جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urban area » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

One of the basic challenges in the cities of the world is the issue of traffic and transportation. The excessive growth of cars in cities and the imbalance between the land use level of urban transportation and the large number of cars have prompted city planners and managers to use public transportation to reduce the excessive entry of private cars into the city. The purpose of this research is to organize the public transportation system of Khorramabad urban area with an emphasis on the bus transit system. The current research method was descriptive-analytical and based on documentary and library studies as well as field observations, finally, some results of this research were displayed on the map using the Geographical Information System (GIS). In Khorramabad urban area, buses are the main means of public transportation, therefore, in this research, we have shown the physical development and increase of neighborhoods under the influence of the bus organization's services, as well as the approximate location of the construction of bus terminals in the city in the future. Paying attention to the fact that the streets of Khorramabad, especially in the central part of the city, are narrow, vans are recommended for public transportation in these streets.

The first attempts at survival analysis were made by the famous astronomer Edmund Halley. He provided a table showing what percentage of people die at any age. Today such a table is called a "life table". Because in the first such attempts, the outcome being examined was the death or survival of individuals, the method of analyzing these data was called survival analysis. Later, this method was widely used in life sciences, especially medicine. But today, survival analysis is also used in most scientific studies, which include examining how long it takes for an event to occur, such as the loss of life in a settlement. Paying attention to the perspective of survival and sustainability of regions is considered as one of the most important concerns of urban and regional planners. Because the ability to maintain and attract population and activities at the local level on the one hand and the establishment of functional links (local and transnational) and proper role-playing in the space of flows on the other hand depends on the survival and stability of city-centered areas. The survival and sustainability of city-centered areas depends on the biological components (geographical characteristics such as time, location, climate, water resources), economic (livelihood pattern) and technology level of each community. Although this perspective is clear and long in developed countries, it is very vague and short in developing and underdeveloped countries. Therefore, this study aims to apply survival analysis in the form of sustainable development attitudes toward cities and regions. In order to be able to load the activity and population more carefully with the areas.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed in a prospective manner on all settlements (urban-rural) in Qazvin province. Since the background and source of survival analysis in urban and regional studies has been based on the Cohort life model, in this paper, an innovative approach has been developed to promote new methods of biostatistics for urban and regional analysis. Therefore, the necessity of using survival analysis in regional design and planning is important from two aspects. First, attention to the current systems of activity and livelihood of the regions at different levels and forms that give a true understanding of the current vital situation. He then took a step towards foresight in order to establish new functional links in line with the vision of life and survival in the network space of streams.Accordingly, to measure the survival rate, a database of the number of rural settlements in 5 census periods was used. Since Qazvin province has been established for almost 3 decades, the demographic information of some places was followed up by a survey for a year and the necessary information was completed; Finally, it was analyzed using different statistical methods in SPSS software. To show the survival rate, Kaplan Meyer method and to compare the average survival in different settlements, color lag test was used and to show the factors affecting the survival rate, Cox regression model and survival function diagram were used.

Based on studies and field surveys of settlements in Qazvin region, water consumption in the saline basin is dependent on groundwater and surface water provides a small part of agricultural water consumption. In Sefidrood Basin, due to the mountainous nature of the region, water consumption along the rivers is provided by surface water and elevations from groundwater sources, which are mainly springs. Due to the vastness of the saline basin and its population coverage, which covers more than 90% of the province's population, as well as the concentration of industrial, service and agricultural products has led to uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater resources. Quantitative and qualitative changes (water salinity, pollution and solute change) of water on the one hand and land subsidence on the other hand indicate its super-critical conditions; Also, the security of information related to the quantity and quality of water confirms the above; Therefore, the survival analysis of plain settlements in Qazvin region depends on the biological component (water resources and water resources status); Due to the excessive use of groundwater resources in some parts of these areas, the phenomenon of subsidence (Buinzahra plain) has occurred and the change of cultivation pattern from rainfed cereals to the cultivation of irrigated crops, has endangered the survival of these areas. The critical and super-critical situation of water resources also corresponds to the plain parts of the region. Survival analysis of socio-economic component (rural livelihood) indicates that villages with agricultural livelihood model have lower survival due to dependence on water. These villages also correspond to the plain villages such as Qazvin, Abik, Alborz and Buinzahra.

In this regard, with the analysis of the survival of settlements in Qazvin region, with components such as: demographic component (population indicators, age, location of settlements), biological component (water resources indicators, water resources status), socio-economic component (subsistence model indicators) Has been identified as an effective component in the survival and stability of settlements in Qazvin region. According to the survival analysis and field survey, population decline and depopulation of mountainous villages in the north of the region was first accompanied by a wave of industrialization (construction of Alborz Industrial City) and then due to access to the provincial center and lack of amenities in the village. In mountainous settlements, the demographic component (village location) has played a role in endangering the survival and stability of the settlements; This has made these settlements less viable. However, in the mountainous villages of the south, they survive more due to their long distance from the provincial capital.Based on the above, it can be concluded that the outlook for survival in the cities of Qazvin, Abyek and Buinzahra is very short due to unsustainable development trends and destructive ecological relations in recent decades. Prospects for survival are better in Avaj, Alborz and Takestan counties.

This study, which was conducted in 8 urban gas areas of Mashhad; At first, descriptive statistics of the state of Mashhad urban gas regulators and different leakage modes were presented; In order to analyze the collected data and investigate the causes of leakage, the relationship between 5 variables and the amount of leakage from gas regulators was tested with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) V.26 software; These 5 variables are: regulator equipment/connections, regulator operation age, regulator service type (domestic, industrial and commercial), urban area and different seasons of the year. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the type of equipment/connections and leakage. (P-Value = 0.0001). Also, a significant difference was observed among other variables of the research (the operation age of the regulator, the type of regulator service (domestic, industrial and commercial), the urban area and different seasons of the year) with the leakage rate (P-Value=0.0001); The pressure drop due to the greater demand of gas consumption in the winter season has reduced the amount of leakage compared to other seasons; The influence of the age of distribution network equipment/connections due to wear and tear and longer life will aggravate the amount of methane gas leakage; Also, the amount of leakage in commercial places had a significant difference with other types of uses; Being in an urban area has also increased the amount of methane gas leakage compared to other areas; The type and quality of equipment and connections as the main and influential factor in methane gas leakage should be considered by managers and officials in this field of work.

Increasing development of urban areas, the need for various information from the urban environment, and also technological advancements have increased the importance of automatic and semi-automatic classification and identification of this type of land cover. The diversity of remote sensing data have created a wide scope for urban feature detection. Moreover, by launching satellite sensors with a spatial resolving power of less than 1 meter, a dramatic revolution has occurred in the tendency of remote sensing researchers toward classification of urban features. The existence of various features and different applications of spatial information in urban areas have made it possible to integrate various data sources with the aim of identifying different urban features. The present study seeks to integrate optimal properties extracted from optical and LiDAR data in order to identify urban features in the study area. In this regard, colored features, normal difference vegetative index (NDVI), first-order statistical texture in three windows of 5×5, 7×7 and 9×9, second-order statistical texture in three windows of 7×7, 11×11 and 15×15 extracted from the multispectral optical data were calculated along with features of normalized difference index (NDI), slope, slope direction, profile curve, surface curve, roughness, variance, laplacian, smoothness and normalized digital surface model (nDSM) extracted from the LiDAR data. Since increased amount of information has made the process of identifying features in the region time-consuming, the present study applies intelligent genetic algorithm to select optimal features from the calculated features. A total number of 361 features were produced from this data, including 9 colored features, a vegetation index, 144 first-order statistical texture, and 192 second-order statistical texture from multispectral optical data and 14 features from LiDAR data. Then, 17 features including seven features of the LiDAR data and 10 features of the multispectral optical data were determined using genetic algorithm as the optimal features for more appropriate identification of urban features. Finally, support vector machine (SVM) classification method was used to identify the desired features. Results indicate that compared to LiDAR data, multispectral optical data have a better performance in classifying vegetation features, while LiDAR data have been more suitable for the classification of road and building features. In other words, multispectral optical data work appropriately in identifying features with different radiometric information, while classification of features with similar radiometric information, such as roads and buildings is problematic. Thus, LiDAR elevation data help in identification of these features. Additionally, using optimal features along with the primary bands have increased the accuracy of urban features classification. Using optimal features and initial data, the accuracy of support vector machine algorithm classifier in the study area is calculated to be 88.734, which shows 25.438% improvement compared to the initial multispectral optical data classification, and 18. 236% improvement compared to the initial LiDAR data classification.

IntroductionA sensor network usually consists of numerous wireless devices deployed in a region of interest of a city. Despite the advances in sensor network technology, the efficiency and performance of a sensor network for collection and communication of the information in the cities may be constrained by the limitations of sensors deployed in the network nodes in complicated urban areas.
These restrictions may include sensing range, battery power, connection ability, memory, and limited computation capabilities. These limitations create challenging problems for the users of the sensor networks and decision makers, which has pushed researchers from different disciplines in recent years to study various problems related to the design and deployments of efficient sensor networks regarding the smart cities characteristics and requirements.
However, sensor networks deployment have some limitations when it comes to the modeling, monitoring, and detecting environmental processes. Urban environmental elements are also important to be considered in a realistic sensor networks deployment. Other examples of such elements include contextual information of the sensors environment and urban physical phenomena in distributed area of the network. Using such information in context of urban applications is necessary to perform an appropriate and efficient sensor network deployment. For this purpose, one needs to introduce relevant models of the urban phenomena type, the accessibility or inaccessibility of the observation area in the city, urban environmental conditions, spatial relations between the object as well as sensors, and different level of information availability. The complexity of the urban area as the sensing environment of sensor networks may result in several uncovered areas. Consequently, performing an optimized sensor placement affects how well an urban region is covered as well as the cost for constructing the network and connecting the networks elements. Hence, a fundamental issue in a sensor network in an urban area is the optimization of its spatial coverage. Based on previous studies, several optimization algorithms were developed and applied in recent years to meet this criterion. Most of these algorithms often rely on oversimplified sensors, their characteristics, and network models as well as simulation of the efficient urban model and its relevant elements.
MethodologyBased on mentioned issues, this paper presents an approach to improve sensor deployment processes by integrating urban contextual information with optimization algorithms. To achieve this objective, the following approach that contains three specific parts is defined.
First, a conceptual framework is proposed to integrate contextual information (CI) in sensor network deployment processes. CI defines the spatial dependencies between spatially adjacent nodes, nodes and obstacles, and obstacles themselves as well as the temporal dependencies between historical movements of nodes in the deployment process. The so-called CI is used in the proposed framework to find good candidates positions of sensor nodes to fill uncovered areas, and decide about the sensor’s adequate actions in order to guide sensor network deployment.
Then, a local context-aware optimization algorithm is developed based on the proposed framework. The proposed method is a generic local algorithm, which accepts spatial, temporal, and thematic urban contextual information in different situations. In the proposed algorithm, sensors are ordered in a priority queue, in order to be sorted based on their coverage gain obtained by considering different CI, and following related moves in the network. Then the sensor with the maximum gain is selected, and stands at the top of the queue. The movement types of sensors are related to the local CI as well as sensor network mission. By changing the position of the topmost sensor of the queue, the network configuration is updated. Next, the coverage gain of the adjacent sensors of moved sensor is recalculated and their ordering in the priority queue is updated. This optimization process is conducted iteratively until one of the predefined stopping criteria is reached.
Next, the accuracy assessment and error propagation analysis is conducted to determine the impact of the accuracy of contextual information on the proposed sensor network optimization method.
Results & DiscussionThe first category of CI is the terrain model and information on the network. Having this information the elevation of the objects in study area is provided, and as a result the obstacles bared the sensing field of the sensors. Thematic information is the next category of CI used in sensor network optimization. For example, several locations may be legally forbidden for the deployment of sensors. Considering restricted areas in context-aware optimization, sensor action is changed, and new moves are defined. Desirability of coverage is another type of thematic information that can be considered in the optimization process. Suppose that there are some places in the study area, where sensors cannot be set up, but there is a high interest on those regions to be covered. Sensor placement in an environment considering a critical asset is the next thematic CI side of the context-aware algorithm. Let assume a critical asset to be monitored for preventing any undesired access with a slight activity in its environment, which is located beside a street with high level of activities. Thus, there is an interest to monitor any intrusions within the fenced area, but not having the sensor always activated due to the traffic or other activity on the street.
ConclusionThe purpose of this paper was certainly not to overcomplicate the optimization process, but rather to find a flexible methodology that can locally accommodate all relevant information that would have an impact on sensor placement. To do so, a local optimization framework was introduced. The extended optimization algorithm can come up with different sensor placement configuration according to the various circumstances, environmental information, and/or sensor parameters encountered.
Consequently, if there are any changes in sensor parameters or environment, the context-aware algorithm can simply take in new contextual inputs and regenerate a new sensor placement design adapted to the new situation. The outstanding advantage of the proposed context-aware algorithm was that it was designed independent of any specific CI. Thus, it is able to take into consideration different types of information based on specific network applications and tasks at hand.

In general defense in two areas of defense and passive defense has long been associated with the creation of man and man's time, using more advanced techniques and resources they have. But this progress has not been uniform in all parts of the planet relative to the differences led the countries to think of rape, assault and threatening other countries to afford. So the threated country of the use of programs for self-defense was thinking that one of these programs from the standpoint of passive defense is territorial defense preparation. So that the plans to regulate the residence, employment, facilities, infrastructure and services with regard to defense and security, environmental and human, position and shape of the land and the economic, social, cultural and. .. and considers all aspects of crisis and danger. From this perspective, many of the goals and principles of passive defense in the context of land use planning in the world. In general, land use planning is a forward-looking and fair view of the use and operation of the power and functionality of the environment and a vision of security and defense in the distribution of people, activities and the infrastructure of people in the space of a countrys. In this study, using the analytical method to analyze and study the documentation and analysis of business issues on security and defense of the national level to municipal level has been assessed. For this reason and because of the political situation and the threats against Iran in the region and the world takes place and also the spatial analysis of the scattering of residence and activity in this study, the results indicate an imbalance in rural and urban systems, facilities and infrastructure, employment and activity and... The attention again of political, military and planners authorities is necessary to balance security and defense, and also avoid thinking of harassment and intimidation in the country.