جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "south khorasan" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Development and security for the border areas of Iran is one of the main and important issues that should be seriously considered by officials. This has made security concerns in the east one of Iran's main problems. Because Iran's eastern borders, which are very long, deal with issues such as drugs, water geopolitics, ethnic and religious issues, and the presence of foreign countries in neighboring countries. Iran is bordered by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east; Countries that, due to long periods of tension and instability, play a major role in creating insecurity in their neighboring regions, including Iran. The present paper tries to analyze the roots of insecurity and threats to development and security in the border region of South Khorasan in a descriptive-analytical manner. The main question is what are the foreign threats to the development and security of South Khorasan province as a border region in the east of the country? Findings of the study show that drugs, evils and insecurity, terrorism, the presence of foreign forces in Afghanistan, ethnic and religious issues and political instability in Afghanistan are the most important threats to development and security in the border areas of Iran and Afghanistan, especially in South Khorasan province to be. Inevitably, land management in South Khorasan province faces many issues and challenges, and development and security in this province require special attention and attention of the government and local officials.

Due to the fact that our country is located on the Alps-Himalayan earthquake belt and there are many faults, the occurrence of this earthquake on this plateau is a natural thing to take into account the fact that 66% of our land area is located in earthquake zones and 90% of the country's population. We live in these areas to identify high risk seismic sites to reduce earthquake damage. In this study, earthquake hazard in south Khorasan province is estimated and zoned based on probabilistic method. In order to implement this method, 7 potential seismic springs in the area were first identified based on the frequency of earthquakes and fault types and defined in Arc GIS software and defined as single layer. Earthquake data uniformly used earthquakes consisting of 5 historical earthquakes and 486 earthquakes from 1900 to 2015. The earthquake data were entered into ZMAP software and the aftershocks and aftershocks as well as earthquakes witcalculated by the Gutenberg-Richter relation of values a and b. Then, using the KIJKO 2001 software, the values of β, λ and expected maximum value (Mmax) were calculated and in the final step the acceleration of the springs activity using EZ-FRISK 7.52 software for the period Returns of 50, 100, 475, 1000, and 2475 years were estimated. According to the results, the eastern and western parts of South Khorasan province are more seismic than other parts. Mapping maps and faults of the region are defined as different layers in GIS environment.

Protected areas are considered the most sensitive natural environments, and human actions, especially tourism activities, if not managed, can cause irreparable damage to these areas. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of tourism on the protected area of ​​Shaskooh. The general approach of this research was quantitative and the data collection was based on library resources and survey method. The statistical population of the study was the residents of the surrounding villages and within the protected area of ​​Shaskooh. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods including frequency and percentage, as well as inferential statistical methods including Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Chi-square test were used. The results indicate that based on the calculated significance level (sig=0.000), it can be concluded with 99% confidence level that the plant species are facing positive and negative consequences of tourism at a high level. Moreover, regarding the animal species and the environment of the villages, the findings show that tourism has had positive effects on a high level; however, the negative effects of tourism at a medium to low level are also visible on animal species and villages. Therefore, the development of tourism in the protected area of Shaskooh, has led to positive consequences in the protection of plant and animal species in the area and improved the environment of the surrounding villages. On the other hand, the biodiversity of the region and the environment of the surrounding villages are also facing threats from tourism activities. In this regard, it is necessary to define a suitable management system in the field of tourism to reduce and control the negative effects of tourism as much as possible, and to strengthen the positive consequences of tourism.

Climate change is one of the most important challenges facing water resources management, including surface water and groundwater. The main purpose of this research is to detect the effect of droughts caused by the change in groundwater resources in Birjand plain. In this regard, using two nonparametric trend tests, the SENS and MAN-Kendal gradient estimates to detect the process of underground water level in Birjand city during the statistical period of 1370-1395 according to the statistics of the field of 47 areas of observation area (census water resources) Wentified. Using Pearson correlation matrix, correlation between climatic elements (Birjand station) temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration and potential transpiration were calculated with the level of local city of Birjand, and based on a multivariate regression model for modeling the annual time series at the level of confidence level of 95 / 0 was developed. Climatic factors of 2080-2065 using the Output of the HADGEM2-ES model through the LARS-WG exponential model for the position of the Birjand station under two scenarios RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 were simulated and based on the regression model, the surface of the water Birjand city was simulated. The results indicated that firstly, in the base period (1370-1395), the surface of water in the area with an annual gradient of 47 centimeters per year was reduced. The correlation analysis indicated that three elements of rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration were modeled in a linear composition of 75% of the annual changes in groundwater. The results of the microsterge model implemented on HADGEM2-ES data indicate that during the period 2035-2065 under both the scenario, groundwater level between 10 and 13 meters lower than the base period, which resulted from an increase in evapotranspiration And consequently, rainfall will be effective.

Water scarcity affects the development of irrigation agricultural land and reduces agricultural products directly. In addition, it threatens the food security and income of the villagers. The present research was conducted on the typology of mental models of good operators for agricultural water management in South Khorasan province. The study deals with the subjective opinions of the participants based on Q methodology. It is applied in terms of goal and exploratory and mixed in terms of data collection method. The participants of the study consisted of 21 well operators selected by the targeted judgment method and snowball technique. According to the results obtained from the exploratory factor analysis, the perception of the participating well operators about sustainable groundwater management at the farm level was classified into four types including Equalist, Fatalist, Scientist, and Consumerist types. The levels of variance explained by each factor are 27.7%, 16.10%, 14.35%, and 13% respectively. Finally, the results showed that the most important factor in achieving a common perception of sustainable agricultural water resources management is considering conflict management and negotiation techniques among well operators.

Any organization whose customers and clients are the general public needs to assess its plans and actions to develop better policies, improve current methods and plans, and finally achieve better effectiveness and efficiency. The purpose of the research was to identify the effectiveness of the activities of Basij in rural areas of southern Khorasan. Considering research methodology, the research is quantitative, applied, descriptive-analytical, using surveys. In order to collect the data, two questionnaires (for the general public and experts) were distributed among the villages of eight cities of South Khorasan (Birjand, Qaen, Ferdows, Sarayan, Sarbisheh, Nehbandan, Darmiyan, Boshrouyeh). The Sample included 498 and 239 respondents respectively. The results indicated that the level of economic effectiveness of the activities of Basij is above average and statistically significant. Frequency distribution of the views of respondents on economic effectiveness of the activities of Basij in the villages of the province shows that more than 70% of the residents of the villages under study (including experts and the general public) consider the activities to be moderately effective. The difference of the economic effectiveness of activities in the cities studied were statistically significant. The largest and the smallest mean of the economic effectiveness in the counties studied were related to Sarbisheh and Nehbandan respectively. The results of the correlation test indicated a significant relationship between education, the participation of skilled people in projects, the time of conducting activities, and their effectiveness. Therefore, to increase the effectiveness of activities, it is recommended that attention be paid to the needs of the villagers, appropriate time for the activities, participation of villagers in projects, and utilization of their skills.

Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities in the present era, which plays an important role in the local sustainable development, and its development priority requires the recognition of affecting and limiting factors of natural, economic, social and cultural each region. Moreover, these areas areas reveal a special importance for tourists due to having a set of natural and historical attractions. Accordingly, the main objective of the present study is the selection and prioritization of tourism areas among the three areas "Banddareh-e-Birjand, Baghestan Abgarm Ferdows and Ghaen tourism area" in South Khorasan province by using the ANP method. Therefore, to obtain the appropriate results in the tourism areas prioritization in South Khorasan province a high level of ANP structure including subnet benefit, opportunity, cost and risk was used. The results of the ANP analysis demonstrated that Baghestan Abgarm Ferdows, Banddareh-e-Birjand and the Ghaen tourism area with having 0.59, 0.28, and 0.29 weights placed in the first to third priority, respectively. Among the subnets, the benefit subnet with a weight of 0.33 possesses more important as compared to the others. Furthermore, the strategic criterion of tourism potentials with an equivalent weight of 0.51 manifests a higher priority in comparison with the other ones.

Border regions have long been considered by governments for a number of specific features, including eccentricity, lack of development, habitation instability, border interactions, and so on. But the planning of these areas has not yet arrived at its true position in the country's planning system. South Khorasan province having the largest border with Afghanistan is still one of the less developed provinces and has used fewer border opportunities and capabilities. This is a quantitative research with a descriptive-analytic nature and provides a suitable model for planning the border regions using field method, questionnaire and analysis via the SWOT and ANP model. The results show that an aggressive strategy is the appropriate pattern for border regions and based on prioritization, the aggressive strategy (SO)-the simultaneous empowerment of development and security infrastructures to achieve a sustainable development- is set in the top rank. Moreover, the results of weighing the criteria indicate that the existence of border markets, customs and special economic zone (S2) are the most important strength

According to tourism department officials of South Khorasan, more that 12 million travelers pass across the province toward south or north regions of the country, while the province itself enjoys very little or nothing of this great potential. For this purpose, descriptive and analytical research method is employed and with sample size of about 300 people, and the designed questionnaires were completed by them. The data that are collected by researcher’s-made questionnaire are analyzed using SPSS data analyzer softwares and SWOT analyzing tool. The results shows that in total, 15 factors are considered as strengths factors of the province, of which the highest point is given to transit capability, i.e. the existence of the west country transit route as the most important transportation path for good and passengers. The lowest point on the other hand is given to associative and people’s contribution in tourism activities of the region. These factors gain a score of 3.93 in total, where developing tourism facilities gain the highest score of 0.60 among them. Upon given information, it is clear that the difference is higher than 2.5, there it can be concluded that the province conditions to deal with sightseeing activities is highly favorable. On this basis, it can be said that the general condition is in favor of external factors, and considering environmental and social constraints of the province, the situation gives hope for more assistance of the government to this province to help it gain advantage of its capabilities.

Rural tourism is one of the forms of tourism that has attracted many tourists through natural, historical and cultural attractions, and it is important to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of rural areas. It should be acknowledged that all villages of the country are not capable of developing the tourism industry. For this reason, the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization has selected a group of villages with tourism capability as the villages of tourism destination, which has a natural, historical and cultural potential. To attract tourists as well as investing. In this research, the descriptive-analytic research method has been used. In this research, after defining the main criteria (natural attraction, human attraction, accessibility, infrastructure, services and land) as well as the identification of the following criteria, weighing them Using experts 'and experts' opinions, weights of each of the criteria were determined using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and then the priority of six tourism tourism villages of South Khorasan Province was determined using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method. Accordingly, the results of the research showed that the village of Chenest is the first priority of the villages of the tourism destination of the province due to the presence of natural and historical attractions, and because of having natural and historical potential in the tourism sector requires more attention to the capital In the area of infrastructure, the Afin village was ranked as the last priority (sixth) in this prioritization. Finally, a solution has been proposed to activate tourism services in target villages.

Afghanistan's tenacity in the eastern Iranian Economy has been the re-emergence of the eastern provinces in the country's foreign trade over the past one and a half decades. In the eastern economy, provinces like Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and North Khorasan. This research aims at to examine the position of South Khorasan in the eastern Iranian economy, by the theoretical framework of economic geography. In fact, the aim of this study is to consider the economic status of the provinces and eastern parts of Iran in the economic development and regional trade plans. Considering regional geoeconomic and geopolitical competitions in Asia and global events such as the new US sanctions, the second aim of this research is to explore the economic position of the eastern countries of Iran in economic development and regional foreign trade planning. Researchers in the fields of economics, geography and politics have not paid attention to these issues.  Therefore, the main importance of the research is the attention to the significant role of South Khorasan and Afghanistan in Iran's economy, and explicating it within the framework of the new concept of the Eastern Economy. "Iran's Eastern Economy" is the new concept of this study to emphasize on the geoeconomic importance of eastern countries and provinces in the development of national economy and foreign trade of Iran. Geography of Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia are central areas of Iran's eastern economy. In this article, only Afghanistan is concerned.

The main question of this article is as follows: What are the environmental abilities of South Khorasan to expand Iran-Afghanistan economic relations? It should be said that cultural commonality and the most common border with Afghanistan, besides having border markets, proper security, and geopolitical and geostrategic status, are among the effective capabilities of the province to promote the commercial relations of the two countries. The significance of the present paper is to give an overwhelming and a transnational role to South Khorasan.

Review of Literature

Our theoretical framework is the economic geography. Economic geography is a branch of human geography that has been in place since the early twentieth century as an independent branch of geography. Subsequently, an important part of the geography was devoted to population, geography, agricultural geography, industrial geography, business geography and commerce. Scholars believe that understanding the geographic space that is influenced by human actions is mainly done through the study of economic geography, because the formation of geographic space and its consequences can be influenced by the demands for human productivity from the environment. Productivity could not be out of the reach of economic, geographical subdivisions because the subject under consideration was economic geography, forms of production, and places of consumption of all kinds of products at different levels. Therefore, most of the geographical implications of today are focused on the trades and power of different global, regional and national economic systems.

The authors of the paper have attempted to provide an overall analysis and evaluation of the content of the studies that are relevant to our discussion. A number of studies have focused on issues and micro levels of the South Khorasan economy, such as industry, markets, households, tourism, and local development. Others have focused solely on the economic capabilities of South Khorasan. The emphasis of this paper is on the transnational role and importance of the regional level of this province. Of course, the starting point for analyzing this research, like other studies, is the level of local abilities, but unlike them, it provides transnational results. Also, this research in the context of non-economic, political economy, while linking politics and economics, seeks to link these two areas with geography, security and culture.

The method of analyzing the data in this paper is the causal method. In this method, the results and consequences of research data are important. Therefore, by expressing and describing the capacities of South Khorasan, they analyze their role in Iran-Afghanistan trade interactions. Afterwards, among the techniques of observation, questionnaires, interviews and data collection libraries, the recent tools such as librarianship have been used.

The main issue of this research was to study the role of the economic geography of South Khorasan on economic relations between Iran and Afghanistan. The purpose of this issue was to focus on the area of ​​the "Eastern Regional Economy". Current and recent events in the region and the world indicate the instability of Iran's relations with the West, especially the United States. The focus of government officials on expanding and resuming relations with Western countries failed to do the expectations of the Iranian people. The dominance of the Western approach on the Eastern economics of Iran's foreign policy has a variety of reasons, including the weight of Western countries. This is important because, in some respects, the economic and political relations of the Eastern countries, including Afghanistan (at the present time) with Iran, are somehow influenced by the anti-Iranian American discourse.

 According to the findings of this study, the Eastern Territory (Afghanistan and South Khorasan) can be useful in facilitating and deepening the country's regional interactions. The territory of the East (Afghanistan and South Khorasan) can be fruitful in facilitating and deepening the regional interactions of the country. Although Kabul-Tehran's economic relations are heavily influenced by the US-sponsored and US-backed discourse against Iran, inevitably Import of goods from Iran is particularly fueled for the country (Afghanistan), due to lack of proper manufacturing infrastructure, as well as increased demand for its consumer market and the existence of geographic, cultural, and convergent factors. What can make this link more robust is the role of eastern provinces, such as South Khorasan.

The political, cultural, security and geographic location of the South Khorasan is a good basis for attracting more investment from foreign countries, especially Afghanistan. The expansion of Afghan investment of 2013 So far is promising the brilliant future of this province in the economic interactions of the two countries. This is important in relation to the role of the other eastern provinces, Khorasan Razavi and Sistan and Baluchistan, in increasing the export of Iranian goods to Afghanistan.

To the same extent as the South Khorasan plays an important role in the relations between Iran and Afghanistan, it equally affects the process. The boost in exports to Afghanistan, in particular, the country's first target market for goods in South Khorasan, has resulted in increased revenues from the province, including taxes and customs duties. Therefore, the increase in trade between the two countries will mean the growth of southern Khorasan in the long run. On the other hand, the impact of the economic development of this province on improving the economic interactions between Iran and Afghanistan is undeniable. To achieve these goals, it is proposed that special attention be paid to eastern provinces such as South Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchistan in domestic and foreign policy making of Iran. The Iranian government should strive to expand the exchanges and rail lines of the eastern provinces with the western provinces of Afghanistan. The view of securitization to these provinces must be reduced and the economic view replaced. With economic investment in the eastern provinces, dependence of neighboring countries in the east of Iran will increase.

The correct management in natural ecosystems is not possible without knowledge of the health in its sectors. Vegetation is the most significant sector in ecosystem that has important role in its health. Resilience is one of the defining features of health vegetation The term resilience was first introduced in the study of ecological systems and demonstrates the ability of the ecosystem to maintain its performance in the face of environmental disorders. A resilience-based system is not only equipped with a disorder adjustment mechanism but also has the potential to benefit from changes in a way that lead to creating an opportunity for development, innovation, and updating. Therefore, when a change occurs, the resilience provides the needed conditions for restarting and reorganization. If this goes beyond disturbing forces, the system will have the power to return to the maximum vegetation density with the least erosion effects, otherwise the system will be vulnerable to the change that was created and could already be controlled. This research was done in part of North east of South Khorasan province (arid climate) with the aim of quantifying vegetative resilience on behalf of ecosystem health in response to drought occurrences and long-term precipitation changes, as environmental disturbances. Therefore first, using daily precipitation data from 15 meteorological stations around the study area, their annual precipitation was extracted and was standardized by Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) over the course of thirty years (1986 - 2015). Then, the SPI index data in 15 stations were interpolated by ArcGIS software based on Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method and dry, wet and normal years was estimated in the study region for each year. On the other hand, from archive of satellite images of Landsat 5 and Landsat 7, an image was created for each year in study period, between 15 June and 15 July, with permanent coverage at the best of growth. Following the necessary corrections for satellite images, the average Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI) was obtained of each image by ENVI software. Finally, effected of precipitation changes on mean TNDVI was assessed and vegetation resilience was stabilized whit selected of sever time period samples based on four effective parameters (Amplitude, Malleability, Damping and Hysteresis). Comparison of annual precipitation variations in the thirty-year time series (1986 -2015) indicated two approximate wet and dry periods in study area. The wet period is related to the first fourteen years of the time series (1986-1999) and the dry period is related to the last sixteen years (2000-2015). In this term, severe precipitation incidents with different intensities were occurred in the study area including one case of very intense precipitation (1986), one case of intense precipitation (1991) and two cases of moderate precipitation (1996 and 1992). Also, four drought incidents were occurred including one case of intense drought (2001) and three cases of moderate drought (1987, 2006 and 2008). All precipitations (wet years) are related to the first half and most droughts are related to the second half of the studied period. In this study for fixing of vegetation resilience in study area and for calculating of its parameters, In addition to the thirty-year time series selected sever time sections. in the whole study series (1986 - 2015), maximum of mean TNDVI (49.37 %) was in 1986 (reference), the lowest mean TNDVI (43.58%) was in 2010, The year effect of the decrease precipitation and drought, and mean TNDVI in 2015 was 44.28 %. Amount of parameters amplitude, malleability and damping are respectively 5.79, 0.7 and 5.09, and hysteresis was zero (%). The result of this case showed that the vegetation has moved towards the reference state (Resilience) but has not reached to amount of reference vegetation. The most specific cases for vegetation resilience happened from 1986 to 1996 (wet period) and 2003- 2009 time sector (dry period). In the first time section amount of amplitude and malleability were 0.64 %, damping was zero and hysteresis was 0.25%. The result of this case showed that not only the vegetation was returned to the reference state but also was increased to the reference (Cross reference).So despite the reduced rainfall and occurrence of sever occurrences of drought in dry period, hysteresis parameter (0.05 %) observed in 2003- 2009 time sector too that confirmed clearly vegetation health in study area whit dry climate. Awareness of the health status of the vegetation and its response to long-term precipitation changes and environmental disorders, such as drought occurrence, ensure the success of the managerial plans for renewable natural resources. The present study is the second study on quantifying the vegetation resilience and the first study under dry climatic conditions in Asia (an average annual precipitation of 160 mm) conducted in Iran by calculating four factors related to resilience, and is the first study that has presented the factor hysteresis in the calculations. Despite continuous of difficult condition, the native vegetation of the study area has been able to return the reference state not only by resolving the disorder relatively, but also it has experienced hysteresis stage. A set of quantitative calculations showed despite reduced annual precipitation and drought events, vegetation has been able to maintain its resilience, which indicates the health of the vegetation in the studied ecosystem. With the presence of such amazing protective and consistent mechanisms in the vegetation of arid regions, it is possible to maintain and restore these regions by proper managerial plans.

In Southern Khorasan Province (East of Iran), due to the operation of active faults (North-South, East-West and North-West-South-east faults), we see earthquakes with different magnitudes. To reduce damage, it is important to determine areas with high seismic potential. Although accurate prediction of this great natural hazard is not possible definitively, it is possible to determine the probable location of the occurrence of an earthquake so the zoning necessity is apparent. The reliability of this map largely depends on the quality of available data, the scale of the study, the choice of a method and the proper modeling. Examples of these methods are using the AHP method and fuzzy logic. The study area is located in the Sistan structural province, which studies the active faults in this area along with the earthquakes that occurred, indicating that the area is tectonically active. Dehek fault with the northwest-southeastern direction is one of the branches of the western Neh fault and continue to southeast and reaches at Ismail Abad dextral. Investigation of seismotectonic maps (Porkermani, 1997) suggests that this area has high seismic potential and there have been many earthquakes in this area. Based on studies on earthquake density, length of faults in the region, magnitude of earthquakes and earthquakes acceleration, East of Iran has high seismic potential.
Methods and

In this study, six parameters were used including: seismic moment, seismic acceleration, iso- intensity of fractures, distance from faults, strength of units and depth of alluvium maps. Zoning studies indicate that seismic moment and seismic iso acceleration play the most important role in the occurrence of earthquakes in the region. Then the resets were examined by fuzzy logic method and finally the results of the study were analyzed in most seismic hazard maps.
Results and Discuss: In the classic logic, for weighting each factor, parts that are approximately similar in terms of other features and change the agent are considered, and by observing changes in this factor and according to expert opinion, the effect of this on the occurrence of earthquake is compared to the region of factors exclusively.
Weighting is based on knowledge and judgment of the undergraduate. The results of these comparisons were introduced as a matrix to the Expert selection software. At the outlet, the weight of each parameter was determined. Among the factors, the seismic Moment parameter of the highest weight and the lowest absolute weight of the alluvial depth parameter were determined.
In the fuzzy method, the normalization of the frequency ratio of each map using the Expert selection software then the degree of fuzzy membership was determined based on the normalized frequency ratios in the Idrisi software environment. Then, the maps prepared on the basis of fuzzy operators were overlapped in ARC GIS software and final output was prepared as zoning map. Output maps obtained on the basis of fuzzy operators show that . Output maps based on fuzzy algebraic (sum) is highly adapted to the fact that 20, 28, 26, 16 and 10 percent of the region is of very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk classes.

In this zoning, firstly, the factors influencing the creation of earthquakes were provisioned and prioritized. Among the factors, the seismic torque parameter had the highest weight, the erosion parameter, and the depth of alluvium. The low weight of the erosion and alluvial factors is due to the fact that most of the high-seismic focus area in the region at a focal depth of less than 12 km is due to the performance of the underlying faults, so the impact of these factors is low. Based on the seismic acceleration parameter, the acceleration that the Dehek fault enters the villages of that area is 0.58 gravitational gravity. According to the Fuzzy algebraic operator function, about 70% of the decay area is in a very high risk area. Also according to the community map, 100% and according to the fuzzy share map, 15% of the district is in high and very high risk classes. Finally, in the fuzzy zoning map to a radius of 150 km, the greatest risk of earthquakes around the Nehbandan, Sahl Abad, Dehek, Chahar Farsakh, Ardakoul and Mazhan faults is at high risk.

Human security includes original material,immaterial needs. In other words, human security issues beyond physical survival of human life on behalf. The city center,the main substrate of human growth,development. Accordingly urban areas should be given the similarities,differences between age groups,social, environmental, safe, healthy, stable,attractive to everyone,provide an appropriate response to the needs of all sectors of society to give. This study aimed to identify the geographical,geopolitical factors affecting urban human security in South Khorasan province with descriptive-analytic method has been done. Based on the results of geographical,geopolitical factors affecting human security documents, the most important city of the compilation of factors,components of socio-cultural, political-security, economic infrastructure,natural geography. The little bag features such as population, employment, swan-Mgrayy, the border, low development level, the desert, mountains, large area with low population, trafficking,security situation prevailing in the country at the South Khorasan province, in particular Security human security,urban areas, it is effective. The catchment population of 178 people using Cochran formula the sample size was estimated to be 85 people. Cronbach's alpha for this study was 87,0 percent for the validity of the pre-test was used. Based on the T-test on one side of the field parameters examined in this study the first five indicators related to human security-city South Khorasan Province, respectively, are: economic deprivation,poverty manufacturing, uneven development, employment, foreign nationals,immigrants the high number of foreign,cross-border communications. According to Friedman test results, economic deprivation,poverty indices of production, uneven development, employment rate, the high number of cross-border communication,the topography of the city as the most important factors affecting the security of South Khorasan province.

Climatic changes and environmental degradation has had a significant impact on the movement of people around the world. Reactions of people is different in response to the climatic changes and the most important reaction of people is toward the environmental deterioration and removal of the relocation risk, that migrations caused by climatic changes and its consequences form the shape of climate refugee. The idea of Climatic refugee or climatic change refugee is a relatively new idea. Lack of adaptability and the required capacity for climatic changes are the most important causes of the humans vulnerability. Southern Khorasan Province located in the southeast of Iran is one of the places vulnerable to climatic changes. In this study to assess the climatic changes, the precipitation and temperature data and the number of days of dust and groundwater resources have been used for 20 years up to 2014. To identify and predict the climatic changes of South Khorasan province, Statistical Down Scaling Model (SDSM) by using LARS- WG model and Evaluation Indices of climatic changes have been used. For the assessment, the climatic changes of 10 stations of the province for period 2010-2030 have been made under Lars Model. By using such data, firstly ,the centers of the crisis due to the climatic changes have been identified and zoned in GIS environment. Then the dispersion of the settlements which are subject to such risks has been specified. For the assessment of climatic refugees, the migration statistics of year 1996 and up to 2011 have been used and the rural settlements at these areas which have been evacuated and removed in this period have been determined. Processing of climatic data shows that most of the province districts were affected by climatic changes, but south of the province centered by Nehbandan, has had the greatest impacts of climatic changes. These events led to population displacement and the formation of climatic refugees in the south of the province and the population of the southern provinces has moved to the north of the province. The human settlements of the province in 1996 was equal to 61.76 percent which decreased to 45.61 percent in 2011. So that the role of climatic changes in the last 20 years is evident with the challenges such as drought, degradation of water resources, desertification, particularly in the west and south part of the province.

The current paper aimed at assessing the capacities and limitations of the model ranges in South Khorasan province (SWOT) that consisted of four components of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Method study is based on objective, applied based on the nature and methods of descriptive analytic. That's rangelands components associated with these concepts were determined. Fifty experts in organizations and research centers associated with different areas of expertise. A weighted ranking based on SWOT, evaluated the importance of these factors to determine the positive and negative points rangelands were identified. The results showed that the potential for development and solve the problems of South Khorasan rangeland is somewhat provided. Based on the most important factor of strengths, doing point operations ranges with value 0.548. The most important strength, the factor of type dominant livestock and Surplus depends to range with value of 0.384. Most important opportunity to have traditional and indigenous knowledge to restoring ranges with value 0.388 and Most important threat is the lack of precipitation and the continuing drought and loss of valuable rangeland production potential with value 0.4. Offensive strategy was determined as the best strategy for the management and development of ranges.

Vegetation is one of the most important ecosystem components that is constantly being adapted or altered to the final balance under the influence of environmental factors. One of the most important signs of the health of the vegetation and the consequent ecosystem health is its ability to resilience after the removal of environmental turbulences. Although vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas has different methods for dealing with destructive forces, the continuity of these factors can disrupt the ability of vegetation to return to its original state after eliminating the destructive factors. The result will be the disease and, ultimately, the destruction of the ecosystem. Therefore, detection, prediction of ecosystem changes over time and management of such changes is of great importance. This research was carried out in the Namakzare Khaf watershed basin in South Khorasan Province with the aim of studying and qualitative determining of ecosystem resilience vegetation to severe changes in long-term precipitation and drought as environmental turbulences. For this purpose, the standardization of annual rainfall during the thirty-year period and the determination of the duration and severity of dry, wet and normal periods was performed with SPI method and then the ecological resilience of the vegetation was examined qualitatively based on the mean plot and Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI) variance. These changes were studied using landsat satellite images in the final growth season of vegetation. Results indicate the mean ability to resilience and restore vegetation in the study area after the elimination of severe to medium droughts. According to the results, the ecosystem health of the studied area was confirmed on the basis of vegetation resilience, despite being located in dry land and facing severe droughts with continuity of two years and continuation of rainfall reduction compared to the mean for 6 years.

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges in the present century. Natural forces resulting from climate change, such as droughts, storms, heavy floods, temperature rise, untimely chill, rise in sea levels, increasing plant pests and diseases, and deforestation, have caused irreparable damages to earth. Drought is a slow but growing and complicated phenomenon caused by shortage of rain and rise in temperature. Unlike other natural phenomena, it is difficult to anticipate its beginning, duration and end. South Khorasan Province has been experiencing drought since 1998. The present study aims initially to analyze the meteorological data in order to determine the time and length of drought, identify places with high risk of drought according to Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), rating percentage index and decile indices and statistical features of monthly precipitation of synoptic weather stations in South Khorasan and Birjand from 1989 to 2016, and then tries to analyze the reasons and socio-economic and bioenvironmental consequences of drought in order to propose plausible solutions. The findings show that the most severe period of drought was from 1999 to 2001. Moreover, this province had the highest amount of precipitation from 1990 to 1991 and since 1998 the precipitation has been near normal or drought in this province. Among the cities of this province, Qaen, Khusf, Boshrooyeh, Tabas and Ferdows have suffered the most severe droughts, respectively.

Dust is the first Natural hazard in desert and semi-desert world and Iran. In order to identify the days of the dust of South KHorasan, the daily amount of horizontal visibility, wind speed and direction in the spring and summer of 1991 -2008 were received from Meteorological Organization. Then, based on Shao and Dong index, the days were extracted with dust. In order to determine atmospheric pattern led to the dust, the daily Geopotential height 500 HP from the National Center for Environmental Prediction America/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP / NCAR), was prepared. In this study, to determine the pressure patterns were used the principle component analysis approach in the state S and hierarchical clustering (ward). Then the composite maps of vorticity, geopotential height, and sea pressure and flow pattern for each pattern produced and were analyzed. The results showed that the tow dominant synoptic patterns respectively are the summer pattern with a subtropical high on Iran and high low on Pakistan in the high levels of the atmosphere and the pressure difference between the South-East of Iran (low pressure) and the Caspian Sea (high pressure) on the land surface. In this pattern, the wind from the East of the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan desert in the dry lands and deserts to eastern Iran flows and causing dust. This atmospheric conditions is this Connection with the 120-day winds of Sistan and Baluchestan in Iran's East. In the spring pattern, the trough of westerly winds in the center and east of Iran in the high level of atmosphere and low pressure on the ground in this area has led to unstable weather conditions in the central deserts of Iran and the West the province that these flows transfer dust particles and reduce visibility. As well as intense pressure difference between the centers lead to dust storms in the South Khorasan province.