جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « r software » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The most important purpose of this research is to identify the key factors affecting the hydropolitical relations of political-spatial units in the Gavakhuni catchment area.

 The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The nature of the data is mixed, and the data collection method is library, field, and survey. In this research, after reviewing the authentic documents and texts, the factors affecting the hydropolitical relations of the political-spatial units of the Gavkhoni watershed were identified, and Micmac software was used to determine the key factors. In the following, the researchers provided the provided solutions in the form of a questionnaire to the research experts to check the correctness of the provided solutions and rank them with the FBMW model.

 This research has successfully identified 43 factors that significantly influence the hydropolitical relations of political-spatial units in the Gavakhuni catchment basin. These factors, categorized as determining, two-dimensional, influential, and independent, have been further narrowed down to nine key influencing factors. 

With the view of the separation of provincial management of water resources and arbitrary harvesting in different parts of the basin, transfer of water out of the basin, and regional and provincial conflicts, it seems that with the establishment of integrated management in the basin, based on the system approach and the basic cooperation relations in the basin, we can move towards improving the water situation in the Gaukhoni catchment basin.

The innovation of this research is identifying key factors affecting the hydropolitical relations of political-spatial units of the Gavakhuni watershed using the opinions of academic and executive experts.

Rural settlements, characterized by their geographic location, environmental features, spatial-physical structure, and level of resources, often face the greatest challenges during hazardous events. Identifying the vulnerabilities of these rural settlements by considering various influential factors is one of the most important methods for preventing, reducing risks, and managing hazards in these areas. To identify the hazards that affect a significant number of villages across Iran and to recognize the weaknesses and problems many of these villages face when dealing with such hazards, field reports from 1418 villages were analyzed using NVivo software. This content analysis involved categorizing, counting, and determining the frequency of identified natural hazards, as well as the solutions proposed by expert inspection teams. The study’s findings identify the most common current challenges and problems these villages encounter in facing natural hazards. These results can be utilized to reduce the risk of natural disasters and enhance the safety of villages, identify weaknesses and strengths, prioritize needs in action plans, and assess the performance and effectiveness of the activities of relevant executive agencies in crisis management.

The research method employed in this study is quantitative content analysis, a technique used to objectively and systematically describe explicit content in a quantifiable manner. In this quantitative approach, the primary aim is to measure the frequency of various thematic categories. The stages of content analysis, as outlined by Borg and Gall (1989), involve six steps: identifying relevant documents, setting research objectives, selecting a sample of documents, developing a categorization method, counting the frequency of each category, and interpreting the results. Notably, the study utilized a deductive approach for developing categorization methods. This involved analyzing the content of field visit reports that proposed solutions for safeguarding villages at risk of natural disasters. The analysis focused on themes and concepts related to disaster risk reduction and village safety, using NVivo software for data management and analysis.

After an initial study and screening using the specified criteria, priority villages at risk of natural disasters were identified at a national level. Following validation from local experts, the Housing Foundation for the Islamic Revolution and Crisis Management in all 31 provinces confirmed the list of villages identified during the preliminary studies. A total of 1418 villages across the country were visited through field assessments conducted by teams of disaster risk specialists. Following the submission of the field visit reports, the content of these reports was analyzed using NVivo software. This content analysis revealed that out of the 1,418 visited villages, 1169 villages (82.4%) were at risk of flooding, 638 villages were at risk of earthquakes (45%), 393 villages were at risk of landslide-related hazards (such as landslides and falling rocks) (27.7%), 33 villages were at risk of subsidence and sinkholes (2.3%), and 18 villages were at risk of moving sands (1.3%).

After categorizing and determining the frequency of proposed solutions for disaster risk reduction in at-risk villages, it was found that the highest percentages were attributed to the following measures: organizing rivers and streams at 26.5%, implementing watershed management plans at 17.6%, collecting and directing surface and groundwater at 17.1%, establishing or improving infrastructure facilities at 8.4%, and maintaining bank and riverbed boundaries at 8.4%. The correlation between the high number of villages at risk of flooding and the most frequently identified issues related to flood risk reduction underscores the significance of the natural and geographical characteristics of our country, as well as the exacerbated effects of climate change and theories suggesting an increased likelihood of extreme events. This further highlights the necessity for attention to the performance of involved agencies and the clarification of each agency’s duties and responsibilities, as well as the relationships among stakeholders regarding the identified challenges.

Increasing urbanization, population growth and the social, economic and environmental problems resulting from them, along with the growth and expansion of information and communication technology - as the main axis of transformation in the world - is the main feature of the 21st century. To deal with the challenge of cities, the concept of smart city has been presented. Good urban governance is presented as a prerequisite for a smart city by national and international organizations. Therefore, the idea of urban management and governance has been removed from its traditional state and improved. In other words, good and smart governance involves an open dialogue between citizens and city officials through an active ICT platform. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to answer the question that with the new changes in the field of technology in the cities of the country, especially the metropolises, what is the state of good governance indicators in the studied metropolis? And is the urban management in Tabriz metropolis able to improve the desirable urban governance indicators in line with the smart city indicators? The answers to the research questions have been done by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The indicators of smart city and good urban governance have been extracted using questionnaire tools and statistics available in statistical yearbooks and analyzed in Python programming environment. The results show that the overall score of good governance in Tabriz metropolis is 0.436. Among the five indicators introduced by the United Nations, the effectiveness index is the most favorable and the equality index is the most unfavorable among other indicators.

This research evaluated the effects of green infrastructure cooling ecosystem service on mitigating urban heat islands in Tabriz metropolitan areas. In this way, the mitigation capacity of the heat islands of Tabriz in all three periods of 1984, 2002, and 2022 was evaluated in 5 classes, from the best case to the worst case, using the urban cooling model of the InVEST software. The results showed that Tabriz condition in 1984, i.e., 15.47% in the class of 0.69 to 0.83%; in 2002, 15.63% in the class of 0.66 to 0.90%; and in 2022, 13.93% in the class of 0.69 to 0.83%, was able to mitigate heat islands. In other words, the Tabriz metropolitan did not perform well in mitigating heat islands in all three periods and is in the worst condition. In all three time periods, the mitigation pattern of heat islands in Tabriz has been consistent with the pattern of agricultural land use and green space of all three types of cluster, block, and fragmented patterns. The pattern of mitigation of heat islands in Tabriz in 2022, unlike in 1984 and 2002, was more fragmented and less than cluster and block type, indicating that Tabriz's green infrastructure has gradually become fragmented and smaller. In 1984, 2002, and 2022, Tabriz Metropolitan had 226,640, 562,269, and 1,263,294 megawatt hours of energy savings due to the mitigation of heat islands due to urban green infrastructure.

Debris flow, which is known as the most destructive natural hazard, is a complex environmental phenomenon in which a large volume of moving mass including mud, sand, rock, soil, water, and air travels down a slope under the impact of gravitational force. Due to this phenomenon's complex physical nature, the governing equations' analytical solution is complicated and almost impossible in real situations.
In the last two decades, with the advancement in computer technologies and numerical methods, some robust software has been developed to simulate debris flow and particle movement. The Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) is a two-dimensional model to calculate the motion of geophysical mass movements (snow avalanches, rockslides, debris flows, and shallow landslides) from onset to runout in three-dimensional terrain. Since the numerical analysis in this software is based on the terrain parameters which are extracted from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the accuracy of the model might be very dependent on the resolution of the DEM. For this reason, this study's main aim is quantitively evaluating errors and uncertainties in RAMMS-Debris flow model outputs induced by the impact of DEM cell size.

RAMMS extracts all topographical parameters (i.e., slope angle, flow directions, streams, altitudes, inundation areas) from a DEM (ASCII or GeoTIFF format). Since the resolution of the DEM and the resampling process can significantly affect the physical terrain parameters of a given watershed such as the mean slope, altitudes, the cross-section of rivers, etc., therefore the RAMMS outputs may be altered with the changing of the DEM resolution which causes the propagation of errors in modeling and calculations.
To investigate the impact of DEM cell size on the accuracy of RAMMS-Debris flow modeling, a watershed with high-resolution DEM (1 m), located in northeastern Iran, is considered. Then, this basic DEM is resampled using the bilinear method in ArcGIS to build DEM maps in various cell sizes such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m. Since the modeling process is based on the Voellmy-fluid friction model, the viscous-turbulent and the Dry-Coulomb type friction coefficients are considered constant at 200 and 0.2 respectively. Also, all other input data such as simulation time, inflow hydrograph, fluid density, etc. are considered constant for all scenarios.

The analysis showed that by increasing the DEM cell size from 1 meter to 20 meters, the mean slope of the computational domain decreased up to 4% such that, changing in DEM cell size from 1 meter to 10 meters decreases the mean slope by only 1% but with increasing the cell size to more than 10 m, the mean slope reduces significantly.
In addition, the final results showed that the RAMMS model had an extreme sensitivity to the Dem cell size such that by keeping other parameters constant, only changing the Dem cell size from 1 meter to 20 meters caused an error of +548% in the overall inundation area, -67% in the overall maximum flow depth, and +112% in the run-out distance. It was also found that the magnitude of errors in the modeled debris flow parameters using DEMs with a cell size of less than 5 meters was almost small whereas for cell sizes larger than 5 meters, it was very large. Therefore, it seems that the RAMMS software generally works well only for DEMs with tiny cell sizes (less than 5 meters).

In this research, the effect of the cell size of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) on the accuracy of the results of the RAMMS model has been investigated. For this purpose, a DEM with a cell size of 1 meter was selected in an area that is prone to debris flow, then using ArcGIS software, some coarser maps with cell sizes of 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 20 meters were made using the bilinear method. based on the results obtained from the modeling of various scenarios in this study, it is found that the RAMMS model has an extreme sensitivity to the cell size of the DEM map. Although the smaller the cell size of the DEM map, the higher the accuracy of the model, the increase in the DEM cell size (considering other parameters being fixed) causes a drastic increase in modeling error. This amount of error in DEM-20 m is almost 5.5 times that of DEM-1 m. Therefore, the important point in debris flow modeling with RAMMS is to use a suitable DEM cell size to increase the accuracy of the model. According to the results, if the DEM cell size is less than 5 meters, the magnitude of error is not significant and can be ignored.

Mental health disorders pose a significant threat to human well-being, particularly affecting urban populations. Despite the paramount importance of addressing urban mental health, effective strategies for improvement remain elusive. This concern has garnered heightened significance in Tehran, a city with a pressing need for viable solutions. This research aims to identify key strategies to enhance the mental health of the city. Employing a descriptive-analytical research method, the study utilizes content analysis and structural analysis to pinpoint crucial solutions. The findings reveal that three primary strategies — the formulation and execution of a comprehensive mental health plan, the integration of aesthetically pleasing urban design to promote mental well-being, and the adoption of innovative approaches such as mobile health programs and online services — are deemed pivotal variables. Consequently, the implementation of these solutions holds the potential to significantly enhance urban mental health in Tehran.

During the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism

The urban transportation system is one of the most important and sensitive infrastructures of urban development, which requires special attention for its development and exploitation. Urban transportation is known as one of the biggest infrastructural challenges facing big cities. During the occurrence of incidents such as floods, storms, tsunamis, terrorist operations, the role of the road network in traffic, transportation and relief will be much more prominent and vital than in normal conditions. As a result of these incidents, the transportation infrastructures suffer fundamental problems, in the provision of service or total failure, their vulnerability analysis is very important. The vulnerability of the transportation network includes terrorist attacks and natural disasters, which reduce the service level of the transportation network. All these events are considered unusual events, which happen in the transportation network with different possibilities, and the consequences of their occurrence are also different.Accidents, from the point of view of vulnerability in the transportation system, are those events that cause disruption in traffic. These events can be natural, sudden, and unpredictable, such as severe adverse weather or terrorist activities, all of which affect network performance. The common feature of all these incidents is that they all cause negative effects on the service of the road network. In other words, an incident is an event, which directly or indirectly causes a significant decrease in the service of an arc/route/road in the network. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the urban transportation system using Transcode software in the urban road network from the point of view of crisis management during evacuation.

The current research is descriptive and analytical in terms of its methodology and in terms of purpose, it is practical-developmental. In this research, based on the modeling of the transportation network in Transcode specialized software, a method for prioritizing the role of roads in the urban road network during evacuation is proposed. For this reason, the travel time of the entire network has been used as a measure to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the transportation network. Considering 16 scenarios, the demand matrix was obtained for the discharge conditions of Isfahan's transportation network, using the gravity model, with one limitation. Then, traffic allocation was done using Transcode software, and according to the mentioned process, the designated routes; respectively removed from the network and the allocation process was done. 30% of the city's population is considered to determine the number of people who travel out of the city every hour. According to the population and housing statistics of 2016, the average household population in urban areas is about 3.5 people.In this research, first, the shortest routes between origins and destinations were calculated using TransCAD software, and origin-destination matrices were created based on 30% of people who intend to leave the city during the crisis. Then the outputs were removed from the network, respectively, and the traffic allocation process was done using software; In order to perform traffic allocation, limited software’s are used, and in this study, TransCAD 4.5 software was used, which is one of the most updated and famous specialized software’s for transportation engineering. To perform traffic allocation, using TransCAD software, it is necessary to introduce the road network, the origin-destination demand matrix, and then the performance function to the software, and after that, the software performs the allocation operation, and the outputs, it includes the balance flow of each arc in each direction, the travel time of each arc in each direction, the ratio of volume to capacity of each arc and etc.In order to implement this process, first the passages and their intersection points are called in the software environment; Then, the transportation network and its characteristics will be defined; At this stage, the centers of the traffic areas, the status of inactive or blocked roads, the status of circulations at the crossing points of the roads, etc. will be determined. In the next step, the construction of the source-destination matrix will be done at the time of the crisis, in which the population parameters of the districts, the distance of each district to the exit destinations of the city, and the number of people who will be sent to the exit points every hour will be done., is used.After this stage, it comes to the traffic allocation process, in which, using the travel time-volume functions, which are built based on the characteristics of the roads, people's trips will be allocated through different routes from their origins to their destinations found, and the traffic volume of each passage will be determined.

The allocation results showed that exit 3657 (Nain Road) has the most time spent in the entire transportation network, in one hour, and using a 30% matrix, compared to the base scenario. Also, the outlets were ranked in terms of the total length of the arcs, with a volume exceeding the capacity, and twice the capacity, and it was determined that the outlet 4639 (Azadrah Zob Ahan) is in the first place. The scenarios were ranked based on the cost of traffic facilities and services, in millions of Rials per hour (30% matrix), and it was found that scenario 4639 (Zob Ahan Freeway) ranked first, and scenario 2003 (Zainbiye Boulevard (Habib Abad Road)) ranked last.

This study showed that, when a crisis occurs, there is access to transportation for the residents of Isfahan metropolis, which in order of time spent, the Nain road exit scenario shows the most time spent compared to other scenarios, and the residents of the city can use outputs that have less time spent than other outputs in the network. Finally, suitable solutions for use in the field of urban transportation were presented; these solutions include:- Preventing the blocking of standard and safe exits, to evacuate the population and timely arrival of relief forces, in times of crisis. It is possible to use a similar method to identify parallel routes in order to provide relief services or evacuate the population in the city of Isfahan. Considering the appropriate emergency evacuation route for crowded places, such as subway stations, passenger terminals, uneven intersections, underground tunnels, etc. Determining and equipping emergency evacuation routes, as well as alternative routes, for routes that are likely to be damaged, for the rapid evacuation of the city population, and its different areas, with logical methods, and testing it by conducting appropriate maneuvers to educate citizens. Informing, educating the public and conducting appropriate maneuvers to train citizens for emergencies with a relatively realistic simulation of specific threats.

By entering the 21st century and the rapid process of globalization and changing the role of cities and turning them into centers for attracting capital, goods, information, knowledge, and innovation, we are witnessing the increasing participation of cities in the global economy. An economy that changed from traditional in the last two to three decades today is based on knowledge. Following these changes, the cities of the future must become innovative and competitive to compete, maintain and improve their position in the global arena and respond to the diverse needs of customers. In this regard, when the competition among cities was raised, the urban planning and management system to compete in the international arena and gain this competitive advantage, by changing its attitude from environmental resources to human resources, trying to preserve its limited natural resources and potentials. To base the development of the city on the resources and potentials that are produced and reproduced. Because these resources and forces are human potentials and creative and innovative forces, they seek to upgrade their infrastructure to encourage innovation and include different national, regional, technological, and sector levels. Given that national economic performance is strongly linked to regional economic performance, a regional approach is the most appropriate method to formulate and implement national innovation systems.On the other hand, due to the need for the necessary infrastructure to create innovation in the cities of developing countries, including Iran, and the uncertainty caused by the environmental complexity, the future forecast for the development of innovation has become difficult, so that with the increase of changes and transformations, reliance on planning methods Based on forecasting, it does not meet the needs of the macro management of the country, and the heavy shadow of uncertainties and the emergence of discontinuous and surprising events changed the situation in such a way that predicting the future seems difficult for planners. For this reason, researchers take advantage of the capabilities of the emerging knowledge of futurism and introduce foresight into the planning and forecasting activities, one of which is scenario planning, and its purpose is to expand thinking about the future and widen the range of alternatives. which can be desired, in this regard, the metropolis of Tabriz has advantages such as a dense industrial economic environment as one of the main industrial hubs of the country, the existence of various industrial support institutions, a significant concentration of higher education centers and research centers such as Tabriz University, parks Science and growth centers, strong communication network and ease of communication with other places and markets inside and outside the border have been chosen to plan the development of regional innovation in the metropolis of Tabriz based on the future research approach.

Double-click for synonyms and definitions (all sites) ✕ Copy text Current research is applied in terms of purpose and narrative analysis in terms of nature. To gather the required information, two library and field methods were employed. In the library method, using the environmental scanning method, the theoretical foundations, background of the subject, and the collection of effective dimensions and indicators in the field of regional innovation were investigated, and in the field method, the required information was completed in several stages by using semi-structured questionnaires. The statistical population of the research also includes 32 qualified people in the industry, university, and government sectors, who were selected by purposeful sampling. To analyze the data, Mic Mac, Scenario Wizard and SWAT software were used, along with the inductive method.

In this research, to obtain the key factors affecting regional innovation in the metropolis of Tabriz, the Delphi method and environmental survey have been used, and finally, 71 variables have been collected in 5 dimensions; After identifying the required variables and extracting the key factors, Mic Mac software was used. The results of Mic Mac software show that among the 71 factors affecting regional innovation in the Tabriz metropolis, 13 factors including the appropriate culture of productivity, Laws, and regulations, the existence of a teamwork culture between activists and established industrial units, information and communication technology infrastructure, sufficient funding for university research infrastructure, higher education, patent programs, higher education policy, performance evaluation and reward system, financial support, tax system Special and flexible for research and development, the existence of joint research centers between university and industry and the level of interaction and cooperation between university and industry play a key role and each of them somehow causes or accelerates the innovation process of the region at the level of Tabriz metropolis. In this regard, possible scenarios have been designed for each of the key factors, and these scenarios have been analyzed after scoring by Delphi panel experts using the Scenario Wizard software; The results of the analysis of the scenario wizard software show that 3 strong scenarios, 12 believable scenarios, and 8462 weak scenarios are facing regional innovation in Tabriz metropolis.

The results of the research show that among the three strong, weak, and believable scenarios, the believable scenario was chosen as the basis of analysis because it was intermediate between the other two scenarios and had the necessary favorability. Interest induction was said to be and the results of the inductive method include three categories: gold scenario, alert scenario, and disaster scenario. Finally, the validity of the scenarios was used to determine the level of implementation of the golden scenarios, disasters and warnings. According to the opinions of the experts, reaching the disaster scenario seems very pessimistic due to the critical conditions in all factors, and the warning scenario does not follow the continuation of the existing situation and the lack of change in the conditions and the improvement of regional innovation. For this reason, the opinions of the experts indicate their consensus on the golden scenarios, which are based on favorable situations in both environmental and organizational dimensions. Because by implementing this scenario and focusing on each of the key drivers, we will see an increase in the level of regional innovation over the given horizon.

Development programs are carried out to build a better future, or in other words, to shape the social construction of the future reality of countries. A very important part of this program is related to regional development. Although North Khorasan province has potential for growth and development, it is considered as an underdeveloped and deprived province. Therefore, provision of various economic, welfare and infrastructural services, social facilities, variety and health is one of the most basic planning indicators in each planning unit, especially in the cities. The purpose of this article was to identify key factors affecting the underdevelopment of economic, educational, medical and infrastructure indicators in North Khorasan province. The research is applied research and its method is descriptive and analytical, and the data collection method was done by library studies and field research. In order to rank the cities of North Khorasan in terms of underdevelopment of economic, educational-cultural, health-treatment and infrastructural indicators, Mic Mac model and Excel and Spss software were used, and Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to draw and prepare maps. The results of the research showed that among the cities of North Khorasan province in the economic sector of Esfrain, the most developed city and Mane and Samalghan were in the lowest development rank. Garme city was the most developed and the most underdeveloped city in terms of educational and cultural indicators. In terms of access to infrastructure indicators, Bojnord city is the most developed and Mane and Samlaqan are the least developed in terms of the health index, and Shirvan is the most developed and Mane and Salamqan are the least developed in the infrastructure index of North Khorasan province.

Debris Flow is a natural hazard phenomenon that frequently manifests suddenly, inflicting substantial economic and human losses. To date, numerous methodologies have been proposed to manage debris flow; however, the intricate nature of the governing equations renders the analysis of debris flow an exceedingly arduous and nearly unattainable task. The principal objective of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of vertical piers in mitigating debris flow.

This particular study, characterized as an empirical-computational endeavor, transpired between the months of April and August in 2023. Its focus was centered on the Solqan region, situated in the northwestern vicinity of Tehran, an area notably susceptible to debris flow. Within this study, the influence of truncated concrete piers on the reduction of flow velocity and blockage was explored and replicated through employment of the RAMMS numerical model. To accomplish this, a variety of pier arrangements were considered at different junctures along the pathway of flow, with subsequent assessment of the modeling outcomes.

Among all the simulated scenarios, the scenario in which the piers were organized in a triangular shape pointing downwards exhibited the most noticeable impact on the reduction of momentum, inundation area, and run-out distance. Additionally, it is worth noting that if these piers were positioned in the lower section of the hill slope, their efficacy in halting the flow would be significantly enhanced.

The utilization of vertical piers along the course of the debris flow can yield a substantial decrease in the momentum, inundation area, and run-out distance associated with the debris flow phenomenon. The influence exerted by the collective presence of piers on the flow is contingent upon the configuration of the piers, their dimensions, as well as the spacing between them. By employing numerical models the optimal scenario can be determined and implemented.

Soil erosion in any place is affected by various factors, including natural features and human activities. Mediterranean rainfall system and high water erosion, large extent of soils and formations sensitive to erosion, poor natural vegetation in many regions of the country and uneven conditions are some of the important natural factors affecting soil erosion in Iran (Arab Khodri, 2014). So that about 125 million hectares out of 165 million hectares of the country's lands are exposed to water erosiondramatically. Therefore, the incoming blown sand is dropped close to the brink line. Gully erosion as one of type of water erosion is very severe in many areas specially in arid and semi-aird areas. Because in areas with low vegetation cover are mpre prone to the drops of rainfall with high intensity. There are many researches regarding this type of water loss that some of these researches focus on modelling and predicted the prone areas with stochastic model. Rangzen et al. (1401) in their research studied the prone areas to gully erosion using fuzzy membership function in the watershed of Mehr city, in the south of Fars province, they have determined prone areas to gully erosion using fuzzy membership function and hierarchical analysis model (AHP) in Mehr city, in the south of Fars province. The results of their investigation showed that the areas located in the center of the studied area (about 18%) are more sensitive to gullies erosion. They have used the ROC curve to validate the model, the AUC values near 85 indicate the high accuracy of the model for predicting areas prone to gully erosion in the watershed of Mehr city. In this study we have applied the CART model to predict the prone areas in Ljasouh watershed in South of Fasr province in Iran.

The study area isKhasuye watershed, with an area of 136,622 hectares, is located 337 km from Shiraz city in Fars province, Zarindasht city. In terms of the geographical location of this watershed between the longitudes of 54 degrees and 9 minutes to 54 degrees and 42 minutes east and the latitudes of 28 degrees and 18 minutes to 28 degrees and 39 minutes north, it occupies the northern strip of Zarindasht city.The average annual and monthly temperatures of this basin are 21.91 and 19.09 degrees Celsius, respectively. Also, the maximum and minimum average temperature of the basin is 33.09 and 9.78 degrees Celsius, respectively, corresponding to the months of July, the average annual rainfall of Khasouye station is 221.54 mm and its average height above sea level is about 1150 meters.For the applying the CART model by using the SPM (Salford Peredectie Modeler) software in research, in first step, the locations of the gullies were recorded using the Google Earth software and Global Positioning System (GPS) in the whole study area. The second step, out of 16 influencing variables in gully erosion, including topography-related indicators (height, slope, slope direction, slope length, flow strength, stream depth, topographic wetness and longitudinal curvature), normalized vegetation cover index (NDVI), land use, distance from roads, distance from rivers, geological map, rainfall, soil type and soil erodibility have been used. After assigning the values related to independent indicators to each of gullies area, modeling has been run to predict the prone gullies areas in the study area, in the SPM software environment using the CART model. The applied model has used 70% of the data as training data and 30% of the data as test data in the modeling process.

One of the main factors in modeling is checking the accuracy of model results, therefore we have used different stastical index to evaulte the accuracy of our result for each traing and testing data. Table No. 1 shows the CART model accuracy evaluation indices. According to this table, the correlation coefficient or R2 for training data is equal to 0.904 and for test data is equal to 0.845. Considering that (Chain et al., 1998) have defined three values of 0.19, 0.33 and 0.67, respectively, as the criterion value for weak, medium and strong values of the evaluation of the structural parts of the model by means of the R2 index (correlation coefficient). Therfore we can conclude that the model it has high accuracy in predicting the points prone to gully areas height parameter with R square of 0.915 and Std error of estimate of 0.133.In terms of the relative importance of each of the independent variables participating in the CART modeling process, respectively, the variables of height, amount of precipitation, distance from streams and land use have the highest value with values above 50%, and the variables of slope direction, Longitudinal curvature, topographic wettness have the lowest values.

As we have seen in the predicted map of gully erosion the most of these features occur in the flat area with low slope in the Khasouye basin. Due to rainfall or irregular irrigation of the adjacent lands, the water flows on the surface and finally reaches these flat areas. Usually, the amount of precipitation in high areas is higher than in flat and low-altitude areas, but all the precipitation that occurs in high areas is due to other factors such as topography, slope and the direction of the slope of the area, especially in the Khasouye watershed, where the high areas lack suitable vegetation. By applying the results obtained from the implemented statistical model and the geological maps of the Khosouye watershed, it was determined that the most gullies occurred in the places consisting of the Quaternary formation. Quaternary formation includes alluvial and sedimentary deposits and loess. Due to the high solubility of this type of formation, its sensitivity to water erosion and especially to ditch erosion is very high.

With the increase in population and the number of cities in this century, especially in developing countries, the quality of life in cities has become an important issue in urban planning. The master plan of the city is one of the most important documents of urban development, which is approved in a costly process by local and national authorities. The current research seeks to identify the components of quality of life in the process of approving the third comprehensive plan for Mashhad City The process of approving this plan started in 2018 and finally it was announced in 2018. In order to study the plan approval documents, the content analysis method has been used. The data collection tool was documentary and the data analysis tool was in the form of inductive content analysis in MaxQda software. Based on the literature review, the quality of life components in the planning process has been classified into substantive and procedural dimensions. The Substantive dimension includes health, recreational, educational, technological infrastructures, natural environment, social environment, and economic environment are considered, and the procedural dimension includes qualitative considerations in planning approach, qualitative considerations in planning documents, qualitative considerations in plan implementation, planning organization, and urban plans hierarchy. As a result of the analysis of the project minutes, 1034 codes were identified and classified according to the conceptual model. According to the research findings, 81.23% of the identified codes were procedural and 18.76% were substantive. In the approval documents, the most attention was paid to the planning organization, but the technological infrastructure and quality of implementation were not addressed. At the local scale, the ratio of paying attention to the quality of life in urban planning has been almost double that of the national scale. Based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that the substantive aspects of the quality of life in the process of approving urban development plans, especially on a national scale, should be given special attention by the authorities.

Climate change is the greatest threat to humanity, because it is the main factor in increasing the frequency and severity of atmospheric events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, etc. that are experienced today. Climate change can cause a wide range of environmental problems, including severe drought and water scarcity, crop loss, and increased socioeconomic consequences. One way to identify climate change is to evaluate climate and temperature indicators. Based on statistical tests and time series of occurrence of these parameters in the long run, the status of change and its trend can be identified. Given the importance of the impact of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and effective factors with a systemic approach. One of the concerns of human society is the changes that have caused climate change due to global warming. In this regard, given the importance of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and factors with a systemic approach. Considering the importance of climate change and its effects, this study seeks to answer the following questions by considering important climatic parameters and vulnerable urban dimensions (economic, social, political, environmental):1- The trend of climate change changes (Temperature and rainfall, humidity, wind speed) what is it like in Ahvaz?2- What is the causal relationship between the causes of climate change and vulnerable sectors in the city of Ahvaz? 3- What are the effects and consequences of climate change on the city of Ahvaz?

The research methodology is based on statistical tests and qualitative modeling with a systemic approach. The present study analyzes the trend of changes in climatic parameters including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed for a period of 30 years (1991-2020) in Ahvaz using the statistical Mann-Kendall Test was examined. Then, using the science of system dynamics, the causal relationships between variables and structural modeling of the consequences of climate change in Vensim software are investigated. The main stage of using the system dynamics approach is to try to understand and identify the feedback loops of the system under study, for which purpose diagrams of causal loops are drawn. In this study, inputs are the factors that shape climate change are factors that affect the city system. System outputs will be the consequences of climate change.

Based on the results of the analysis of the trend of climatic parameters, the city of Ahvaz in the study period has faced an increase in temperature, increase in relative humidity, decrease in wind speed, and decrease in rainfall. During the 30-year trend (1991-2020), the average rainfall has been (226) mm, each year (1.32) mm, has decreased and followed a downward trend. The average temperature has been (25.38) degrees Celsius, it has increased every year (by 0.051) degrees, which shows an increasing trend over 30 years. Based on the results, the average relative humidity was (41.1), which increased every year (0.007). Also, according to the results, the average wind speed is (2.65 m/s) and has decreased by about (0.018) every year. Therefore, the wind speed shows a decreasing trend over 30 years. Given that climate change refers to the spatial-temporal changes in the long-term average of climatic elements, the results of this study clearly showed that climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed) in the study area have undergone fundamental changes. The consequences of climate change on all economic, social, political, and environmental aspects were evaluated. The results of qualitative modeling and causal relationship showed that climate change in Ahwaz has a direct impact on different sectors of water resources, agricultural production, and energy consumption. Variables of (reduction of water reserves upstream, extreme heat waves) are the most important leverage points of the model. Different outcomes have complex interactions with each other in such a way that they affect different economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions and ultimately intensify each other's effects on reducing the quality of life and increasing climate migration.

As a result, climate change has consequences such as increasing unemployment, reducing the quality of life, reducing urban resilience, and ultimately increasing climate migration in the city of Ahvaz, and the urban environment is not equipped to adapt to climate change.

Detecting land use changes is essential for managers and planners because land use has changed widely. Being aware of these changes can help the policy-making process and solving existing problems. Therefore, preparing a land use map is one of the requirements of any development planning at the national and regional level. Such maps enable managers, planners and experts to design and implement the necessary measures in the field of solving problems and meeting present and future needs by identifying the current situation and comparing capabilities and potentials. Nowadays, due to the high cost of preparing land use maps with traditional and manual methods, remote sensing can help engineers with more accuracy and speed in preparing land use maps and evaluating changes in the region. The aim of the current research is to prepare land use maps of Zabarkhan district and monitoring land use changes in this area from 1996 to 2019 using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images related to TM and OLI sensors. According to the findings, the uses of agricultural lands, built lands and pastures have increased during this period, while barren lands and gardens have decreased. Built-up lands include urban, rural, tourism (wildlife park, ecotourism residence), industrial, workshop, facilities, communication (regional and local roads), military, mining and water storage resources for agriculture. The highest rate of increase is related to urban and rural uses with 461.43 hectares, equivalent to 54.01% of all uses.

Politics and its related components have a prominent role in relations between countries and their national power. Meanwhile, the defense power of countries is not unaffected by the governing policies of countries and political factors. Military-defense power of countries has a direct and significant relationship with the prevailing political factors and political decisions. Due to the special geopolitical situation and peripheral threats, Iran has always paid attention to increasing its power and defense capability in order to achieve sustainable security, and the governing political factors of Iran have effect on defense power.

In this study, in order to explain the key political factors affecting Iran's defense power in 1410, by studying the relevant documents and previous scientific records and using the opinions of 50 experts, 97 political figures were identified. In the second step, with the formation of the expert panel, similar factors were merged and 36 factors were identified. Then, based on the opinion of experts, the values of the factors were ranked and 26 important and effective factors were determined. Finally, by using Micmac software and crossover matrix analysis method, 12 significant factors and 4 factors as key political factors affecting Iran's defense power were identified. It should be noted that the research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and a combination of descriptive-analytical and survey methods (using the opinion of experts and a questionnaire).

According to the software output, 4 key factors:The wisdom of leadership and the managerial skills and ability of the country's political leadersThe country's membership and influence in regional and global alliances and treaties, and the power and credibility of regional and supra-regional allies, and the number of strategic partners (powerful countries) of Iran.Changes in regional powers and the emergence of new poles of power in the region and the establishment of a multipolar system in the world and the decline of the United States from the position of a superior hegemon and the emergence of China as a new international hegemony.Continuation of Iran's strongly anti-American foreign policy and areas of dispute (nuclear, human rights, terrorism, Israel) with the international community and the status of Iran's nuclear case in the Security Council and the United Nations.They were identified as the most important and key political factors affecting Iran's defense power. Also, four scenarios: development, obstruction, isolation and political risk were identified, which is the ideal and desirable scenario for the country in order to gain superior defense power, to be in a state of political development.

According to the theory of deterrence, as well as the teachings of the Qur'an and Islam, which emphasize the need for defense readiness against enemies, the need to strengthen the country's military capability to create defensive deterrence and ensure the interests and national security of the country is essential. Be. In this regard, according to the results of the research of four key political forces influencing the country's defense power should be used by military officials and commanders in formulating military strategies to create deterrence and achieve lasting security in the country.

In the past, cities have been good examples of energy-efficient urban design in terms of ecological constraints. Looking at traditional cities and comparing them with modern urban planning, we see adverse environmental consequences in the scale of design of building units and the spatial structure of cities. Therefore, it seems necessary to identify the effective factors in the design of traditional sustainable cities, using simulation software before the project or in the proposed options, to the optimal forms in the components (individual buildings) and Urban combinations (urban textures) was achieved. The present research combines descriptive-analytical methods, typological studies, drawing and simulation of models, following the analysis of energy consumption and thermal comfort in different types of building forms, urban blocks, and spatial structure of Isfahan in 4 historical periods. Therefore, by using energy simulation software (Design Builder) and thermal comfort (Envi-Met) and analysis of Space Syntax, the relationship between independent variables (physical and spatial characteristics of the urban fabric) and dependent variables, the amount of energy consumption (to provide heating, cooling, and lighting) and thermal comfort, in each of the proposed scenarios, has been investigated. Based on the results, it is possible to formulate guidelines for the climatic design of urban structures in the form of three components; The system and pattern of segmentation and segregation of urban land, the shape and characteristics of the mass/space in urban contexts and the pattern of the network of texture passages, regulation, and operational construction. The dominant forms of the Qajar period are more sustainable forms than other historical periods in terms of energy performance and adaptation to the climate. Also, spatial structures with the highest degree of spatial connection can provide a higher percentage of thermal comfort conditions in urban open spaces.

From the beginning of human civilization, man has always been in search of happiness. Aristotle believed that "happiness is the ultimate meaning and purpose of life" (Chen & Zhang, 2018). Happiness and mental health are the most important factors of public health. Assessing the extent to which our place of residence can affect our emotions and overall qualities of life has always been one of the most important theoretical and empirical topics in the various professions of human geography, urban and regional studies, urban design and planning, and assurance. Citizens’ high quality of life in all its objective and mental dimensions is one of the most important concerns of managers and urban planners around the world (Moore et al., 2018 and Ballas, 2013).Designing and planning to improve people’s health in many scientific circles, especially since the early 90s in the 20th century, have been already discussed. However, the researchers’ main problem in this field has been addressing people’’s physical health and neglecting the issue of the impacts of urban spaces on citizens’ mental, emotional, and spiritual health conditions (Pfeiffer & Cloutier, 2016).In general, the spaces of urban neighborhoods should be in a way that they provide citizens with easy access to interactive and green and public environments ensure their healthy physical and mental lives, and make a positive feeling in them. It is clear that having positive face-to-face experiences in the neighborhood can affect the level of citizen happiness (Han et al., 2019).Given that mental health requires extensive studies to determine a specific framework of factors affecting it, this research was innovative in this regard. Also, considering that the outputs of theoretical studies are evaluated in the context of urban spaces, they can be a suitable source for implementation of practical measures and fill the gap between thought and action. Therefore, doing this research was necessary.According to the definitions provided by the World Health Organization, an individual’s happiness and mental health is affected not only by intrapersonal characteristics, but also by social and economic factors related to some other environmental components, such as safety. Existence of environments for leisure time, existence of green spaces and vegetation, vitality of the environment, etc. have all been considered as factors that are related to individuals’ levels of happiness and mental health (Hoisington et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2014;Firdaus, 2017;and Melis et al., 2015).Various studies have shown that citizens’ quality of life is directly related to their living environments. In the meantime, the public spaces of cities are of special importance as a platform that provides the ground for collective life and can strengthen or weaken citizens’ health. In general, the artificial environment is one of the most influential determinants and prerequisites for citizens’ health. In many studies, its impact on various aspects of health has been examined. Among them, citizens' mental health and happiness are the most influential dimensions that are strongly influenced by urban structures and environments (Melis et al., 2015).According to Choe (2012), "Of the main concerns of urban designers and planners in different cities, especially in the old and worn-out contexts of cities, are reduction of citizens’ quality of life and their loss of vitality, as well as reduction of the physical quality of the environment." "It is a concept that seems almost difficult to define. This concept is mainly definedbylife satisfaction, mental comfort, and enjoyment for well-being and security (Choe, 2012).Urban neighborhoods and streets have a special role in attracting people to the public space of cities and are very important for the city vitality and its inhabitants. This is while the growing trend of using vehicles has reduced the social role of cities and this issue has led to less human interactions in cities and paying more attention to cars and the need for motor vehicles (Horijani, 1397).Therefore, in the profession of urban design and planning, creating a context to provide spaces that can improve the residents’ positive feelings and emotions and reduce their negative emotions is necessary and undeniable. Accordingly, the effort to create a happy atmosphere for citizens in the society that can provide them with a peace of mind. This should be considered as one of the main tasks of social institutions, such as municipalities, city councils, and urban management systems in general. Due to the importance of the issue and lack of a comprehensive and useful research on it in Sanandaj, this study was done to make a comparison between two different neighborhoods with worn and new structures and different social contexts in Sanandaj City.

The present study was based on a descriptive-analytical method in terms of purpose and data collection was done in the two ways of library and field studies. To achieve the research objective, which was investigation of environmental qualities affecting the citizens’ happiness in Sanandaj City, the necessary framework was identified and extracted by reviewing the existing sources and documents and then a questionnaire was used to collect the background data.To answer the research questions, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, one-way analysis of variance, and regression analysis were utilized, as well as SmartPLS software. To test normality of the research variables Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied. The results related to the citizens’ different levels of vitality, mental health, and happiness and also differences in urban design qualities in both neighborhoods were used via one-way variance to evaluate the effectiveness of qualities. Urban design was used on the level of the citizens’ mental health.Also, using regression analysis, different levels of each of the urban design qualities in the mentioned neighborhoods were studied through statistical calculations. Finally, SmartPLS software was employed to develop structural equation modeling and provide suggestions.Considering the importance of looking at cities for citizens' happiness and joy, the main purpose of this study was to explain the framework of urban design qualities that affected the citizens’ mental health and happiness.

From the structural equation model of the research, it could be stated that the research hypotheses were confirmed with 95% confidence and the quality components of urban design had a positive and significant effect on the citizens’ mental health. Also, based on beta coefficients, it was clear that the components of perceptual and transportation qualities had the most and least impacts on the citizens’ mental health and happiness, respectively.In general, evaluations of the components of functional quality, transportation quality, ecosystem quality, perceptual quality, visual quality, social environment quality, and total time quality (coefficient of determination: 97%) related to health changes determined the citizens’ mental health and the rest of changes in the citizens’ mental health were related to other factors that were outside the scope of this study. Table 13: Structural equation results (source: authors) mental health Ecosystem Quality 0.31 3.84 Confirmation Positive mental health Perceptional Quality 0.77 7.37 Confirmation Positive mental health   Visual Quality 0.53 6.78  Confirmation Positive mental health Social Environment Quality 0.50 6.13 Confirmation Positive mental health = Time Quality 0.41 4.15 Confirmation Positive mental health  Urban Design Quality 0.94 240.52 Confirmation Positive |t|>1.96 significant at P<0.05, |t|>2.58 significant at P<0.01

The results of the statistical analyses showed that based on what was asked in the first question, the residents of the two different neighborhoods of Sanandaj located in the two different types of traditional and developed contexts enjoyed life on different levels of satisfaction , mental health, vitality, and happiness, which could be attributed to the differences in the levels of some environmental qualities, such as environmental sensory richness, attractive visual qualities, and existence of different spaces for them to stop and spend time. Leisure time could create a ground for improving the residents’ social interactions in the two neighborhoods.The results obtained in this study are consistent with the results of the studies of Zuniga-Teran et al. (2017), Pfeiffer et al. (2016), Cao (2016), Taheri and Taheri (1398), and Abrun et al. (1397).Regarding the impacts of environmental qualities on the citizens’ levels of mental health, the studied qualities, i.e., functional quality, quality of transportation, quality of ecosystem, perceptual quality, visual quality, quality of social environment, and quality of time, could be mentioned as the factors affecting their health.In addition, it could be stated that the existence of such qualities could be the definitive environmental predictors that ensured part of the citizens’ mental health that was affected by the environment and urban design qualities. These results are consistent with the results obtained by Han et al. (Impacts of Access to Parks and Green Spaces on Mental Health) (Han & Kim, 2019), Wales (Impacts of Sense of Safety and Security on Mental health and Well-being) (Wills, 2014), Zhang et al. (The Effects of Different Environmental Qualities on Mental Health and Happiness) (Chen et al., 2018), Griff et al. (The Effects of the Physical and Social Structures of the Environment on the Health and Mental Stress of Citizens) (Greif & Dodoo, 2015), Taheri et al. (The Effect of Physical Environment on Citizens' Satisfaction with the Environment and Their Happiness) (Taheri and Taheri, 2009), and Abron et al., 1397), thus confirming their results and completing their studies.The research results emphasized the importance of urban design in the citizens’ mental health. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the citizens’ happiness based on the research approach, besides including the related courses of urban design for obtaining the master's degree at the university, the criteria of a happy city based on the results of the present research and other similar researches, as well as the related experiences gained by the relevant organizations in Iran so as to take valuable steps for achieving the goal of Masharaliyeh in the medium and long term.