جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « place attachment » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The most important aspect of nature-oriented tourists’ behaviors is paying attention to environmental sustainability. Much environmental research in the field of tourism has focused on the roles of values, attitudes, beliefs, and norms in shaping environmental behavior. In this study, according to the theory adopted by the majority of psychologists concerning the effect of attitude on behavior, it was used as an intermediate variable for explaining the relationship between knowledge and tourists’ environmental behaviors in the tourist areas of Tehran. This research was applied in terms of purpose and a descriptive survey in terms of data collection method. To conduct it, a researcher-made questionnaire with 75 variables was prepared and adjusted. Its reliability was confirmed by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.939 and its validity was formally confirmed. The statistical population included the tourists referring to 5 mountain tourism areas of Tehran. To estimate the sample size of 302 people from an unknown community, Cochran's formula was used. The study area included 5 mountain tourism areas of Tehran. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The analytical results of the behavioral models of the nature-oriented tourists showed a positive and significant relationship between attitude and environmental behavior and also between attitude and environmental knowledge with the factor loads of 0.68 and 0.82 at the significant level of less than 0.05, respectively. Also, the tourists’ environmental behaviors were studied based on their educational levels. According to the results, the tourists’ environmental behaviors depended on their levels of education. Thus, it could be stated that the existence of a cognitive analysis system called “tourist environmental knowledge” in combination with an emotional system would lead to the formation of their environmental attitudes, which could act as a basis for improving and optimizing their behaviors in the tourism destinations.

Many rural settlements of Iran are facing many problems including low level of employment and income, adverse effects of climate change, and inappropriate access to facilities and services. In this situation, villagers' participatory behaviors in various affairs of the local community can play a positive important role in improving the quality of life and improving the local environment. Considering the importance of the matter, this research investigated the relationship between place attachment and rural residents’ participatory behaviors in Mashaikh village rural district. The statistical population of this study is the villages with a population of at least 100 people of Mashayekh rural district, Mamasani County. The analysis unit is all people aged 18 and over. The sampling was done using the classified probabilistic method, and the questionnaire was filled by 380 people. Data were analyzed using some statistical tests by applying SPSS software. Based on the results of One-sample T-test, at 95% confidence level, the average values of participatory behaviors and place attachment are significantly above average. There is a significant positive relationship between villagers' place attachment and their participatory behaviors (r=0.424; p-value<0.001). A significant positive relationship was also observed between place attachment and each of the five dimensions of participatory behaviors. The result of one-way analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of participatory behaviors. Similar results were obtained for place attachment. Place attachment and participatory behaviors, as two powerful factors, can play an important role in rural development, and the positive relationship between them shows that the two factors can have a desirable and valuable synergy to benefit the rural settlements.

The low level of environmental citizenship behaviors among citizens has exacerbated the urban environmental problems. Recent research shows that residents of some Iranian cities do not actively participate in environmentally friendly behaviors. Like other cities, Ardabil faces special environmental problems and low participation of residents in environmentally friendly behaviors. High-rate urban development has created special environmental consequences for cities such as Ardabil, forcing city managers to adopt appropriate environmental policies to reduce the negative effects of population growth. On the other hand, due to the fact that environmental problems are increasing, environmental protection requires appropriate environmental behavior. Iranian cities also face several challenges that make it necessary to review the policy of urban management and pay attention to the management of environmental behaviors of residents, especially in cities such as Ardabil that have experienced a short period of extensive urban development. Accordingly, examining the factors affecting the environmental citizenship behavior of the residents of this city can help planners and policy makers to make better and more effective decisions. Based on this perspective, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of spatial attachment, trust and mobility on the environmental citizenship behavior of Ardabil residents.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method and a questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population of this study was all residents of Ardabil in 1398. Place attachment, trust, mobility and environmental citizenship behavior questionnaires were used to assess the research variables. Indicators of research questionnaires were obtained from related studies and research background and then localized based on the research conditions and the city under study. Also, the validity and reliability of the research model and data analysis were performed by structural equation modeling in LISREL software.

The research model showed that the value of the path coefficient between trust and citizenship behavior is equal to 0.42. Since the T value is equal to 5.68, due to the fact that it is greater than 1.96, it shows that the obtained coefficient is significant at the 95 level of confidence. Therefore, the relationship is confirmed and it can be said that trust has a positive and significant effect on environmental citizenship behavior in the study area. Also, considering that the value of the path coefficient between the mobility of citizenship behavior is equal to 0.17. Since the T value is equal to 2.47, due to being greater than 1.96, it shows that the obtained coefficient is significant at the 95 level of confidence. Therefore, the relationship is confirmed and it can be said that mobility has a positive and significant effect on environmental citizenship behavior in the study area. And considering that the value of the path coefficient between place attachment and environmental citizenship behavior is equal to 0.21. Since the T value is equal to 2.99, due to being greater than 1.96, it shows that the obtained coefficient is significant at the 95 level of confidence. Therefore, the relationship is confirmed and it can be said that place attachment has a positive and significant effect on environmental citizenship behavior in the study area.

The findings showed that citizens who have more confidence in the decisions and plans of city officials on environmental issues, show more environmental citizenship behavior. Consistent with this finding, it can be claimed that city managers can encourage residents of cities such as Ardabil to engage in environmental citizenship behaviors by increasing citizens' awareness of the importance and place of the environment in urban programs and policies while increasing their trust. The findings also show that the mobility and relocation of Ardabil residents, while helping to evaluate the results of environmental policies of local organizations, provides them with more empirical knowledge and information resources. And citizens with high mobility through their visits to different cities, while gaining more knowledge of how the environmental policies of local organizations have a positive impact, show a greater desire to engage in urban environmental behaviors. In fact, the change in lifestyle and also the increase in the possibility of movement and mobility among citizens has caused the level of their evaluation of the environmental policies of their place of residence to increase in proportion to the places visited and thus increase competition among cities for adoption. Environmental approaches and policies will be expected. Also, the research findings showed that in Ardabil city, with the increase of citizens 'level of attachment, the citizens' environmental citizenship behaviors increase. Based on this, it can be said that in cities whose residents have a higher rate ofplace attachment, more environmental citizenship behaviors are performed and strengthening the place attachment of citizen’s leads to individual and collective behaviors that are environmentally friendly. Accordingly, policies and programs that increase residents 'attachment to their place of residence will reciprocally increase residents' participation in environmentally friendly behaviors.

The use of new technologies in the smart city, especially in urban spaces, is increasing day by day; Although most of these technologies have been accepted and praised as a sign of progress in life and a method for the comfort of living in cities, however, some people think that technologies have created disturbances in the city where they live. Therefore, in the implementation of the smart city, the opinions of the citizens and their concerns should be considered. The current descriptive-analytical research, using survey tools to achieve the goal of developing an attachment to urban places, seeks to answer the question of what is the relationship between emotional attachment to a place that is raised in two dimensions, traditional and active, with the adoption of smart technologies, especially In a case study, does it have an atmosphere? For the statistical population of Tabriz city, which is equal to 1593373 people, the sample size was obtained through Cochran's formula equal to 384 people. The reliability of the questions with Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.88. Statistical software was used for analysis. The findings showed that the dimensions of daily monitoring technologies, empowering technologies, Covid-19 monitoring technologies, and active attachment with the influence coefficient of 0.412, 0.385, 0.316, and 0.301 had the greatest effects on location attachment with smart city technologies. and the lowest impact is related to attachment to a traditional place with a value of -0.191. As a result, the more the quality of monitoring (health) technologies and empowerment, of the technology of monitoring Covid-19, is improved, the level of attachment in the city of Tabriz will be improved in the same proportion.

Today, ignoring the principles and components of security in the design of residential complexes has led to a decrease in place attachment. The purpose of the current research is to improve the level of place attachment in the residential complexes of Maragheh through the physical components of security. The results of the research show that the condition of the physical components of security and place attachment in the residential complexes of Maragheh has been evaluated from the perspective of the residents as favorable and in an average-to-high condition. Also, there is a linear relationship between the components of security, except for the components of the quality of the living environment and proximity to uses, and place attachment. In terms of effectiveness, territorialization and monitoring components have the greatest impact on place attachment.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of place attachment with environmental perception and their effect on pro-environmental behaviors in Oun-Ibn-Ali, a recreational and cultural complex in Tabriz, Iran. In this regard, place attachment was considered as an emotional bond between human beings and natural place while environmental perception was propounded as a cognitive factor. According to the literature review, the variables of environmental behaviors (civic action, policy support, and recycling dimensions), place attachment (place attachment, affective attachment, place identity, and social bonds), and environmental perception (activism, aesthetics, crime rate, interestedness, pleasure, preference, comfort, and safety dimensions) were investigated. this field survey was conducted among 214 visitors of the Oun-Ibn-Ali tourism complex, selected via systematic random sampling. The data were collected by a questionnaire containing a combination of the available scales. Later, SPSS.24 and AMOS.24 software were run to analyze the data. Findings indicated that the respondents were at a moderate level of environmental quality perception, but at favorable levels of place attachment and pro-environmental behaviors. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the constructs of environmental behaviors, place attachment, and environmental perception dimensions were valid. According to the structural equation modeling, a positive and significant correlation was found between environmental perception and place attachment, so that these variables had a significant effect on improving the individuals' pro-environmental behaviors.

nowdays, the development of cities as well as the developments of urban life is one of the most important issues around the world and providing comfort and well-being of citizens along with providing positive and uplifting emotions is essential. It is important to increase the quality of urban life and improve The components related to the place have been studied and one of the important dimensions in improving the quality of life of urban dwellers is the attachment to the place. Due to the new design-led urban planning approach, this study tries to answer this important point and its purpose is to identify the factors affecting the promotion of a sense of attachment to the place by emphasizing the design-led planning approach. First, by studying the literature and previous researches in the field of sense of attachment to the place, the primary and influential factors were summarized and in order to analyze the data, the content analysis method was used. In open coding, 76 indicators were identified, which in axial coding were summarized in 9 criteria: environmental-contextual, emotional-emotional, social-participatory, physical, cultural-belief, cognitive-perceptual, user individuality, design and planning. As a result, in selective coding, 3 influential factors of place identity, place dependence and design-based planning were determined and presented in the form of a conceptual model of these factors affecting the promotion of sense of attachment to the place with emphasis on design-led planning approach.

the present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the behavioral intention of tourists in Ferdowsi Toos Tomb. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study is tourists of Ferdowsi historical tomb, the number of which is unknown and the sample size was 184 people. The data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of Jane et al. (2020) which was measured and confirmed for validity by confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed using structural equations using SPSS software version 24 and PLS version 3. The results show that the image of the tourist destination has a positive effect on the attitude, mental norm, perceived behavioral control and dependence on the place of tourists of Ferdowsi historical tomb, dependence on the place of tourism has a positive effect on the behavioral intention of tourists Ferdowsi Historical Tomb has a positive effect on tourists' desire. Also, tourists' mental norm has a positive effect on Ferdowsi Historical Tomb tourists' desire. It is predicted that tourists will not negatively affect the tourists' desire for Ferdowsi's historical tomb. Perceived behavioral control of tourists has a positive effect on the behavioral intention and desire of tourists of Ferdowsi historical tomb, and finally, the desire for tourism has a positive effect on the behavioral intention of tourists of Ferdowsi historical tomb.

Zabol is a spatial node of the Sistan area, has been faced with two Phenomena (drought and dust) which greatly reduced life satisfaction and has caused a crisis of ecological resilience. Because the relationship between humans and the environment has been out of balance, tolerance, and adaptation, and the new phenomenon of "erosion of space attachment" has been occurred. This research is applied, descriptive-analytical, survey, with two-stage random sampling. The target population is 15 to19 years old people in Zabol, (432 units); Analysis models include Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Sign test, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman, Cross-tabulation, Cramer's V, Phi, and U Mann-Whitney. Based on 40 years analysis (1966-2005), "maximum average wind speed" with 10.8 knots and the highest frequency of storms with 68% of days with dust above the standard (the year 2010) belongs to Zabol, Therefore, it has increased referrals, hospitalization, and mortality due to respiratory disease. Based on the findings, 64% of young people consider the dust condition of the last 22 years, "bad to terrible". Also, 62% of women and 43% of men consider their comfort and quality of life "bad to terrible". Moreover, 68% of the respondents said that the satisfaction of the family children for living in Zabol is "little to nothing". 44% of respondents have no hope for the future of Helmand River and Hamoon Lake. The significance of these findings was confirmed with an error level of 0.000. The crisis of ecological resilience has led to the "erosion of place attachment" and the negative consequences of socio-psychological damage, Reducing the positive feeling to the place, Reducing the close relationship or investment, reduce the motivation and responsibility to improve the condition of the city, reduce the willingness to participate, monitor and especially reduce the sacrifice for the development of the neighborhood, city, and area.

Today, due to the dramatic increase in urban population, urban spaces have encountered numerous economic, social, environmental and physical challenges. These challenges have led scientists in various sciences to agree on the importance that the current society going through a long period of instability. Urban instability in its various dimensions has caused the city and contemporary urbanism face new challenges such as diminishing identity and place attachment. However, one of the main bases for paying attention to the sustainability of living in urban spaces is the one's place attachment and activity in urban spaces. This attachment is the factor that turns a space into a place with special sensory and behavioral characteristics for certain individuals. Place attachment not only causes a sense of comfort from an environment, but also makes the achievement of identity for individuals. Place attachment with components such as natural elements and environmental comfort, spatial qualities, accessibility and permeability, functions and activities, furniture and equipment, identity, readability, beauty and symbolism, social interactions and time in urban spaces play an effective role in economic, social and environmental-physical sustainability.  Regarding the spatial differences between urban spaces and historical textures of different cities, investigating the situation of a place attachment in the historical and new textures of each city can play an important role in planning different urban textures.

The present research is applied and quantitative in terms of purpose and methodology, respectively. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect the required data. The statistical sample size was estimated using Bartlett et al. (2001) table. In the historical texture which included 2046 households, 190 individuals were considered as a statistical sample and in the new texture with 6406 households, 209 individuals were considered as a statistical sample. The main research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that has been extracted based on theoretical foundations and research records. The first part of the questionnaire is allocated to the individual characteristics of the respondents and the second and third parts are allocated to the dimensions, components, indicators and variables of place attachment in the historical texture and the new texture of Bandar Lengeh. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the opinions of university professors and experts. Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicated the reliability of the tools used.

The average age of the historical texture’s residents was 44 years (the youngest and the eldest were 23 and 67 years, respectively). The average monthly income status was 2.5 million Tomans and the average residence period of the residents of the historical texture was 26 years. 136 respondents were male and 54 female. 8% of the respondents were illiterate, 18% had primary education, 24% secondary education, 32% diploma and 18% had a university education. The average age of the new texture residents of Bandar Lengeh was 46 years and the youngest and eldest were 19 and 59 years, respectively. The average monthly income status was 3 million Tomans and the average residence period of the new texture residents was 5 years. 142 respondents were male and 67 were female. 5% of the respondents were illiterate, 14% had primary education, 21% secondary education, 28% diploma and 32% had a university education. 

The results of the present study showed that the place attachment in the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh is in a proper condition. The result obtained is consistent with the findings of Montazer Al-Hijja et al. (2016) regarding the sense of place in the historical neighborhoods of Yazd, Ananhad et al. (2019) about the place attachment in the old neighborhood of Sagharisazan Rasht, and Yazdani et al (2019) on the place attachment in the outskirts of Ardabil. The results showed that in contrast to the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh, the general situation and most of its components in the new texture of this city are in an unfavorable situation. The results of the study are consistent with the studies of Bezi et al. (2014), Sarai et al. (2016), and Mohammad Moradi et al. (2019) who have pointed to the unfavorable situation of the place attachment. Regarding the comparison of the place attachment in the historical and new texture of Bandar Lengeh, the results showed that at the level of 95% confidence, the place attachment status in the historical texture is better than the new texture of this city which is consistent with the results of Montazer Al-Hijja et al. (2016) regarding the place attachment of historical and new neighborhoods of Yazd. According to the results of the proper condition of the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh in comparison with the new texture in terms of the place attachment and its components, preservation, and recreation of the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh is necessary and inevitable. It is suggested that in designing and developing the new texture of this city, more attention be paid to the components of the place attachment, especially natural elements and environmental comfort, etc., and the historical texture of Bandar Lengeh be used as a model for the planning and managing new urban texture. Limitations of the research include the prevalence of Covid19 and the reluctance of citizens to complete the questionnaire. In order to increase the coherence of the subject under study and fill the gap in this field, according to the results, the suggestions are the study of factors affecting the place attachment in the historical context of Bandar Lengeh in the form of a native model; Identifying the key drivers affecting the place attachment in the historical context of Bandar Lengeh with a future research approach.

Place attachment is the relationship between people and places. This attachment is the basis of communication and positive emotional engagement of humans in space that it can be created by individual, plural, cultural and social features. The attachment to the place and the sense of belonging to it, encourage individuals to revive their home and local atmosphere completely. The sense of belonging and participation can create collaborative democracy, thereby the performance of various social and economic programs in the local community can noticeably succeed and they can increase the quality of living.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective factors on location attachment in Ghaemshahr city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of collecting data, except for descriptive-survey research and fully structural equation modeling. Data were collected by a questionnaire with 4 components (spatial attachment, spatial dependency, spatial identity, social bonding) and 40 items based on the responses of residents of Qaemshahr city with a sample size of 384 people. Data collected through SPSS21 and Smart-PLS3 software were analyzed. The results of this study indicate that in the city of Qaemshahr, spatial attachment and its components are at a low level. The component of spatial dependence and spatial identity from the perspective of individual context and social bond index from the perspective of social context have a positive and significant effect on the level of place attachment (emotional attachment). Therefore, simultaneous strengthening of both individual and social contexts strengthens place attachment in Qaemshahr city.

Space, is an inseparable phenomenon of human life, it connects leaving worlds in terms of spatial and environmentally and it creates the Core meaning, destination and human behaviour. Space is the main part of the inhabitant's identity the space is not only a shelter for human activities but also its a phenomenon that human gives it meaning and get used to it by communication, in the way that he knows himself by it. One of the main issues that contemporary urban planning in Iran and especially Rafsanjan City have been faced with is just paying attention to pre-conceived plans and designs without noticing to city's spatial soul and character. On the other hand, this issue is completely changing to qualities and contextualism but in our country by considering that this urban designs have not dissected by knowing components of mentally and behavioural of people with their environment yet, so it is necessary that this kind of project getting done especially for contexts that are in the direct relation with people's social life. Rafsanjan's park are not only an important and social space for shaping social connections and social parts for inhabitants but also they are only space with this efficiency, so any design activity in this area should happen with special attention to important and meaningful compliment and environmental psychology. Therefore, the necessity of existing projects like the current project is clear for urban planning vision. So this project is about answering the question: Do place activities and components have an effect on place attachment?

This research's goal is practical and its method is descriptive- analytical. Collecting data for project was from two ways that are documentary library and field library and the main analysis is based on information that was collected by the questionnaire. The data collection tool was a researcher- made questionnaire, that was reviewed several times by Professors and experts for reliability evaluating.And for validity evaluation of questionnaire combine methods and Cronbach's alpha were used, that its result is in the reflected and indicates validity data part are accepted by collecting data tool. The statistical society of this research are citizens of Rafsanjan that are about 161909 people. Sample size was estimated 384 people by Cochran's formula and for being more sure 400 questionnaires were collected. In order to analyzing data and information structural equivalence modeling based on the metal of minimal details in software environment Smart-PLS get used.

According to the result the average of component of the link between human and place is 2.80 and in comparison with theoretical average (3) is low and due to the meaningful level although is Lower than 0.01 so we can generalize the results of statistical sample to statistical society because we are more than 99% sure about the result, So the gained average for this indicator is lower than average, so we can say that the situation of this indicator is lower than average limit.  Identity indicator has 2.50 average and although phantasm indicator has 2.77 average. Because this average has gained from meaningful level, average difference is meaningful too.   According to the low level of the gained average from the average situation of these indicators this is not satisfying in our study area.  The gained average for safe and correct perception of space is 3.23 so that the gained average is a higher than the theoretical average that is 3 and this average difference has gained from meaningful level and we can generalize this gained result of statistical sample to statistical society because we are sure about the gained result more than 99%. Related to the main gain average for place attachment variable that is 2.84, this number is lower than theoretical average so this study area is not satisfying situation from place attachment vision. Also according to the obtained level of significant which is less than the value of the desired level of significant that is 0.05 so we can generalize the gained result to statistical society. Studying the affection of place activities on place attachment that the value of T is 13.762 is greater than 1.96 and it be considered that the place activities on place attachment has a significant effect.  Also the obtained path is equal to (β = 0.598), and obtained path coefficient is positive, this effect is directed.  Therefore, it can be said that place activities for place attachment has significant and positive affect and from all components the location capability has the greatest effect of place attachment.

Place attachment is coming from activities and transaction between human and place, and also, between humans in a special place and it related to mutual emotions affect, knowledge, believes and behaviour with special place.The gained result of searching the study area in the place attachment and its indicators shows that among all the indicators for place attachment just the correct and safe perception data space indicator from Space is in the satisfying level and the other indicators of place attachments aren't in the satisfying level.The gained data from this research have a significant and positive impact on place attachment. According to the gained number which was 0/598 we can consider that this impact is in the average level.On the other side, it can be said that place activities can predict 35.7% of place attachment variance.  Studying the effect of components was shown that all the five components that are related to place activities have a significant and positive effect on place attachment.  Among all the identified components the capability of place component with path coefficient had the greatest effect after that visual beauty component with 0.268 path coefficient had the greatest effect.

Migration is the most important phenomenon that can endanger the existence and survival of the rural community. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of social capital components and place attachment on the migration of people in the villages of Jiroft County, which was done with a quantitative approach. The statistical population of the study was the active rural population. Krejice and Morgan table was used to determine the sample size (n=382). A stratified random sampling method was used to select the sample. A questionnaire was used for data collection that its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. Furthermore, in order to assess the reliability of the research tool, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was calculated (0.71≤α≤0.83). The results of the Pearson correlation analysis showed that increasing the distance between rural and urban areas leads to more migration. Also, the decrease in social capital among the villagers leads to an increase in their migration. The results of path analysis showed that all components of social capital have direct and significant effects on migration, and among these, social participation has the most significant direct effect on rural migration. At the same time, place attachment also has a significant direct negative effect on migration. All components of social capital have a significant direct positive effect on place attachment. This means that the higher the level of social participation, social cohesion, social trust, social awareness and social relations of the people in rural communities, the higher the probability that their place attachment will be increased and consequently, the lower the likelihood of migration among them.

The city as a human living environment must have the ability to create a perception of spatial identity, a sense of belonging and a perception of beauty, which are closely related to each other. In the meantime, buildings, cultural spaces, social arenas and in general, any element that is desirable and provides a suitable platform for the formation of collective events can be an urban symbol. Cultural and identity buildings, markets, nodes, hangouts, historical spaces play the role of urban landmarks and with the help of forming an accurate and clear mental image of the city, they shape the physical identity of the urban space. As a result, they are effective in promoting a place attachment. Today, the signs in urban spaces have faded, and this issue has become an introduction to weakening place attachment in urban neighborhoods, and further strongly affects the meaning of urban spaces. Zanjan city is one of the cities with a long history and identity and signs of urban indicators have undergone social changes during different periods, and now the physical space of the city is such that the indicators and signs of identity can be clearly found in the neighborhoods of the city. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to investigate the effect of urban signs on place attachment. In this regard, six neighborhoods of Zanjan have been studied and compared as examples of this study.

The present research is applied and descriptive-analytical research in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Data collection was done by documentary-library method and field method. In total, 300 questionnaires were prepared in these six neighborhoods, which 50 questionnaires were distributed equally in each neighborhood. To check the (formal) validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of university professors, experts and relevant specialists have been used, and also to check its reliability, pretest has been used. In this way, 30 questionnaires were distributed and completed outside the study area and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated for different parts of the questionnaire, was higher than 0.7 which show the reliability of the instrument. A completely randomized questionnaire was used to distribute the questionnaire in the study area. SPSS software, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression tests were exerted to analyze the collected data in accordance with the research questions.

According to the results, the place attachment of the six neighborhoods is as follows:The place attachment of the residents in Sabzeh Maidan neighborhood 70%, Saadi neighborhood 52%, Black Alley neighborhood 64%, Ansarieh neighborhood 64%, Golshahr neighborhood 48% and Karmandan neighborhood 62%.Correlation coefficient test also shows a significant and high intensity linear relationship. From the results of linear regression, it is clear that the value of the determined coefficient is equal to 0.511, which indicates the ability of the independent variable to explain the variance of the dependent variable. That is, the independent variable explains 51% of the dependent changes, and the rest of these changes, known as the error quantity squares, are influenced by non-model variables. Also, the value of Watson's camera is equal to 1.45, which indicates that the remains are independent of each other.

Findings show that people with a high place attachment have many signs in their mind maps of the neighborhood. These people refer to symptoms that are physical and functional and belong to both physical and functional forms. Most of these people are located in historically and middle-aged neighborhoods where there are more signs. In the second level, people with average place attachment are in the middle and historical neighborhoods. These people also had the most signs in their cognitive maps that were of physical and activity type. They also belonged to a physical and active species. Finally, last level show people with a low place attachment were mostly living in new neighborhoods, where they indicated fewer signs in their mind maps, and these signs were mostly purely physical or purely functional.Findings show that there is a direct relationship between the signs of urban spaces and the place attachment with 0.623% and with a strong and significant intensity. This means that with the increase in the number of urban space signs in the studied areas, the place attachment also increases among the residents. And with the expansion of this, more suitable conditions and context are provided to promote the place attachment in the neighborhoods. In general, we can point to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable of approval and a significant relationship between them.

The attachment to the place is the emotional relationship of the individual to the place, which is rooted in the personchr('39')s past qualities and experiences that the place should be able to meet the needs and expectations of the individual, and also the place must meet the capacity to meet those needs and expectations. The attachment to the location is based on the cognitive, emotional, and functional interaction between individuals, groups, and physical-social location over time. The purpose of this study was to use the meta-analysis method to analyze the results of research on attachment to the place. In order to perform a meta-analysis, 75 researches were conducted in this regard. Among the 18 studies conducted during the years 2006-2019, in the field of attachment to the place were selected. In the first step, the evaluation of selected research, homogeneous assumptions and publication error was studied; accordingly, the findings indicated the heterogeneity of the size of the effect and the non-dominance of the published studies. In the second step, the coefficient of effect size was evaluated using the second version of CMA software. The results showed that the size of the effect or coefficient of influence of the identified factors is 0/376, which is evaluated according to the Cohenchr('39')s interpretation system. Overall, the results indicate that the identified factors have a moderate effect on attachment to the location.

Mountain parks are recreational environments in open spaces, which are considered pleasant places to spend leisure time and seek new experiences in interaction with nature. The popularity of these desirable areas of tourism can lead to increased visits to the environment and, consequently, increase the pressure on environmental resources. Therefore, researchers, professionals, and environmental practitioners attempt to find solutions to protect natural resources. In this regard, environmental behavior has recently received special attention as a tool to increase the sustainability of tourism attractions. Some previous studies have shown that when people feel attached to an environment, they tend to contribute to the protection of the environment through their behavior. On the other hand, according to the findings of some studies, those park visitors who generally feel more responsible for the environment, are more likely to engage in park-specific pro-environmental behaviors.Sofeh Mountain Park with an area of more than 39 hectares located in the city of Isfahan, is a significant place of entertainment and recreation for citizens and domestic and foreign tourists. With the development of space, facilities, and tourism services in this natural environment, as well as the increasing number of visitors to this unique mountain park, the issue of environmental protection becomes of considerable importance and necessity. Given that the behaviors of visitors in the visited environment directly affect all aspects of environmental sustainability, the present study investigates the effect of visitors’ place attachment and their general pro-environmental behaviors on the park-specific pro-environmental behaviors.

The present study, through studying a sample of 400 visitors to Sofeh Mountain Park in Isfahan city, has examined the effects of place attachment and general pro-environmental behaviors on the park-specific pro-environmental behaviors. The required data for the research were collected through a questionnaire in November 2019. The questionnaire consisted of two sections, including general attributes of respondents and the main part consisted of a set of questions regarding visitors’ place attachment and pro-environmental behaviors, which mainly adopted from Halpenny (2010). This part of the questionnaire was composed of 41 questions, of which 16 were about three dimensions of place attachment including place identity (6 items), affective attachment (6 items), and place dependence (4 items). Thirteen items measured general pro-environmental behaviors, and 12 questions were related to the park-specific pro-environmental behaviors. Analysis of data was conducted by applying some statistical tests and using SPSS software. Given that all values of skewness and elongation of the variables are in the range -2 to +2, parametric statistical tests including Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used.

The findings showed that general pro-environmental behaviors and two dimensions of place  attachment (place identity and place dependence) had a statistically significant and positive effect on park-specific pro-environmental behaviors in such a way that 56.3% of the variance of park-specific pro-environmental behaviors was explained by mentioned variables. Accordingly, it can be interpreted that if people consider themselves committed to the protection of the environment and also if they develop a sense of place identity and place dependence towards the park environment, they will be more concerned about protecting the environment of Sofeh Park. As a result, their behavior will be supportive of the park environment.The findings of this study on the effect of place attachment on pro-environmental behaviors are in line with the findings reported by some researchers, for example, Saif (2017), Abedi Sarvestani (2014), Halpenny (2010), Walker and Chapman (2003), Raymond et al. (2011), Ramkissoon et al. (2013), Buta et al. (2014), and Ramkissoon and Mavondo (2017). However, some contradictory findings reported by a number of researchers makes the generalization of the findings of the present study questionable. It is worth mentioning that the differences in findings can be due to the difference in the conceptualization of place attachment and pro-environmental behaviors that should be examined in future studies.

Overall, the findings of the present study showed that both place attachment and general pro-environmental behaviors positively influenced park-specific pro-environmental behaviors. However, the general pro-environmental behaviors were more powerful than place attachment in explaining and predicting the park-specific pro-environmental behaviors. These findings can be considered in the planning and management of Sofeh Mountain Park and similar recreation environments. On the one hand, the positive effect of place attachment on the park-specific pro-environmental behaviors implies that the deeper sense of place identity people develop toward the environment, the more favorable visited environments are in providing the tourism and recreational functions desired by the visitors.Some factors can play a positive role in strengthening the visitors’ place attachment. For example, security, safety, landscape beauty, lighting quality, services and amenities, a variety of recreational activities, and park's well management. Providing enough information about the unique features of the park can also be effective in creating a sense of attachment to the park. In addition, by providing opportunities for individuals’ participation in the park improvement and conservation programs, their sense of place attachment can be strengthened. The results also showed that people who generally are committed to doing pro-environment activities are concerned about preserving the park environment as well. Accordingly, one of the effective ways to develop pro-environmental behaviors in all environments is to strengthen people’s sense of responsibility and commitment to the environment. In this regard, raising the level of knowledge and awareness of people about the importance of the environment and various ways of protection can be effective, which, of course, requires in-depth research and studies.

The emotional relationship between man and place has been studied in different areas. Based on each domain, it is known as a specific title. For example, in the literature of architecture and urbanization, it is referred to as psychology. This relationship is formed at different levels and is introduced in the form of various concepts, including the concepts of place and identity attachment. In the field of architecture and urban planning, several studies have been done in relation to each of these cases. In these studies, the appearance of these relations in spaces has been studied. However, no research has been conducted on the theoretical relationship between these two concepts. Accordingly, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between the two concepts of place and identity attachment and how these two concepts can be displayed in an open urban environment as the field of research. For this purpose, the Eram Garden of Shiraz was selected as a case study. By examining how these two concepts were used for users of this space, the relationship between these concepts was analyzed. The present study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in collecting and analyzing data. In this regard, library and field methods are used to collect data and to use content analysis methods as well as statistical tests To analyze them. The statistical population in this research is the users of Eram Garden in Shiraz in spring and summer and the sample size in this regard was 326 people who were randomly asked at the garden level. The results of the research indicated that there is a significant and strong relationship between the two concepts of place attachment and place identity in urban open spaces; thus, increasing the attachment to the location lead to formation of place identity for users of the place. Also, factors such as individual emotions, spatial configuration, are both the most important in order to formation of place attachment to the location and place identity, respectively. However, the factor of memories and events in the place attachment and social activities in the environment, have a greater impact on the formation of place identity.

Extended Abstract
In recent decades, the level of neighborhood attachment to residential areas in urban contemporary neighborhoods has been debilitated through the use of patterns and styles of urban planning and non-indigenous architecture in a way that focuses on purely physical components leading to settlements with the least social interactions and not attendance in collective spaces. However, in the past, it seems that one of the main features of any neighborhood has been the close connection between the environment components and the sense of place attachment and traditional neighborhoods have always had the highest level of residents' attachment to themselves. Shahrak-e- Daneshgah of Yazd is one of the new neighborhoods in the contemporary context of the city that seems to have not been successful in shaping the relationship between residents and the residential environment, also it is involved with some problems such as reduction of residents' communication, lack of formation of collective memories and events, diminishment of sense of belonging and dependence as well as the decline of residents' attachment to their living environment. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify and evaluation the effective indicators on attachment to residential neighborhoods in the Shahrak-e- Daneshgah of Yazd. Also it seeks to answer two questions:1) What are the effective indicators on residents' attachment to contemporary residential areas?
 2) How much is the extent and intensity of the impact of each of indicators on the residents' attachment to the Shahrak-e- Daneshgah of Yazd?
 
This article has used three research methods including survey, descriptive and correlation. In addition, a questionnaire that according to the theoretical model of research was used to collect information from residents to assess their sense of neighborhood attachment, as well as library resources and field studies to complete the required data to conduct research. The apparent validity of the research instrument (questionnaire) was confirmed by Yazd university professors and its reliability was confirmed by using of Cronbach's alpha test. In order to measure the variables in the questionnaire, the five-point Likert scale and systematic sampling method were used. The volume of the statistical population includes all residents of the area (7581 people) and the sample size has been calculated using Cochran's formula at 95% confidence level with q = p = 0.5 and d = 0.05 with error. Finally, likely to distortion of some questionnaires, the sample size of 320 was considered. To test the obtained data through a questionnaire, SPSS software was used. Also, multivariate regression was used to excavate the data and explain the effect of indicators on neighborhood attachment among the available analysis tests.
 
According to the theoretical model of the research, the variable of neighborhood attachment was considered as a dependent one and the variables of residential characteristics, social interactions, presence, individual feeling, collective feeling, physical, semantic and functional were considered as independent ones of this research. Due to the qualitatively variables, measurable indicators for each of the variables are included in the theoretical model of the research. Independent variables explain totally 70.9% of the variance of the dependent variable in the Shahrak-e- Daneshgah of Yazd. Based on the calculated regression coefficients, eight research variables have a direct and significant connection with the dependent variable and only the variable of personal characteristics with beta of )0.031(and a significance level of )0.271(has no significant connection with the dependent variable of the research. This means that indicators such as age, occupation, marital status, education, etc. do not have a significant connection with place attachment, and in other words, decreasing or increasing age and education or job changes do not have a considerable effect on people's attachment to their neighborhood. The results indicate that the residential characteristics variable with a beta of )0.463(has the highest significant relationship with the dependent variable and the semantic variable has the least significant relationship with the dependent variable by two items (index) called historical background and the existence of brilliant elements with a beta coefficient of (0.305).
 
As mentioned formerly, neighborhoods are considered as one of the main habitats in cities and play an important role in the physical and functional structure of each city. Conforming the importance of this role, attention to spatial qualities is vital to maintain the dynamism and continuity of flow and residence. With these explanations, finally, the results of this study express that the duration of living in neighborhoods are effective on shaping the sense of attachment to the residential environment, so that the more presence precedent in the neighborhood and personal ownership of housing, the less movement happen and the sense of responsibility of people toward environment will crystallize and as a result, their sense of attachment to the neighborhood will increase. Collective factors such as collective feeling, social interactions and presence are the next steps that confirm the collective nature of events at the neighborhood level and as this study showed, in urban contemporary contexts, there is a significant reduction in the incidence of group events. On the other hand, in the Shahrak-e- Daneshgah neighborhood, we see the low impact of individual variables such as personal feelings and characteristics on creating and promoting attachment to the neighborhood, to the extent that unlike many previous studies on residential scale, in this research personal characteristics are ineffective on shaping residents' attachment to their neighborhood. This indicates that the Shahrak-e-Daneshgah neighborhood, as a new residential neighborhood without antiquity and historical roots, lacks a collective spirit and suffers from the lack of social interactions and the presence of people in the neighborhood and needs to pay attention to factors that they lead to a collective spirit in the neighborhood.

One of the most important indicators of quality of life and the desirability of urban spaces is the sense of security. The sense of security in a neighborhood is influenced by various factors, including place attachment and social capital. The sense ofbelonging to the place of residence creates a sense of responsibility towards the environment and, on the other hand, by influencing social capital and by its mediating can affect the sense of security. Since an understanding of the factors affecting the sense of security in urban neighborhoods is necessary for planning to achieve it, this study seeks to investigate the impact of place attachment and social capital on securityin neighborhoods of Sabzevar. This is a survey research and a questionnaire was used to collect the needed data. The unit of analysis is the individual, the sample size is 384 by Cochran method. The data analysis method is Pearson correlation, regression, Sobel test and structural equation modeling (SEM). In this research, first the effect of place attachment and social capital on sense of security is studied and then the effect ofplace attachment to a sense of security with the mediation of social capital is analyzed. The results suggest that both social capital and place attachment have a significant effect on sense of security. In addition, place attachment significantly predicts variance of social capital. In addition, place attachment significantly predicted variance social capital and thus indirectly an d through social capital affects the sense of security.