جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « vital » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Urban facilities, some of which include vital and sensitive infrastructures of the country and national capital, and the other include production, distribution and provision of municipal services such as city water source and reservoir, city electricity facilities, telecommunication center, gas facilities, emergency, fire station, etc. are among the public spaces of the area and city which are built and operated at a high cost and are directly related to other functions of the city, so that any disturbance in them paralyzes other urban functions. As a definition, the passive defense is a set of measures that do not require the use of weapons, equipment and weapons, and by implementing it, it is possible to prevent financial damage to vital, sensitive and important military and civilian equipment and facilities, and human casualties, or decrease the amount of damage and casualties caused by air strikes and missile bombardments to a minimum. Shirvan, as the second big city of North Khorasan province and because of the localization of management centers, vital and important facilities in it is of great importance. In addition, the city of Shirvan could face political and military threats due to its proximity to Turkmenistan. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the vulnerability and endangerment of urban facilities and equipment of Shirvan from the point of view of passive defense, which according to the issues raised, the most important question of the present study is: Which category of urban elements in Shirvan are the most important elements vulnerable to human hazards? Therefore, considering the role and position of Shirvan city and also based on the general policies of the Iran system regarding passive defense of the country, acted by the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran, planning and formulating strategies to improve its security is of high importance. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the level of vulnerability of the (vital, sensitive and important) elements of Shirvan city against the military threats with passive defense approach. 

Due to the nature of the data, the present study uses a mixed research method. Also, this research from the perspective of purpose is an applied research and in terms of research method was a mixed method of descriptive, analytical and field research method. After identification the location of vital, sensitive and important centers in this city, Analytical Hierarchy process (ANP) and GIS software were used in order to evaluate these centers. Considering that the statistical population of the present study included managers and experts specializing in passive defense and urban planning, and based on information obtained from departments and organizations related to the research topic, namely, municipality, governorate, road and urban planning office, Red Crescent department and military organs, which were about 80 persons. Then, 50% of the statistical population ie 40 experts and thinkers in the field and related to the research topic who were working in the city of Shirvan were selected a statistical sample and a specialized questionnaire that completed by these individuals was analyzed using the ANP model. In the present study, three main criteria (vital centers, sensitive centers and important centers) along with sub-criteria with the opinion of relevant experts were extracted and listed as important elements and areas of Shirvan city.

Due to the strategic position of Shirvan city and having a common land border with Turkmenistan, the study of its vulnerability is of particular importance and the importance of planning in times of crisis is felt in the research area. Based on the results, the number of 13 sub-criteria in 3 criteria of vital, sensitive and important centers were combined with each other in ArcGIS software and based on the importance coefficients obtained by experts and elites in Super Decisions software. The following figure shows the vulnerability of Shirvan city in the face of natural and human hazards using ANP Analytic Network Process, and based on passive defense approach. The results showed that the study conducted by Anvari et al (2020) in Zahedan (Souteastern Iran) is consistent with the present study, because in Zahedan, the largest area of the city showed less vulnerability. Also, the results of Aftab et al. (2018) in Urmia (Northwestern Iran) was consistent with the results of the present study because in Urmia the vulnerability of urban elements was low. on the other hand it was not consistent with the results of research conducted by Khodadad et al. (2019) in Bandar Torkman (Northern Iran), because in their research 75% of the Bandar Torkman has been exposed to high vulnerabilities. 

Vulnerability rate in 11.6% of Shirvan city is very low, 41.3% has low vulnerability rate, 25.9% moderate vulnerability rate, 17.2% high vulnerability rate and 3.9% is with very high percentage of vulnerability. In fact, it can be said that the vulnerability of Shirvan is low in 52.9% of the city and high in 21.1% of the city. In the central neighborhoods of the city, due to high age, population density, dilapidation, low quality of buildings, etc., the level of vulnerability is high. Therefore, with the obtained results, it can be said that the vulnerability of land uses in Shirvan is low.

Currently, more than half of the world's population lives in urban areas. Yesterday's cities have become metro police and mega-police, and this has led to the emergence of various challenges and urban issues. Therefore, in the present era, the main focus of cities as the most dynamic areas of housing is sometimes to achieve development and its dimensions and components in order to deal with and reduce urban challenges and harms. Urban resilience is the extent to which cities can withstand change before being reorganized into a new set of structures and processes. Special and sensitive urban centers are among the areas that are considered as vital arteries due to the complex structure of urban life and the dependence of urban society on them, and as a result, the issue of their vulnerability and resilience is essential because any failure leads to many problems for the urban society and reduces the quality of life and ultimately failure in development goals. In the meantime, one of the approaches considered in promoting the resilience of special, vital and sensitive centers and reducing their vulnerability is passive defense. District 11 of Tehran is one of the central areas of the city, which is considered as part of the CBD and the historical, economic, administrative and medical heart due to the existence and establishment of important political, military and economic centers in the country and has become one of the special, vital and sensitive centers which consequently, plays a key role in the life of urban society. Currently, one of the challenges of urban management in the district 11 of Tehran is the issue of resilience of special, vital and sensitive centers with emphasis on passive defense criteria. Accordingly, and considering the necessity of the subject, the present study seeks to analyze the factors affecting the resilience of special, vital and sensitive centers in the district 11 of Tehran based on passive defense criteria.

The present research is part of applied and descriptive-analytical researches in terms of purpose and method, respectively. The required information was collected through library and field methods using a questionnaire. The components of passive defense (six components) and resilience (four components) were identified according to the views of experts. Then, a questionnaire was designed, which was provided to seven experts to assess its validity and was approved. Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, which was obtained above 0.8 for all items and was therefore acceptable. The statistical population of the present study includes experts and specialists in the field of geography and urban planning. For more effective analysis, considering the use of PLS structure equations software, the statistical sample size was estimated through Sample Power software, which is equal to 215 people. It should be noted that the working method of Sample Power software is based on latent and obvious variables and therefore the size of the statistical population has no effect on estimating the sample size. The sampling method is also simple random. SPSS software was exerted to estimate the descriptive statistics, and Smart-PLS software has been applied to analyze the collected data and discover the effect of each component of passive defense on the dependent variable of resilience.

According to the results, all 7 factors (passive defense components) and its effect on the resilience of special, vital and sensitive centers were significant and confirmed. Based on the analyzes, location and multifunctional factors with path coefficient (impact) of 0.826, dispersion, division and displacement with 0.708, fortifications and safe structures with 0.582, access with 0.513, camouflage and deception with 0.490, concealment and cover with 0.410, and news announcement with 0.175, respectively, have the most impact on the resilience of special, vital and sensitive centers of Tehran's 11th district. The important point that can be seen in the findings is the location and multifunctionality of land uses, which was ranked first and indicates the importance of this factor in the resilience of the centers and requires special attention. Also, it became clear that the outcome of resilience of special, vital and sensitive centers is economic resilience with a coefficient of 0.819, social with a coefficient of 0.767, physical-environmental with a coefficient of 0.607 and institutional-managerial with a coefficient of 0.594.

Looking at the current situation of district 11 of Tehran and reviewing data, statistics, figures and field observations, it can be seen that this region is facing challenges in resilience of important and sensitive centers, which the presence of worn-out textures intensifies it. Therefore, as the analysis of the findings showed, the location and multifunctional factor with an impact factor of 0.826 has the greatest impact on the resilience of sensitive, important and vital centers in the region. And it is necessary that in the first place, the relevant authorities take steps to review and reform the existing management structures in order to achieve this factor, which indicates the need to establish integrated management of institutions, both at the regional and national level.

Passive defense refers to the set of actions that does not require application of war wares and with using it, we can prevent vital installations damage, sensitive military and nonmilitary centers, and human loses and to decrease the extent of damage or to minimize them. Literally, the word defense is a combination of two terms in Persian language: “pad” and “afand”. In Persian literature, “pad” is a prefix meaning ant, counter, rear, and pursuit. “Afand” means war, fght, batle, and hostlityPassive defense is one of the basic measures in crisis management. It is possible that the passive defense decreases the losses as far as possible. In general It can be mentioned that passive defense includes a collection of unarmed actions which causes increasing of suppression, decreasing of vulnerability, continuity of vital activities , promotion of national stability and facility of crisis management against the threats and the enemy`s military actions. Passive defense, in addition to reducing damage from human-made hazards, is also used to reduce risks to natural hazards. Therefore, passive defense is not about war and peace but a preparation to deal with various natural disaster and abnormal events. Passive defense plans are developed before crisis, at the tme  of peace, and include design for all steps of crisis management. Basic defnitons of passive defense may unwitngly focus one’s atenton on politcal and military defense issues, rather than events and crises caused by natural forces; however, the truth is that, in additon to reducing damage caused by human-made threats, passive defense measures in residential areas are also useful in reducing risks in face of natural hazard. An important issue in passive defense is selection of place.  Site selection can be viewed as a Multiple Criteria Decision-Making or Multiple Attributes Decision-Making (MCDM/MADM) problems. The MCDM or MADM is the approach dealing with the ranking and selection of one or more sites from the alternatives. MCDM methods have been developed to assist decision makers in either ranking a known set of alternatives for a problem or making a choice among this set while considering the conflicting criteria.  In recent years with the development of passive defense in the world, extensive studies were carried out in this area. In Iran, because of strategic and political importance of the Middle East region and due to its natural location and the confrontation with various types of natural disasters in Iran, studies on passive defense are necessary.The purpose of this research is to locate sites suitable for establishing sensitive and vital centers in Bojnourd Township. North Khorasan Province is one of the border provinces of Iran. Bojnourd township is a provincial capital because of the establishment of management and command centers, bordered by Turkmenistan and located on the international route of sensitive arteries and basic ways of the country. On the other hand, Bojnurd is geologically located in Kopet Dagh Zone. In this zone there are active and important faults.

 In order to carry out the study, an applied research method and a ombinaton of documentary, descriptve, analytcal and case study methods were used.In this study, the research method is descriptive-analytic, and a FANP compilation model was used. Data was collected based on library studies and documentation reviews and the distribution of the questionnaire among experts .In this research, The natural and human criteria of the research, including the sub criteria of slope, direction of slope, elevation, vegetation, protected areas, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the river, distance from industry, distance from the border, distance from the city, distance from the village, distance from the high power lines and distance from the roads were chosen. The questionnaire data was processed using the Super Decision software, based on the ANP model. Then, the coefficient of significance of each factor was multiplied by Arc GIS software with the desired layer. Ultimately, the fuzzy layers were fuzzy and maps were fused in the software.

The results of this study showed that the most suitable zones are the middle belt, east and south east of Bojnourd township. Unsuitable areas for the establishment of critical sites are located in the north, southwest and around the city of Bojnourd, with passive defense approach.

Based on the results of this zoning, Bojnourd city management centers such as the governor's office, the Radio and Television Organization, military centers, the main water pumping station, high voltage power plant and support centers such as wheat silos, industrial towns, etc. are not located in a suitable place.

All the documented evidence and experiences in the wars of the 2.th century and the first decade of the 29st century have portrayed this reality as objective and irrefutable examples before the world’s eyes, that cities, due to being the center of physical and human capital as well as having vital, sensitive, and significant installations and centers, are among the primary and basic targets for enemies at the time of war. One of the basic applications of passive defense knowledge is to protect cities and citizens against military and terrorist attacks. Therefore, in addition to explaining the types of military and terrorist threats, it is necessary to analyze and identify the most important areas, installations, and centers of the city that are exposed to threats in order that authorities and relevant institutions could deal with the threats through taking passive defense measures. Through descriptive-analytical method and by using library and field information and findings, this paper tries to study and analyze vital, sensitive, and significant centers of the city of Neishabour in terms of their safety when facing military and terrorist attacks.