جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « sarpol-e zahab » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Today, studies of quality of life have mainly focused on the urban environment, and the quality of urban life and its study is of great necessity and importance. Urban areas are always faced with important issues such as social deprivation, unemployment, housing shortages, insecurity, etc., severely affecting the quality of urban life. Irregular physical growth of cities, changes in the socio-economic structure, traffic and pollution, quality of housing, the existence of parallel organizations in the management of urban centers, and the lack or improper distribution of recreational spaces have caused a decline in the quality of life in urban centers. Today, with the expansion of cities and increasing inequalities, studies of quality of life have become an important tool for planning and managing cities. For urban planners, managers, and policymakers, especially cities that shape the quality of life, the core of the planning process and policy decisions, Studying the quality of life is very important. Through identifying problem areas, discovering the causes of citizens’ dissatisfaction, social, economic, and environmental factors affecting the quality of life, citizens’ priorities in life, and monitoring and evaluating the efficiency of urban policies and strategies, these studies have made a significant contribution to the development of urban strategies and policies. Considering the importance of the issue of quality of life, the main goal of this research is to investigate the status of quality of life indicators using the structural equation model in Sarpol-Zahab city.

The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population is the citizens of Sarpol-e Zahab city. According to the size of the population (N = 45481), 381 of these people were calculated using Cochran's formula and distributed by simple random sampling. The quality of urban life tool developed by Ebrahimzadeh asmin and Karbakhsh (2017) was used to collect information. This questionnaire consists of 29 questions and 5 components that were used to analyze the data using SPSS 25 software (Cronbach's alpha) and LISREL 8.8 (structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis).Sarpol-e Zahab city is one of the western cities of Kermanshah province. Sarpol-e Zahab city is located 177 km west of Kermanshah and its average altitude is 550 meters above sea level and is located at 45 degrees and 52 minutes east longitude and 34 degrees and 28 minutes north latitude and is the center of Sarpol-e Zahab city. According to the 2016 census, the city of Sarpol-e Zahab has a population of 45,481.

In first-order confirmatory factor analysis models, the scores of each item in a variable reflect the status of that item in a more underlying factor that cannot be measured directly because it is hidden. Chi-square ( (, index chi-square to freedom)df (, comparative fit index (CFI), relative fit index (RFI), non-normalized fit index (NNFI), square root error Mean approximation (RMSEA) were exerted to estimate the model. Regarding CFI, RFI, and NFI indices, some researchers believe that the minimum acceptable value is 0.90, and values above 0.95 indicate excellent model fit. Also, for the RMSEA index, a value less than 080 indicates a good fit for the model. According to the findings, the significance of T-statistic related to each of the questions of the Urban Quality of Life Scale is higher, with a significance level of error is 1.96, and the relationship between structures is meaningful and confirmed.

The results show that in the environmental dimension, the most important factors are the feeling of calm (lack of noise pollution (visual, visual, etc.) and satisfaction with the level of clean air. In the social dimension, satisfaction with the sense of happiness and vitality in the place of residence and the level of interest are the most factors. In the economic dimension, the tendency to continue living if income increases and satisfaction with living costs (water, electricity, gas, telephone, and housing costs) have the most factor. In the physical dimension, satisfaction with the conditions of the residential unit (size, number of rooms, necessary equipment, etc.) and satisfaction with the quality of streets and pedestrian crossings (quality of coverage, width of passages, night lighting, etc.) and the highest factor load. Finally, in terms of urban management, they are satisfied with the services provided by the municipality (timely collection of garbage, sewage and construction waste and the highest factor.

 The study of women's resilience as a vulnerable group in society can explain some of the problems and consequences before and after a disaster on the socio-cultural, economic, psychological status of vulnerable people, especially women. This study aimed to prepare the resilience model of rural women in Sarpol-e Zahab after the earthquake on October 13, 2017.

 This descriptive-analytical research was carried out by the qualitative-quantitative method from March to February 2020. In the qualitative phase, the research tool was interviews with experts. Sampling was conducted by the theoretical methodology (n=27). The relevant indicators and sub-indicators were coded to prepare the questionnaire. In the quantitative phase, the research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.7 using Cronbach's alpha. The sample size was 382 according to Cochran's formula. 

 Interaction with others, adaptation to the environment, social participation and bonds, and patience in the face of adversity have been the characteristics of resilient women. 52.3, 33.6, and 4.6% of respondent women had low, medium, and high resilience. Economic, socio-cultural, individual, and structural-physical dimensions were recognized as effective factors on women's resilience by receiving 67, 62, 52, and 48% of experts' votes, respectively. According to the affective dimensions, 49 items were introduced as obstacles to resilience. Lack of income, technical skills, women's education, and government support for women and gender discrimination were the considerable obstacles for women's resilience, respectively.

 The resilience pattern of rural women in Sarpol-e Zahab after the earthquake of November 12, 2017, is affected by economic, structural-physical, social-cultural, and individual dimensions and related items.

Severe earthquakes always disrupt people's lives by damaging the residential sector. In the process of disaster resettlement, after the emergency, shelter phase in the first weeks until permanent housing usually, takes one to two years, temporary housing is needed to resettle people and return them to normal life. Despite the effective role, this period has played in the process of community recovery. In past experiences especially urban disasters, have often been neglected and accompanied by economic, social, and environmental challenges.
The purpose of this study is to present a model of temporary housing through a comprehensive and systematic view of the constituent dimensions and its influencing factors. For this purpose, with the exploratory approach, and the qualitative method of the Grounded Theory, the temporary housing process in Sarpol-e zahab was studied simultaneously during the year and a half of the November 2017 earthquake. Research data were collected through participatory observation and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 78 key informants including officials, experts, local informants, and people. Theoretical and purposeful sampling continued until theoretical saturation and data were analyzed by MaxQDA software in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, extracting 33 axial issues and selecting the core issue as "Transitional settlement”, the final model is presented.
The findings of the study indicate that the topic of post disaster temporary housing is an easy and hard issue that, despite the prevailing assumption, has many complexities. The main challenge of "temporary housing" is related to its clear definition. The use of the word "housing" restricts the subject of physical dimension, during the period. The psychological, social and economic recovery of the affected is less addressed and the term "temporary" makes it less attentional. Therefore, the model of "transitional housing" seeks to better understand it by explaining the components of temporary housing and the factors, which affecting it. From a systemic perspective, the temporary accommodation process consists of the dimensions of "policy, planning and management of transitional settlement, designing and implementing temporary housing, and dismantling" that affected by three categories of "disaster conditions", "context characteristics" and "Intervening systems" such as "safety culture, crisis management system, emergency and permanent housing, donors, insurance, media and economic and political pressures". According to the results, the most fundamental strategies to improve future programs are to adopt a holistic and process-based approach transitional resettlement (from emergency to permanent) and pre-disaster planning in preparation phase that can enhance recovery and resilience of the community.

After any destructive disaster, emergency shelter is provided in the first few weeks. However, it takes more than one year the permanent housing to be prepared. So, in the meantime, "temporary housing" is provided to help people resume their life and routines. However, despite the effective role this period has played in the process of community recovery, in experiences especially urban disasters, have often been neglected and accompanied by economic, social, and environmental challenges. Researchers often attribute these challenges to the lack of pre-disaster planning and an appropriate model. Therefore, this study aims to present a temporary housing model based on the case study of Sarpol-e Zahab. Sarpol-E Zahab, located in the west of Iran, is the nearest city to the epicenter of 7.3 Richter earthquake on November 12, 2017, which suffered from 8316 residential units destroyed, and 11475 units semi-damaged. The government through two strategies of granting containers and rental assistance provided temporary housing. At the same time, large groups of charities, NGOs and some celebrities mobilized, and various plans were proposed by specialists. In addition, many affected households began to build shelters using salvaged or indigenous materials. Due to the complexity of urban issues, large number of population and tenants in Sarpol-e Zahab, the fear of frequent aftershocks, and the timeliness of reconstruction, this experience had many challenges and also worthful lessons to be learned.

Most previous studies were conducted after several years, examining a particular aspect, using deductive approach based on existing theories. Inversely, this research aims to study the subject coincidence with temporary housing period after 2017 earthquake in the city of Sarpol-e Zahab. It applied a systematic approach and qualitative-exploratory method of grounded theory, investigating from the perspective of different key informants to present the complexities of the temporary resettlement process in a model. Data were collected through extensive field studies and direct participatory observation of all temporary camps, and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 78 key persons including 13 officials, 19 experts, 40 local households, and 6 informants. The Theoretical sampling was done purposefully, and ended with theoretical saturation. The process of data analysis was done by MaxQDA software in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, extracting 33 axial issues and selecting the core issue as "Transitional settlement”, the final model presented (Fig.1). To achieve the reliability of research, audit techniques and continuous data comparisons were used during investigation and analysis. In addition, procedures and contents were shared with some participants and experts to be reviewed, controlled and refined.

The finding argues that the issue of “temporary housing” is an easy and complicated issue, and unlike the prevailing notion, it is not merely about providing a shelter, but there are many factors to address. The basic challenge seems to be related to its clear definition. The use of term of "housing" has often limited it to provision a house, and less attention has been given to psychological, social, and economic recovery of affected community. On the other hand, the word "temporary" makes this step inessential, as unlike emergency and permanent housing, it has not been addressed in the system of policy-making, planning and post disaster housing. While, based on findings, the temporary housing process is comprised of different components of "policy-making, strategies, financial aspect, allocation management, relocation, planning and design of temporary settlements, providing temporary housing, services and infrastructure, and dismantling". In addition, it is affected by three categories of factors: "disaster conditions", "contextual characteristics" and "intervening systems".
 
Fig. 1. Grounded Model of Transitional Settlement (Authors, 2019)

The concept of "transitional settlement" aims to emphasize the need to shift from temporary housing to residential complexes including housing, services and infrastructure, public spaces, and the diverse and changing needs of affected community during transitional period. The concept of “settlement” encompasses both strategies through management (such as granting rent assistants) and engineering (such as housing provision) for transitional housing. The word "transitional" also emphasizes the interrelationship between emergency, temporary and permanent resettlement measures. Based on findings, the most important suggestions to improve future plans are adopting a holistic and process-based approach to the issue of post disaster resettlement (from emergency shelter to permanent housing) and pre-disaster planning in the preparedness phase in order to promote community recovery and resilience.

Rapid damage mapping after an earthquake in order to produce damage map is important for relief and rescue operations. Recently, the use of remote sensing images for producing damage maps is considered due to their synoptic view and low cost. In this research, a rapid damage mapping approach according to change detection is proposed, which is applied to the 2018 Sarepol-e Zahab earthquake. In order to assess results, outcomes of the change detection were evaluated using ground truth, which show high accuracy in detecting change areas. On the other hand, our damage map was evaluated using damage map produced by the European Space Agency (ESA), which outcomes depict our proposed method can detect damage areas by an overall accuracy of 84 %. Using the proposed method, damage map of the Sarepol-e Zahab was generated less than 30 minutes. 

Remote sensing is a useful science and technology for different applications, especially disaster management. Remote sensing can be used to produce building damage maps after the earthquake. Recently, researchers used remote sensing data for producing building damage maps [1-4]. However, the used approaches are based on training samples. Preparing training samples is a time consuming task. For this reason, scientists would like to develop rapid damage mapping. Tiede et al. proposed a method to map damage areas of the Haiti earthquake using a shadow analysis approach. The proposed approach can produce damage areas after 12 hours [5]. The main goal of this paper is to develop a rapid damage mapping approach based on pre- and post-event images in Sarpol-e Zahab. The developed method benefits from decision making approaches to make a rapid map.

The proposed method is done in four steps according to Figure 1. In the first step, some essential pre-processing tasks including georeferencing and radiometric correction are performed. In the second step, difference image is produced and some textural features are extracted from it. In the third step, change and unchanged areas are identified using three change detection approaches. Finally, TOPSIS decision making approach is employed to make a damage map.
 
Fig. 1.  Workflow of the proposed

Since the proposed method is based on change detection, we applied it to two data sets. Results of change detection over two case studies present in Figure 2. According to validation results, the proposed approach can detect changed and unchanged areas with about 95 % accuracy.


Fig. 2. Results of change detection approaches over two study areas
Using pre- and post-event Sentinel-2 images and our proposed approach, damage map of Sarpol-e Zahab was produced. Figure 3 shows pre- and post-event Sentinel-2 images and damage map of the study area.


Fig. 3. Pre- and post-event Sentinel-2 images and damage map of the study area
The accuracy of our damage detection approach is assessed using damage map produced by European space agency (ESA). Table 1 depicts the confusion matrix regarding the accuracy of our proposed method. Based on this table, the overall accuracy of our proposed approach is about 70 %.
Table 1. the confusion matrix of our proposed approach

In this paper, a rapid damage mapping approach is proposed to detect damage areas from Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake. The proposed method is based on change detection and unsupervised. From the perspective of change detection, our proposed approach is robust. To assess the capability of the proposed method, it was applied in Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake. Using pre- and post-event Sentinel-2 images, the proposed approach can detect damaged areas with an accuracy of 80 %.