earliest occurrence of the first day of frost arises between September 21 and October 27, and in the mountains of northwestern Kurdistan, especially the Chehel Cheshmeh. The latest occurrence of the first day of frost also happens in the eastern lowlands of the province between October 17 and November 23. The earliest occurrence of the last day of frost arises between March 22 and 30 in the lowlands of southeastern and southwestern Kurdistan, and the latest happens between May 24 and June 1 in the high peaks of the west and northwest of the province, such as Chehel Cheshmeh Heights at an altitude of about 3173 meters, Ketresh Mountain with a height of 2592 meters, and Vazneh Mountain with a height of 2697 meters. The highest frequency of frost is in the mountains of the region with more than 196 days and the lowest frequency is in the eastern borders of the province with less than 72 days. The northwest mountains with 235 to 248 days and the eastern and southeastern regions of Kurdistan with 123 to 137 days, respectively, have the longest and shortest length of the frosted season. The longest growing season belongs to the eastern part of the province. The average growing season in this area is between 214 and 227 days. However, within this area, small sections that are lower in height have a longer growth period. On the other hand, the shortest growth period is in the western and northwestern mountains, averaging 116 to 129 days.  

The results show that the three factors of altitude, latitude, and longitude can determine between 72 and 95% of the changes in different frost indicators. These three factors explain the 95, 90, 88, 80, and 72 percent changes in the length of the growth period, the occurrence of the first day of frost, the length of the frosted period, the frequency of frost, and the last day of frost, respectively. The Coefficient of determination is 95% for the first day of frost and 72% for the last day of frost. It seems that other factors besides the three mentioned factors play a role in changing the date of the last day of frost. Therefore, based on the studies of Noohi et al. in 2007, Noohi et al. 2009, and Alijani et al. in 2014, it can be inferred that the end frosts of the cold period can be more than the type of the advection frost. In other words, the synoptic factors can play a more important role in the occurrence of the last days of frost and its variability. But the spatial arrangement of different frost indices in Kurdistan province indicates a western to the eastern arrangement in the values of different frost indices. This means that with more movement from west to east, the number of frost days as well as the length of the frosted period decreases, and as a result, the growing season increases. In accordance with these changes, the occurrence of the first day and the last day of frost also arose with many delays between the eastern and western parts of the province. A comparison of the maps obtained from this algorithm showed that this method can provide more accurate details of the frost indicators compared to the zoning that used only stationary data (Mianabadi et al., 2009 and Ziaee et al. 2006).

Spatial monitoring of the physical and chemical properties of groundwater to maintain and improve their quality is a crucial issue in hydrological studies. Hence, in this study, the spatial structure of groundwater sources and their physical and chemical properties in one of the most important southern basins of Iran, Dalaki basin in Bushehr Province, are studied using Geostatistics and variogram analysis. The research data were collected and analyzed to determine chlorine, calcium, sodium, sulfate, total solids and magnesium in a sample of 109d stations in 2016. Variograms were used for the spatial variability of the studied parameters. To map those parameters, ordinary Kriging procedures were practiced to evaluate the circular, exponential, Gaussian, spherical and rational quadratic models in this regard. As the results showed, the high values of parameters are located in the west and southwest of the study area. They begin to decline toward the east. This may be attributed to non-normative agriculture and the consequent decrease of the groundwater in this area.

One of main strategies for restricting the damage caused by the activity of landslides is assessment and zonation of different region in the term of susceptibility to landslide by prepare landslide zonation hazard map. Contain of the Gelalrood watershed of Ilam was reason have conditions climatically and Litho logy. Pro identifying locations landslide prone, first, known effective parameters in occurs that phenomena include soil and rock mettle, geology structure, hillside form, land use, relative elevation and groundwater. Then, for preparation information layers and evolution each parameters and composition there and upshot prepare landslide mapping utilize in geography information system. Using for weigh at yardsticks pro mountainous region in Anbalagan method. Yardstick weigh exist ingredient for every layer according to maximum role be which inner that layer and at landslide effective.

Rainfall erosivity factor is the most important factor influencing soil erosion. Various indicators has been developed to quantify it. Selection the appropriate index due to ecological conditions is necessary. Therefore mapping rainfall erosivity and awareness its changes, plays an important role in soil conservation, erosion control and land management. The purpose of this study is the selection of the best geostatistic method for mapping the rainfall erosivity factor in Fars province. In first step Fournier factor was calculated for 42 stations in Fars province and its surrounding and was determined the best geostatistic method using IDW, GPI, LPI, RBF, Ordinary and Simple and was prepared zoning map for Fournier factor. The results showed that among the various geostatistic techniques, RBF method (Thine plate Spline) is the best method for mapping rainfall erosivity factor in Fars province. Also, Noorabad city in northwest of province with an average of 31.6 mm Fournier and Izadkhast city with 8.67 were determined as the highest and lowest of the erosivity index. Also, Fournier index has increased from the East to the West as 46% of the province has a low erosion and 3% of the province has been high erosion that have had the highest and lowest levels.

Temperature is one of the most important climate parameters affecting yield production. In the present study, the critical threshold of heat stress for wheat cultivation in Fars Province was evaluated and the equations for each critical threshold is presented. For this purpose, 14 active stations of Fars Province were selected. According to the climatic conditions of the region, three thresholds of temperature of 30, 35 and 40 degrees Celsius were selected and the days when the maximum daily temperature was higher than these thresholds were studied. Also, due to the importance of heat stress at night, the number of days when the air temperature was at least 20 degrees Celsius was also determined. Finally, according to the results, the mapping of thermal stresses in Fars Province was presented .The evaluation results showed that the southern part of Fars Province consists mainly Larestan, Mohr and Khonj and northwestern parts including Kazeroon and Mamasani are more susceptible to heat stress and larestan and mamasani more than other areas suffer from stress. In most cases, periods of heat stress coincide during germination and flowering of wheat culture in Fars Province. Maps provided by climatological analysis helps to agriculture managers to estimate probability of favorable or unfavorable atmospheric events in later stages of crop development with high accuracy.

Today, with the increasing tendency of the vehicle to walk to public transport is much reduced from their desire the increase of private cars has increased and environmental pollution; So that the air pollution in many countries of the world, especially major cities in Iran is so important that Forced the government to take seriously the issue and adopt policies and programs for its short and long term; In this way and in a different perspective, it is necessary to think. Including urban planners to design their ideas and their views on this issue has been raised and transit-oriented development approach. This approach in urban planning from the 1970s in USA policymakers and researchers in the field of planning and urban design has been considered. Citizens are encouraged to use public transportation in areas with mixed-use residential, commercial and office near a node or transit stops (bus, subway, etc.) is; that if implemented, this type of planning can bring many benefits, including reduction in transport costs, reduce congestion, sustainability and urban vitality, open shape the development of cities and etc. the cause. In our country, Iran, using public transportation and take advantage of the benefits that have been addressed in the cities, especially big cities. And plans have been implemented in these areas. In Tehran, the large-scale projects such as metro and bus systems were operating Extremist; but the development of such systems requires understanding the effectiveness of various dimensions. The aim of this study is to answer questions about the operation of the bus system Extremist in Tehran to what extent the framework for transit-oriented development approach and its physical properties have been considered. Since then one of habitable transit-oriented development quality objectives in this study is that air pollution is taken into account; Using zoning air pollution in Tehran and its compliance with the requirements of transit-oriented development approach around Extremist bus system to answer the question whether or not there is a connection between the two? The aim of this study in terms of development and in terms of descriptive and analytical methods is applied with an approach that outlines the concepts, first, in order to determine the consistency of fuzzy clustering technique using two physical features compact development and mixed land lines were combined. Then, to evaluate the viability of the relationship between quality objectives in this study, air pollution is taken into account; Using fuzzy clustering and interpolation air pollution zoning maps were drawn and transit-oriented development approach around the map requirements Extremist matched to the bus system. Result and Discussion: The results showed that the adaptability transit-oriented development approach in different lines. In the mixing land uses, except in areas north and northeast and southeast of Tehran which has a greater extent than mixing appropriate user In other areas, especially the East, South East and South West between space stations were smaller and the mixing member further includes a separate applications that are enclosed within residential applications, The composition and distribution of inappropriate land use in a way that leads to internalization of trips in the area of development is not development And thus creates demand for travel and the subsequent parking and traffic. The population density is only half the northern, northeastern, southern and western edge is a good population density; This is due to the following areas of immediate gate stations where passengers can easily have access to transportation lines; The most convenient connections between people that can require people with better access to the use of public transport And reduces the desire to travel is by car. In the final map that mixing two layers of integrated land use and population density as is obvious from the north to the south in moving from compliance rate is reduced and areas 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20 the index population density and mixed use transit-oriented development approach are the least conformity with the requirements. In the second part after the zoning map pollution in Tehran for six key pollutants over the past 5 years; the results were that In terms of air quality zones 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20 critical situations. After comparing pollution hazard map with the map compliance requirements transit-oriented approach can be seen areas at the very least was available in terms of adaptation to unfavorable air quality. Due to the nature of public transit-based development and positive principles that fans of this type of development that believe that what should be considered in the design of urban systems, urban comprehensive planning in order to create the maximum possible match between urban and land use policy and on the other hand urban transportation systems optimized according to the characteristics of the urban network. Lack of requirements-driven approach to development of transport system of buses Extremist around it has been prevented from achieving the goals of quality and quantity; and in some areas extensively alters the components and parameters of transport system Have a great impact on the amount of pollution produced. Accordingly, different areas of Tehran in terms of transport indicators such as the number of trips generated, the type and amount of passages, per capita lamps, LED density, percent of networks and critical and the supply of parking space and non-homogeneous and therefore have different roles in air pollution are caused by urban transport. It is essential in these plans be given to the nature and requirements of this development pattern and to take advantage of the benefits of this form of development as a successful and effective in reducing traffic congestion and social development of viable cause of action. It is proposed to metropolitan Tehran and other large cities in the hands of these projects and the development of comprehensive plans and detailed Transit-oriented development centers in order to establish successful and effective in reducing traffic congestion and social development of viable cause of action.

Evaporation from the lakes behind the dams and freshwater lakes is one of the most important parameters in water resource losses. Therefore, zoning evaporation is very important in water resources management. There are various methods for measuring and estimating evapotranspiration (ET) that are used according to their accuracy and cost. These models include using evaporation pan and using meteorological models such as Bowen ratio and eddy correlation methods. Nowadays, modern methods such as utilizing satellite remote sensing images are developed to estimate evapotranspiration in different regions. Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is one of these algorithms which is highly regarded. SEBAL estimates ET as a residual in energy flux in the surface of land. This is done by calculating the difference in the soil heat flux and the sensible heat flux from the net radiation.
Material and Initially, SEBAL was extensively used for mapping evapotranspiration in lands and vegetation cover such as crop field, but it was rarely used to estimate evaporation from water bodies, especially freshwater bodies. The aim of this study was to use SEBAL algorithm to map evaporation from freshwater of dam lakes. In this regard, three Landsat Thematic Mapper images (TM) acquired in May 29th, July 9th, and August 1st, 2011 were provided from Amir Kabir (Karaj) dam and the downstream agricultural lands. The selected area is located between two provinces of Tehran and Karaj. Amir Kabir dam supplies a part of drinking and agriculture water for these two provinces. To implement SEBAL method, radiometric and geometric corrections were performed and image bands were converted to radiance and reflectance values according to their wavelengths.
In order to prepare required parameters of SEBAL, meteorological data measured by Karaj meteorological station at the selected dates were provided. These data included elevation of meteorological station, daily solar radiation, dew point temperature, wind speed, and air temperature. Furthermore, the evaporation values recorded by Tehran Regional Water Authority located at the southwestern part of the dam using evaporation pan were used as ground truth data which measurements and were performed in related dates.
All of the implementations of this research were accomplished using the ENVI 5.1, Excel 2007, Ref ET, and MATLAB R2012a software. The instantaneous ET at the time of satellite overpass was calculated calculate using SEBAL method and in order to calculate the daily ET, the calculation of the reference ET was necessary. To compute reference ET in this research, Ref ET software developed in Idaho University was utilized. One of the required data in the Ref ET software is hourly solar radiation. Because of the lack of hourly solar radiation data in the selected meteorological stations, angstrom method was used. Then, the ratio of instantaneous ET to reference ET was used to calculate the 24 hour ET.
In each stage of SEBAL method, its components, such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were checked to prevent the undesired errors. After performing implementations, the results showed that the absolute difference values of evaporation acquired from SEBAL method and ground truth data were 0.2, 0.2, and 0.3, in selected days, respectively, which leads to the Root Mean Square Value (RMSE) of 0.27 mm that is an acceptable value. Moreover, the total evaporation values from the entire dam surface for selected days were 8.037, 10.634, and 5.435 meters per day, respectively, which were significant values. The acquired map of evaporation from dam lake surface illustrated that the value of evaporation was increasing from coastal areas to deep regions. This was proved in the same researches. The values changed from 0.5 mm in the shoreline to 3.5 mm in deep water.
One of the uncertainty sources of this research was the use of daily solar radiation due to the lack of meteorological data and computing hourly values by using Angstrom method. Another uncertainty source is utilizing empirical relations such as relation of estimating atmospheric transmissivity, and narrow band emissivity and broad band emissivity which is better to calibrate before use. Another shortage of SEBAL method which can lead to uncertainty is empirical process of selecting cold and hot pixels which are used to estimate air temperature and soil temperature, respectively.
Despite the mentioned shortages of SEBAL method, the results showed the applicability of SEBAL method to mapping and estimating evaporation from freshwater lakes and dam lakes as an accurate and inexpensive method. Furthermore, the evaporation from freshwater lake surface was calculated using SEBAL model which were significant values in selected days and proved the requirement for protective operations.

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental issues, agriculture and food production in the world's natural and managed ecosystems and effects to all humans, therefore, quick and timely solutions required appearing. Among these solutions is the ICONA model that is provided by the Society for Conservation of Nature Spain. Among the many methods to predict erosion using GIS and RS, the model simulation results for all accepted. This research landscape water erosion and watershed Taleghanrood examined in the form of soil erosion and Zoning shows. This model has seven steps that slope maps, geological maps and then overlay the layer of the slope and geology, soil erosion layer is prepared. In later stages, use map using remote sensing techniques and vegetation map was produced using NDVI index. Then, with overlapping layers of soil conservation, land use and vegetation map have been achieved. In the final step, layers of soil erosion and overlapping layers of soil conservation and erosion risk map of the formations. Results this study showed that the total level watershed risk class too low 9.3%, 12.7% risk classes low, 22.4% moderate risk class, 18.9% and 36.7% risk class to have high-risk class.

The water erosion is as one of the important issues in agriculture and watershed management. researchers, through different studies are looking for ways to minimize it. Rainfall erosivity index is the most important factors affecting on soil erosion and is a function of the rain physical properties. Various index have been developed to quantify the rainfall erosivity factors. The choice of appropriate indicators is important due to ecological conditions. This study has been carried out in Fars province to estimate rainfall erosivity index according to the relationship between quantity-based indicators of erosion and erosivity factor introduced by Whichmeier and Smith, (EI30) and to zone by using different geo statistics and deterministic methods. Investigation of the regression relations showed that Fournier index was as a suitable indicator for the province with r=0.80. In the next step, erosivity factor (R) was calculated for stations without rain recorder. Finally, the method of radial basis function (RBF) with tapes thin due to higher r value and lower RMSE and MAE was chosen as the best interpolation method. According to the temporal and spatial distribution erosivity factor in Fars province, the maximum amount of erosivity factor was observed in north and the lowest was in east and north east of province. Also, 44% of province area has medium erosion and 10% is subjected to high erosion.

The aim of this article is to investigate ways to reduce the damage caused landslides them that this makes the need for landslide hazard mapping gives a necessity. In this paper, an applied research and the analytical and quantitative approach to governing and to prepare GIS layers, 10 layers of information including slope maps, driving directions, slope, rainfall, geology, distance from the fault, the human factor, the soil layer as well as the physical and chemical characteristics include the concentration of lime, salt (EC) and the ph was used. Also for landslide hazard zonation of vision in GIS and information value model is used. Result show 25/88 square kilometers of the total area under study, has the potential for very low risk, 54/09 square kilometers, low risk, 92/57 sq km, medium risk, 85/57 square kilometers, high riskvery low risk area, 15 villages with a population of 5595 people in the low risk area, 33 villages with a population of 15488 people in the risk zone average, 26 villages with a population of 9640 people at high risk and 16 villages with a population of 5187 people in the very high risk zone have.Research limitation: landslides caused by various factors including natural events that damage to the natural landscape, the people and facilities. Since the prediction of landslides is out of the current human knowledge, therefore, identify areas susceptible to landslides and ranking may be partly to avoid the dangers of landslides, so continuous monitoring in areas vulnerable to landslides and rank them as efficient strategies in disaster management is recommended.Practical implications: Is expected to identify areas with a potential landslide of new villages more accurately locate the one hand and the other hand to reform and improve the physical quality of the villages in the area of high-risk to take serious decisions. Original/value: the expected results of this research, adding to the richness of literature, as well as the relevant authorities in making decisions in areas prone to landslides led crisis management is optimized.

Locate a process by which a user can be assigned to specific criteria and according toavailable resources, the perfect place to be determined.to the world of computer science andsoftware opens, it floats and unlimited space between the numbers one and zero logic andreasoning also applies to (Jvrabyan, Mahmoud et al: 1381), can also be used to locate much asvalues between zero and one will take., tilt, of processes (weathering, range, flow anderosion), the risks of failure (destruction of dams, underground water, facilities, etc.) and thusthe effects of environmental hazards on human structures and increased construction costs dueto the risks faced is, except for land located in East and West (the best locations for futurephysical development), there is no other place for physical development Kuhdasht.

Drought is a climatic phenomenon which is resulted by the lack of periodical rainfall. to assess the drought the precipitation data in long-term period for each station are analyzed. In the present study، the rainfall data of 48 synoptic stations in Iran at a 30-year time period (2005-1976) based on the drought occurrences severity was extracted in order to map the drought and evaluate the different regions status in this regards. Then using PNI، RAI، SIP and SPI as the indicaters، the severity of the drought in 2001 was determined to give the optimized model. In 2001 a widespread drought occurred in Iran. So these indices are mapped through the two analysis methods containing spatial interpolating and digital elevation models. Finally، the adaption of the zonation maps revealed that the RAI and PNI indices have the more susceptibility and show the spatial distribution of drought intensity. Therefore by comparing drought intensity zoning maps and according to drought dependence on weather systems، it could be concluded that interpolation analysis without using the digital elevation model is the best method for evaluation of drought severity.

In order to prepare information about spatial distribution of rice fields, Multi-Spectral and Multi-Temporal data can be helpful because in addition to the rice, all fields could be covered by mixture of water and soil regarding the time of crop calendar. In this study, we developed a special mapping algorithm that uses NDVI and LSWI2105 time series data derived from MODIS 16-day 250 meter vegetation indices (MOD13Q1) product of MODIS imagery to identify paddy rice fields. This algorithm works based on the sensitivity of LSWI2105 to the surface moisture and NDVI to the vegetation chlorophyll content. As a result, during the period of Rice Transplanting stage because of the field flooding, LSWI2105 will be increased and after the rice growing it will be decreased, and at the same time NDVI has a reverse behavior. In this research two methods has been developed to define the relationship between NDVI and LSWI2105 to detect the location of paddy rice fields in North part of Iran in 2011. Our results were validated with ground field data at 183 well-distributed sample points. The overall Accuracy of two methods are 67.21% and 86.87% respectively. The results of this study indicated that the paddy rice mapping based on MOD13Q1 could potentially be applied at moderate spatial scales to monitor paddy rice agricultural fields on a timely basis.