جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اکولوژی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Urban heat islands (UHIs) are a growing concern in metropolitan areas, leading to temperature differences between urban centers and surrounding areas due to various ecological, morphological, topographical, and demographic factors. Major Iranian cities have undergone rapid land-use transformations and expanding urbanization, facing the challenge of UHIs.

  This study investigates UHIs in Tabriz, focusing on District 1, Neighborhood 1 as the first area and District 6, Neighborhood 4 as the second area. The study employed Landsat 8 remote sensing images to analyze UHIs in Tabriz, Iran. The images were acquired for the summer season, representing the period of maximum UHI intensity. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated to assess vegetation cover, while land surface temperature (LST) was derived using the single-channel algorithm. Morphological indicators were extracted from OpenStreetMap data.Findings and

The study aims to extract, locate, and analyze UHIs in the study area using specific formulas and prepare relevant maps, focusing on ecological and morphological indicators. The minimum and maximum temperatures in District 1 were 15.88°C and 37.65°C, respectively, while in District 6, they were 24.11°C and 40.87°C. Analyzing the extracted maps based on the selected ecological indicators (vegetation cover, wind, solar radiation, and elevation) and morphological indicators (building height, building density, building façade, and building roofs) in both districts, we concluded that District 1 is cooler due to several factors: higher elevation, better reception of prevailing northeastern winds, more suitable street orientations, lower building heights (mostly one-story), and a higher prevalence of reflective roofs compared to District 6. Although District 6 has better vegetation cover and lower building density.

Man-Environment interaction is often not desirable in today's societies due to recent social trends such as population growth, increasing urban tendency, restrictions and impositions that inevitably lead to inappropriate architectural, urban design, and special lifestyles. The Issue brings to mind the ancient concept of utopia, in which one of the main aspects has always been the interaction with nature. So, it turns to the interpretation of ecological utopia today, under a realistic view. Accordingly, paying attention to the city as the main human living space requires more concentration on ecology and nature, especially in terms of morality. In other words, to create a naturalist city must pay attention to the ecological dimensions and indicators, which is possible by emphasizing the sustainability approaches in terms of the formation and management of cities and their territories. In this regard, biophilic urbanism as an approach to sustainability strategies has received increasing attention in recent years, which in addition to pursuing that in the environmental dimensions includes themes related to social sustainability, especially ethical principles, and encourages the correct use of natural systems in the design of the built environment as a result. This study has attempted to clarify the effectiveness and position of this fledgling approach in achieving the goals of the ecological utopia in the contemporary world.

Methods and Materials:

According to the criteria and indices considered in biophilic urbanism, this research has concluded its essential components in a documentary study. It suggests integrating them into an ecological utopia approach using a descriptive-adaptive analysis. Regarding this, the present study is developmental and applied in terms of purpose that seeks to expand and explain the criteria, formulate indicators, and refine the mechanism of achieving sustainable cities in a large-scale futuristic attitude and in this way, it has used a qualitative content analysis by descriptive coding, and of course, a critical approach. Therefore, this effort provides a platform for clarifying the process of achieving ecological utopias by using urban biophilic knowledge and making it possible to give correct direction to effective policies in contemporary urban management. Thus, in addition to the review-analytic aspect, the present article also has an original and innovative face.

The results indicate that the actualization of the transcendent phenomenon of utopia should be sought in the concept of ecological utopia, in the contemporary era and with a realistic view. This requires the adoption of a multidimensional approach consisting of three functional and effective indicators of political-governmental, cultural-social, and physical-economic and measuring their individual, combined, and cyclic effects on five environmental and impressionable indicators of land, water, air, waste, and energy in the form of research-proposed complementary-evolutionary pattern based on the biophilic tendency. This is where the irreplaceable role of morality shows itself in regulating all types of human relations in the different contexts of physical, natural, social, and political environments, more and more. Because without paying attention to the truth of morality, nothing will sustain and so, it must be acknowledged that if ethical principles remain limited to words and are not evident in the governmental performance and the daily behavior of the people, not only would not have a positive effect, but also leads to the accumulation of social complexes, disgust,  further destruction of the society, and the ever-increasing cultural decline because of the aggregation of deception and hypocrisy.

Despite being achievable, it is evident that a revolution in the relationship between human culture and nature will be needed on micro and macro scales to achieve the contemporary utopia due to the many requirements based on the abovementioned areas. In this regard, recognition of the important elements involved in the system (biophilic planning and design as a tool and approach to confronting the problem; Morality as the necessary foundation to realize the approach; sustainability as the ultimate goal, and finally, ecological utopia as a desirable product of the process) is extremely important, which should be considered in strategic planning at national and international levels.

Peace ecology is a new emergent scientific concept which is formed due to the scientific discourses on environmental security and environmental peacemaking, and it is philosophically seeks peace with the environment which is challenged and threatened by human interventions. This concept has attracted scholars' attention and regarding environmental threats in local, national and regional levels it is necessary to be considered in Iran. So, this article using descriptive-analytic method and based on library data gathering procedure tries to explain peace ecology, conceptually. Also, it tries to provide some suggestions to peace-building and peacemaking in some regions such as the Middle East and Caspian Sea based on peace ecology indicators. The research findings show that regarding the urgency of environmental threats, these threats can provide some opportunities for peace-building and peacemaking.

Watersheds are considered as the main unit of planning for sustainable development in many management issues. Evaluating the ecological capability of watersheds and their ranking according to different ecological criteria for prioritizing water management operations is one of the important issues in watershed planning and management. In this study, the Fuzzy-TOPSIS integration method, was chosen to be usen in the Mokhtaran watershed. In this work, 13 environmental criteria, including water resources quantity, flood intensity, soil conservation, surface water quality, groundwater quality, forage production, potential evapotranspiration, groundwater quantity, upstream resources, vegetation composition, water erosion, wind erosion, grazing capacity and groundwater quality of upstream resources were estimated and used. The study area was divided into three blocks of northern heighlands, southern highlands and plain. Each of them has its own criteria, according to the characteristics and potentials of each block. Then, the criteria of each block were weighted by AHP method and each of the 13 environmental criteria was fuzzified. After the fuzzification of the criteria and the weighting of the criteria of each block, the main problem of each sub-basin was determined according to previous studies in the watershed. Then, accordingly, the sub-basins were grouped in each block. Moreover, based on the Likert spectrum, the relative importance of options (sub-basins) was identified as triangular fuzzy numbers relative to each criterion. Finally, by entering all of the inputs in Fuzzy Topsis Solver 2013, the coefficient of proximity of each sub-basin was estimated and based on the nearest coefficient, the priority map of the watershed management plan for the watershed of Mokhtaran was extracted. According to this map, the sub-basins M8, M13, M15, M16, M21, M22, M25, M26, M28 (in the northern heights of the area), M2, M42, M43, M51 (within the southern heights of the area), M32 , M34, M46, M'13 and M'14 (within the plain of the basin) were considered to be in the highest priority and as critical hydrological units. The sub-basins M4, M5, M'4, M'5 (in northern highlands) and M1 (in the plain) were placed at the lowest priority over the study watershed.

Ecology as a theory and a methodology has a holistic approach and provides an appropriate space for analyzing the interaction of human and nature. Geography as a science of studying the interaction of man and nature has a great identity with ecology in terms of semantic, structure and function. Post-structuralism theory’s emphasis on concepts such as rationality, diversity, difference, the “other”, importance of “nature” and “power-politics” has a lot in common with the concept of ecology to the extent that ecology should be considered as the kernel of post-structuralism. Based on the post-structuralism concepts of ecology, one can find many identities between political ecology and geopolitics. This research, which is a fundamental research by nature and uses library documents, attempts to explain the correlation of ecology and democracy in post-structuralism theory and its function in geography. The results show that ecology can be classified into three categories: intellectual, environmental and political, and “political ecology” is the link of all ecological structures. Moreover, according to post-structuralism, “political ecology” or “Eco-Politics” can improve conditions for a form of democracy known as “Geo-democracy” or “Eco-democracy”. Therefore, human from the perspective of geography is “an ecological entity that recognizes and manages the territory of human-nature based on eco-democracy.”

One of the specification and problems of cities especially in Iran as the problem of crime and social deviances. Tabriz as one of the county's metropolitans and its special problems is not an exception either. Different sciences have have studied it from the standpoint of urban and its influential elements among which urban ecology is the most important. 

The present research by Using the library, documentary and geodesic studies through preparing questionnaire and interview with 4129 prisoners of Tabriz Prison, in winter 2014 and statistic pattern of 291 people through Kokral formula, the results has been analyzed in the regions using other information (location, area, population).

The results of the research specifies the distribution and intension of the crime and shows that since places are located on transit roads the drug trafficking is more and since district 6 is in suburban area, the social and cultural issues are more effective, in district 8 since it is located in center of the city and population density is more, has more crime rate and districts 1 and 4 because of their special condition has the least rate of crime. The approved hypothesis could be generalized to statistical society

Today the new geography is that part of science that is actively involved in the security - construction development plans, and somehow found its position in the security issues.Understanding the relationship between humans and the environment is considered as an important part of humans’ threats against them; in this context human encounter with his surroundings in terms of security issue is a considerable proportion of it. Today, the geographical component must be considered in two levels of human communities with a view to creating a new security.Each of these factors alone could be accounted when it is defined in terms security put in the path, would get the benefit of creating the new security issues. The methodology of this study is of a descriptive-analytic type which has been released after the study and descriptive investigation of the condition. The data collection process is of a free library study type. The results suggest that the geography and security are two distinct, and at the same time, complementary components, i.e., security geography and geography security. One of them has an internal and nature approach and the other external and epistemological approach. The national security is the capacity of governments to maintain an independent identity and functional integrity. So, geography emphasizes on the applied ways in the arena of security research.

Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various world reports and the latest statements by the International Community, but scientific doubts also exist on reasoning behind climate change reported by “CHANGEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATE”. As BRYSON (1977) states, surge from one pattern to another might change the climate of some of the mid-range-latitude areas drastically, and it is very likely to create a “drought-or-flood” pattern. The increase in temperature in some of Iran's meteorological stations indicates a tendency towards arid climate, and probably the period of climate change has begun in the country of Iran. The country, according to the research, has a pattern of a number of years of droughts alternated by a number of rainy years. Environmental problems such as global warming, frequent occurrence of droughts, expansion of deserts and the increasing trend of desertification, increasing number of forbidden areas for the extraction of water and occurrence of destructive floods have caused ecological instability in the country and have increased the vulnerability of the country's natural resources.