جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ایلام » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Methodology This study is quantitatively, and its purpose is practical, in terms of data collection is descriptive - survey. For data analysis software was then used SPSS as the original software, and the software LISERL as a helper application for factor analysis (exploratory) were used. The statistical population of this research includes Professors related to the fields of economics, management, political geography and border security are the universities of Ilam province, economic activists and border cooperatives of Mehran and Dehloran cities, and executive managers of Ilam province.ResultsIn this study, 25 obstacles were identified regarding the underdevelopment of production cooperatives at the borders. which after using factor analysis, the Kaiser criterion was used to determine the number of factors. Based on this criterion, 4 factors(Individual, social and cultural factors, administrative and supportive factors, financial and economic factors, security and political factors) with a specific value of more than 1 were identified and identified as extractable factors. According to the statistical indicators using the main factor analysis method, these 4 factors could explain a total of %92.672 of the total variance of the variables.Conclusion The results showed that Individual, social and cultural factors with a total factor load of 6.055, administrative and supportive factors with a total factor load of 4.711, financial and economic factors with a total factor load of 2.928 and security and political factors with a total factor load of 1.407, Respectively, the most important obstacles are the development of production cooperatives at the borders.

Old trees as the most important genetic reserves of the country have great importance and value in various aspects of ecology, forest restoration management, ecotourism and even history. In this research, after identification of the old trees in the forests of Ilam province, their morphological characteristics including DBH, trunk height, total height, crown length, min & max crown diameter, crown health, crown firmness, crown symmetry, Trunk health and trunk shape were examined. The selection of old trees was based on DBH criterion. After the forest survey, 43 old trees including 5 Petrocarya fraxinifolia, 5 Ulmus glabra, 11 Fraxinus rotundifolia, 3 Celtis caucasica, 4 Platanus orientalis, 4 Ficus carica, 7 Olea europea and 4 Cupressus sempervirens were identified. The results showed that among single-stranded trees, P. orientalis had the highest mean DBH (171 cm), total height (15.8 m) and trunk height (6 m), and among multi-stranded trees O. europea had the highest mean DBH (260 cm). P. fraxinifolia and U. glabra had the highest mean of crown length (11 m) and F. rotundifolia had the highest crown area (195 m2). The highest percentage of single-trunks belonged to the P. fraxinifolia (80%) and C. caucasica (67%). The highest percentage of healthy trunks belonged to C. sempervirens (50%) and O. europea (50%) and the highest percentage of healthy crowns belonged to P. fraxinifolia (100%), C. caucasica (100%), P. orientalis (100%), O. europea (100%) and F. carica (100%). The highest percentage of crown symmetry was belonged to C. caucasica (100%) and the highest percentage of crown freshness was belonged to P. fraxinifolia (100%), F. rotundifolia (100%), C. caucasica (100%), P. orientalis (100%), O. europea (100%) and F. carica (100%). Based on the desirable morphological characteristics of old trees, it is possible to help the strengthen and restoration of Zagros forests by producing resistant seedlings from their seeds.

Population growth and the expansion of settlements in high-risk region, especially in developing countries is increasing. In urban areas, the normal effects of natural disasters may not be so damaging but when it comes to human societies and human knowledge Become a natural crisis - a technological one Includes a combination of physical injuries and urban dysfunction.considering the location of Ilam province in terms of seismicity and lack of proper location of its settlements and its location on active faults,identify region unfavorable for earthquake hazard and prevent the establishment of human settlements in these areas is essential to reduce risks in the future which can be mentioned as the most important goal of this research.

The present study has studied the safety of urban planning with the consideration of safety principles.the research a applied developmental approach and a combination research method (descriptive, analytical, and field).

The have been used to analyze by GIS, Grafer, VISIO, SPSS and TOPSIS models.the results show that average vulnerability caused by earthquakes between (0 and 1) in Ilam province, against 0/4 percent.Dehloran urban region has the highest earthquake vulnerability in the physical index among all of the province's cities.also in terms of study; the amount of TOPSIS achieved In this region is 0/6 percent more and the Shirvan region had the lowest level of 0/11 percent.

As one of the natural disasters, flood is one of the main challenges for developing countries, which affects many countries of the world every year along with the loss of life and money. In Iran, floods are one of the most frequent natural events that cause much damage due to human intervention in nature and urban development incompatible with natural factors. Many cities in Iran face geomorphological limitations in terms of the physical development process, which has caused these cities to develop towards unsuitable and flood-prone lands. Due to these conditions, Ilam is one of the cities that has expanded to the river bank. Weaknesses of urban management, on the one hand, and traditional crisis management (relying on relief and rescue after the crisis) have caused this city to suffer life and financial losses in the recent flood crisis. Based on the results of the investigations mentioned above and the future studies method, this article seeks to achieve a suitable model of flood crisis management in Ilam.

The type of research is applied, and its research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. Documentary and field methods based on expert questionnaires have been used to collect information and understand the current situation. This survey extracted the effective dimensions and indicators based on theoretical studies. The future research method was used through Mic Mac software to achieve the goal and present the model and scenario. The statistical population includes experts related to the field of natural disasters and crisis management, including experts from the Red Crescent Society, the General Directorate of Crisis Management, the Regional Water and Sewerage Company, the University of Medical Sciences, the municipality, etc. (number of 30 people, sample size using the Delphi method).The spatial scope of the research is Ilam, the capital of Ilam province. The most important dimensions examined in this research are natural (soil type, permanent rivers, topography, rainfall regime), physical (worn-out texture, land use type, respect for neighbors, building density, city texture type, etc.), administrative (urban laws, construction supervision, surface water management, location of sensitive and vital uses, observance of privacy, a written system of crisis management, single urban management, coordination of executive systems, specialization in urban management, documentation and knowledge transfer system, implementation of local management, separation, and verification duties between urban institutions, appropriate financial allocation based on the program), economic (property, income, and insurance), socio-cultural (population density, public participation, public awareness).

In the framework of behavioral and structural schools according to the reality of Ilam, this article has presented the appropriate model of flood crisis management in Ilam. Emphasizing school, social, and economic dimensions and relevant indicators have been developed to answer the article's question. According to the mentioned materials, the perspective used in this article can be called the perspective of structural and behavioral schools of urban flood crisis management under reality. Based on the facts of the mentioned schools, the relevant indicators have been set and compiled to achieve the appropriate model of flood crisis management in Ilam. Thirty-six key factors affecting the current situation of flood crisis management in Ilam, which experts have weighted, were investigated and quantitatively analyzed in Mic Mac software. Concerning the identified factors of the current crisis management (which is traditional), strategies appropriate to the current situation of flood crisis management in Ilam have been presented.

The results of the present research have shown that urban planning and especially urban management during the discussed periods has not been able to properly monitor the physical development of the city and the preservation of river privacy in Ilam. On the other hand, the structural measures of urban management in creating channels and urban flood routes show that implementation plans with appropriate studies on floods have not occurred in Ilam. Suppose the situation of the country's crisis management system is traditional, based on the theory of behavioral and structural schools according to reality. In that case, it is possible to present a suitable urban flood crisis management model, which is the example of Ilam. Moreover, the results of this research are confirmed and can be generalized to cities with similar conditions.

As the most complex human-made system, the city faces a wide range of risks, including natural risks such as earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, droughts, etc. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the natural hazards of Ilam city with the approach of economic, organizational (institutional) and environmental resilience. The current research is survey and analytical in terms of collecting data and information. Also, this research is based on the purpose of applied type. The statistical population of the citizens of Ilam city is 384 people and the urban planning officials are 30 people. According to the main purpose of the research, to get quantitative research information, a questionnaire was designed based on the opinions of the elites and urban planning professors. One-sample t-test was used for data analysis in SPSS software. Considering that the urban areas of Ilam are evaluated in this research, the urban areas of Ilam are ranked using the multi-criteria decision-making model of Vicor based on the level of resilience from economic, organizational (institutional) and environmental dimensions. The results of the economic resilience survey showed that region 3 is the most resilient region of Ilam city and 50% of the regions are relatively resilient economically and have a better situation in terms of economic resilience. The results of the organizational resilience survey showed that Region 3 is the most resilient region of the city and 75% of the regions were relatively resilient in terms of organization. Among these regions, only region two has a low organizational (institutional) resilience. The results of the environmental resilience survey showed that region 3 is the most resilient region of the city and 50% of the regions were relatively resilient in terms of environment. Among these regions, only region one lacks resilience from an environmental point of view

The purpose of this study is to examine the lived experiences of agricultural workers in the Chardavol Township about the new world. The present study is a qualitative research that has been done using an interpretive paradigm and interpretive phenomenological method. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers active in the agricultural sector in Zanjire Sofla village in Chardavol Township in Ilam province. 14 participants were selected by purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect information from participants and Van Mannen's (1990) method was used to analyze the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews. The results showed that a main theme entitled "New World" and 7 sub-themes including new lifestyle, a distinct consumption pattern, the integration and synergy of tensions, understanding the cross-sectional remedial shock, the symmetry of old and new vulnerabilities, socio-protective isolation and low government presence and the tendency to counter-value measures and the experience of the new sin is experienced by the participants.

Considering the critical importance of the location factor in the interpretation of various phenomena, the discussion of spatial data mining is relevant. The spatial and geographical distribution of Brucellosis incidence, some of the most important studies are as follows:Abbasi et al. (2019) explored the dependence laws of Brucellosis occurrence in humans using data mining of spatial features. The research results show that temperature and altitude factors had more effects on the discovered laws; hence, areas with higher temperatures and lower altitudes than other areas included more sick people. Azad Khani et al. (2018) analyzed Brucellosis's spatial and temporal analysis in Iran from 2011 to 2015 using GIS. The results of this study indicate that the incidence of the disease does not follow a linear process (P <0.001) was the highest and lowest incidence of disease in mid-summer and winter. Ren et al. (2013) examined Brucellosis's spatial and time clusters in Ecuador. This study found meaningful spatial clusters in the north and south highlands and the Amazon parts of Ecuador. Finally, Abdullah Yu et al. (2012), in a study, analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of human Brucellosis in Azerbaijan from 1995 to 2009 using spatial and temporal statistics.

In this research, with spatial analysis and spatial data mining, to the analysis of geographic dispersion, the relationship between the prevalence of Brucellosis in humans with environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and precipitation in the villages and cities of Ilam province has been discussed. The statistical population of this research is people suffering from Malt fever during the years (2015-2021) in Ilam province.Spatial data were obtained from climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, rainfall, and pressure) in the study area of the Ilam meteorological organization.

In the province's urban areas, the highest density of Brucellosis patients is found in Ilam city and the lowest in Malekshahi. In the meantime, the disease cases in the village have been significantly higher than in the city in all years. The lowest number of cases of the disease was observed in 2016, and the highest number of cases was observed in 2022, of which the highest frequency belongs to men (56.3), and the lowest number belongs to women (43.7). The highest density of diseases shown as a hot spot is in the northern and western parts of the province; although in some southern cities of the province, the density of the studied diseases was high, it was not shown as a hot spot in the final map.

The results of this research indicate that the spatial distribution of the disease during the studied statistical period in Moran's statistical index indicates the clustering of the geographical distribution of Brucellosis in the province. Also, the analysis and spatial distribution of hot spots showed the number of people suffering from this type of disease that the northern counties of the province as areas with high rural and urban populations, are in hot clusters, and the western counties as areas with less rural and urban population are in cold clusters. The findings show a relationship between the incidence of Brucellosis with temperature, precipitation, etc., the patient's occupation, the history of contact with livestock, and the type of place (urban-rural).

The present study examines urban furniture, including the influential and constructive ‎elements of the public space of Ilam city. Suitability of urban furniture (quantity and quality, ‎beauty, Comfort, durability and location and the use of appropriate colors and materials ‎suitable for the climate of the region in Urban furniture design), improves the quality of the ‎urban environment, organizing the urban space and appearance and citizens' satisfaction. ‎This research is applied in terms of purpose to achieve a theoretical-analytical model. In terms ‎of nature and method, two combined methods "descriptive-analytical" have been used. To ‎collect data and information from library studies. Field (questionnaire with ‎‏80%‏‎ reliability and ‎interview) was used.The spatial area of the research was the central area of Ilam during ‎‏1396‏‎ ‎and ‎‏1397‏‎ and from the perspective of ‎‏138‏‎ experts in the form of purposeful sampling ‎‎(available) in organizations Statistical analysis (exploratory factor analysis, structural ‎equation model, Pearson correlation and regression analysis) was used in the analysis.The ‎results of the theoretical model analysis showed that disorder and turbulence There is urban ‎furniture in different dimensions and layers of Ilam city that has a significant impact on the ‎spirits and ‎behaviors of citizens and causes citizens dissatisfaction with The results also showed that there ‎is a relationship between not paying attention to the principles of urban furniture standards ‎and creating an unbalanced and inappropriate urban structure and reducing the quality of the ‎urban landscape. Principles and foundations governing each of the elements affecting urban ‎furniture cause the organization of the environment and landscape The city and the creation ‎of a beautiful and ideal urban space were achieved.‏

Dust storm is a great challenge worldwide, especially in Iran. West and southwest regions of Iran are more exposed to dust storms due to their geographical position and neighboring countries such as Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. Today, scientists have proposed different ways to control wind erosion and dust storm; for instance, construction of live and non-living windbreaks to decrease wind velocity near the ground or covering soil surface through natural or chemical materials to prevent soil particles removal by winds in different intensities. Chemical polymers are one of the most effective methods to reduce soil erosion and dust. In recent decades, using synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl acetate has been considered in order to increase aggregate stability and soil stabilization. These polymers bind the soil particles to make larger aggregates and consequently increase aggregate stability. Moreover, the investigation of different mulches efficiency is essential in dust storm control and sand dune fixation. Therefore, the aim of this project was evaluating the efficiency of biocompatible polymer to decrease dust storms in laboratory conditions.

This project was conducted near Mehran city (Mohsen Abad plain) in Ilam province in 2019. In order to perform soil physical and chemical analyses, soil sampling was randomly carried out from soil surface (0-30 cm) in different places in the study area. These analyses consist of soil texture, soil saturation moisture, soil pH, EC, lime, soil organic matter, and aggregate stability. Moreover, to evaluate polyvinyl acetate, soil loss by wind tunnel, compressive strength, penetration and impact resistance are tested on samples. In this regard, soil samples collected in the study area were poured in trays with 35× 35× 3 cm dimensions. By considering four levels of polymer (C1=1, C2=1.5, C3=2, and C4=2.5 percent) with control (C0) in three replicates, 30 treatments were prepared. In order to evaluate polyvinyl acetate mulch, all tests consist of a wind tunnel simulator test, aggregate stability, permeability and impact resistance were performed after 28 days, and the results were studied. The data were analyzed by conducting one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means comparisons were calculated by using Duncan test at significance levels of P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.05.

According to the results, the most and the least aggregate stability were observed significantly (P<0.05) in C4 treatment with 85 % and control with 18 %, respectively. The wind tunnel test showed that the highest soil loss belongs to control treatment (C0 =without mulch) with significant differences from other treatments. In terms of compressive strength, C4 treatment with 2.4 kg/cm2 had the highest compressive strength against the penetrometer device compared to other treatments. In addition, the result showed that by increasing the polymer concentration, the penetration rate of polyvinyl acetate polymer significantly decreased into the soil. Furthermore, increasing the polymer concentration, increased impact resistance compared to the control. In addition, based on the results, hit resistance rose by increasing polyvinyl acetate concentration so that the least and the highest hit resistance were observed for control treatment (C0: 3 cm penetration in the soil surface) and C4 (1.35 cm penetration in the soil surface) treatment, respectively.

One of the important soil physical properties is aggregate stability which can protect soil against erosion and erosive forces such as wind and rain. Based on the results of aggregate stability test, by increasing polyvinyl acetate concentration on soil surface, this factor improved significantly. Polymers bind primary soil particles together to form secondary particles or larger aggregates, which in turn increase aggregate stability. In soil conservation studies, wind tunnel simulation is used to monitor different mulch effects on wind erosion. In this study, the least soil loss is found when polymer is used, the reason can be explained by the fact that polyvinyl acetate cover soil surface and avoid wind contact with soil surface directly. Soil compressive strength depends on cementing agents directly and PVA in this study acted as a connection agent for soil particles. Based on the results, by increasing PVA amount, the compressive strength of the soil increased. Based on the given results of this research, polyvinyl acetate mulch from 2 to 2.5 concentration percent increases compressive strength and aggregate stability in laboratory conditions. Furthermore, this polymer attaches soil particles together and penetrates in the soil to increase compressive strength and influence dust storm control.  In general, polyvinyl acetate polymer can be used as a suitable mulch by creating a good physical and mechanical conditions in the soil. Nevertheless, it should be considered that these results have been obtained in the laboratory conditions. So, for application of PVA in the natural ecosystem such as arid land conducting further is research required.

The aim of the current research is to locate construction waste disposal sites in Ilam city. Identifying the optimal sites for the disposal of construction waste is one of the basic steps in the field of urban waste management. In the present study, the process of locating construction waste disposal sites in Ilam city was carried out in four basic steps. In the first step, variables affecting the location of construction waste disposal sites were prepared in the form of thematic layers in the framework of the Geographical Information System (GIS) and were spatially evaluated. In the second step, the subject layers were dimensioned and their values were revalued using fuzzy functions. In the third step, the weight of each of the research criteria was calculated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. In the last step, the subject layers were combined with each other based on the coefficients obtained from the AHP model and the land suitability layer was obtained in order to dispose of construction waste. The results show that the three variables of distance from the city, slope and distance from the main roads, with weights of 0.292, 0.208 and 0.145 respectively, are the most important variables affecting the optimal location of construction waste in Ilam city. are counted Also, two areas located in the southwest and northwest of Ilam city were proposed to create construction waste disposal sites.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the world has witnessed great natural and unnatural disasters. The Great Hurricane Katrina, the Southeast Asian tsunami, the Bam earthquake, and dozens of similar incidents, large and small, repeatedly remind the world that predictions, solutions, and ways to deal with these disasters are still inadequate. And only a small number of nations in the world learn and apply the science and technology of managing and controlling such disasters. In recent years, disaster relief agencies and organizations have focused most of their work on achieving a disaster resilient community. Therefore, risk reduction programs in the crisis management organization should seek to create and strengthen the characteristics of resilient societies and in the accident management chain, the concept of resilience should be considered and promoting resilience and reducing its risks should be increasingly the agenda of planners and politicians. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of resilience erosion factors in the worn-out urban texture of Ilam city to reduce the effects of natural disasters. Accordingly, this study tries to evaluate the relationship between erosion resilience and the risk of natural disasters and to study the indicators and factors affecting physical resilience.

The present research is based on library and field studies in terms of development and has an applied purpose in terms of descriptive-analytical methodology adopted. To achieve the objectives of the research, indicators were extracted in two sections and 8 categories including material, building age, skeleton, number of floors, granulation and permeability in the physical section and slope, soil type in the erosive section. Then the model of erosion and physical resilience through the colonial competition algorithm (MST minimum cover tree) in Matlab 2016 software environment was presented. And for specialization of the studied indicators in the worn-out texture of Ilam city, the method of tracking analysis tool has been used in the network analysis process in ArcGIS software environment.

In order to investigate the effects of erosion and physical factors, resilience was performed through the tree of minimum condition according to the analysis steps and a comparison matrix of 8 * 8 was prepared and its model was presented. Based on the input of real and directional network input information in the worn-out texture of Ilam city for identifying the resilience status, different effects and patterns were presented according to the eight indicators. The output corresponding to the most optimal scenarios implemented in MATLAB 2016 environment was presented in the format. Based on the existing priorities, there are 8 indicators to study the level of worn-out texture in Ilam city to study the status of resilience. By transferring this data and information to the Arc Gis software environment, we spatialized these indicators. Also, the structure of the first scenarios was used in the local search phase and the next two structures were used in the jump phase. In each structure, after determining the locations and assigning the indicators to this physical context, the optimal paths to achieve the goal were updated through central network analysis and in the ArcGis environment for each source/destination node pair. In each scenario answer, if the path between the source/destination node pair included two scenarios, then one of these scenarios would be selected according to the indicators and constraints in the physical context. The results of this study also showed that among the spatial indices, D and H indices, i.e., building age and permeability, obtained the highest score among the analytical codes. In order to study the spatialization of the existing scenarios for the erosive and physical characteristics of the worn texture of Ilam city, first all the information of Matlab software environment was transferred to GIS environment by reading and correcting the information and finally through Tracking Analyst Tools and Make Tracking Layer tool the existing scenarios and codes were constructed. The status of construction and design of the purpose-built network structure for erosion and physical indicators was presented in such a way that at the level of 8 indicators studied in two parts, the following results were obtained: In the erosion index section, one condition was completely suitable, three conditions were suitable, 5 conditions were moderate and 1 condition was completely unsuitable. In the physical index section, there were one completely suitable condition, three suitable conditions, 5 moderate conditions and 1 completely inappropriate condition. In order to determine the current status of resilience indices in the worn-out texture of Ilam city, after classifying the indices in ArcGis software environment, the type, area and percentage of each index were extracted. According to Table 6, after determining the current status of resilience indices in the area of ​​eroded texture of Ilam city, the percentage and area of ​​each index from high resilience to low resilience were presented in four categories for each index. In the material index, the highest percentage, ie 33.61%, was in the cement block type and had a low resilience status. In the building age index, the highest percentage, ie 47.00%, was in the type over 30 years old and had a very low resilience status. In the skeleton index, the highest percentage, ie 33.57%, was in the concrete type and had a high resilience status. In the index of number of floors, the highest percentage, ie 47.11%, was in the type of one class and the resilience status was very low. In the granulation index, the highest percentage, ie 34.13%, was less than 100 meters and the resilience status was very low. In the permeability index, the highest percentage, ie 62.78%, was less than six meters and the resilience was very low. To investigate the final resilience of worn texture in Ilam city, the amount of physical resilience was shown at the level of 6 indicators, so that at this stage, after aggregation of the mentioned indicators in Arc Gis software environment, the final resilience of the building resilience was classified into very low to very high. They are categorized to plan for natural disasters to deal with any potential crises.

In the present study, after extracting the erosion and physical resilience indices in the eroded texture of Ilam city, indices in two parts and 8 categories including material type, building age, skeleton, number of floors, granulation and permeability in the physical part, slope, and soil were extracted in the erosion section. Then, the priorities in resilience levels from very high resilience to very low resilience were identified in seven categories. The results of the research are as follows: Among the spatial indices, D and H indices, i.e., building age and permeability, obtained the highest score among the analytical codes obtained from scenario writing in the content programming environment in such a way that significant parts of the worn texture of Ilam city are in the range of medium to very low resilience. Also, the central part of the city, which corresponds to the dilapidated fabric of the city, due to the lack of a standard structural system and sustainable materials and the inability of residents to create safe areas indicated low and very low resilience. This situation becomes more visible in the event of natural disasters, and the financial and human losses will be doubled. In addition, the results of spatial differences and the study of spatial resilience comparisons showed that 62% of the eroded texture of ​​Ilam city is in the range of relatively low to very low resilience. Percentage and area of ​​each part of the resilience of the worn-out texture of Ilam city were such that 5.25 had a very high resilience interval, 5.65 had a high resilience interval, 8.70 had a relatively high resilience interval, 18.33 had medium resilience interval, 17.90 had a relatively low resilience interval, 21.03 had a low resilience interval, and 21.14 had a very low resilience interval.

Creating artistic volumes and graphic designs in urban spaces has played an irreplaceable role in improving the quality of the urban environment, which, if accompanied by citizen participation, can lead to a high level of citizen satisfaction with life. In this regard, the principles and components of citizenship ethics should be observed so that people and city officials can perform their roles and activities in a coordinated manner and without any tension to lead the city towards sustainability. In this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and relying on library resources and field methods, the aim is to evaluate and analyze the role of citizens 'ethics on citizens' social participation in beautifying urban landscapes in Ilam. The residents of Ilam are 267 citizens and 70 city managers selected using the Cochran method and the questionnaire was randomly distributed among them. The results obtained from the non-parametric Chi-Square test show a significant correlation at the level of 99% that the participation of citizens in beautifying urban landscapes is at a moderate level. The Whitney Mann test was also used to compare the views of citizens and city managers on the extent of citizens' duties. The results show a significant difference at the level of 99% between the views of citizens and city managers. The same result of Pearson test showed that there is a significant relationship between civic ethics and social participation of Ilam citizens in beautifying urban landscapes.

The forest as one of the renewable resources plays an important role and a suitable platform for social and economic activities. In this context, identifying the effective factors in the sustainable development of the forest and knowing the indicators and management criteria of this natural area and paying attention to the shortcomings and strengthening the abilities is one of the current needs, therefore this research tries to measure the extent and measure of the management of the sustainable development of the forest based on FMU model with 6 indicators and 48 criteria and in the form of sfm paradigm in the forests of Ilam province, to determine the management level of sustainable forest development. The statistical populations in this research are the experts and specialists of the Natural Resources Department, especially in the forestry department in Ilam Province, and the sample size was determined through the snowball method of 15 elite experts in the field of forestry in the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of the cities of Ilam Province. The results show that out of the 6 main indicators measured, water and soil management indicators with 71.5% and laws and organizations indicators with 60.37% are at a relatively favorable level. Biodiversity indicators with 47.38 are at the average level and economic-social index with 39.33%, ecosystem index with 38.92% and stakeholder participation index with 30.6% are at a weak level based on the sfm measurement and sustainability chart which is done with human and natural considerations, the management performance in the discussion of the natural index is 49.7% and the performance of the human index in the management of the forests of the region is 43.5%, which indicates the level of achieving the management goals of sustainable development in an average level.

Old trees are important and key elements of forest sites and are of great value in terms of forest management, reforestation, silviculture and ecology. Although old trees constitute a small percentage of forest trees, they account for a large share of forest carbon reserve and play a vital role in carbon storage. Understanding the how geographical and site distribution of these trees across the forest is essential to obtain information for forest restoration management. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the geographical and site characteristics of old trees of Wing nut, Ash, Hackberry, Sycamore, Elm, Olive, Cypress and Fig in Ilam province.

After querying the villagers and local people and conducting numerous forest surveys, the old trees were identified and selected on the basis of the diameter of the breast. Then their geographical characteristics including city, district, village, geographical coordinates and site conditions including slope, aspect, altitude, soil depth, climate and proximity to water source were measured or recorded.

The results showed that in terms of geographically distribution, the identified old trees have located in Ilam, Mehran, Malekshahi, Badreh and Dehloran cities. Topographically, the old trees of Wing nut, Elm, Ash and Fig were located in the 0-10% slope class, Hackberry and sycamore in the 0-10% and 10-30% slope classes, olive in the 10-30% slope class and Cypress in the 40-70% slope class. The old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash and Hackberry were located in the north aspect, fig, sycamore and Cypress in the south aspect and olive in the west and south aspects. The old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash, Hackberry, Sycamore and Cypress were dispersed at altitude class of 1100–1250 m and olive and fig old trees were at altitude class of 1250–1400 m above sea level. Climatically, the old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash and Hackberry were located in the very cold Mediterranean climate, Cypress trees and some sycamore trees in the cold Mediterranean climate, and fig, olive and some plantain trees were in the semiarid cold climate. In terms of access to water resources, old trees of Wing nut, elm, Ash, Sycamore, Hackberry and Fig were located on the bed or margin of river, old Cypress trees had no access to water resources and some olive trees were close to water resources. In terms of soil subsidence, old trees of Wing nut, elm, Hackberry, olive, and fig were mostly in soils with medium depths. Old ash and sycamore trees were present in shallow to medium depths and old cypress trees were present in shallower soils. Although the identified old trees were present in limited sites, their long-term and sustained presence in these sites indicates that sites conditions are favorable for their survival.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the presence of low slopes, suitable soil bed and access to water resources were desirable characteristics for stability and survival of the studied old trees in these sites. Due to the above-mentioned characteristics, ecologically similar sites can be found in the forests of the province and can be restored by seed of old and resistant trees.

Groundwater drought occurs when the groundwater of an area is affected by prolonged drought. In this type of drought, first the feeding, then the water level and finally the discharge of groundwater systems due to drought are reduced. Therefore, in order to know the drought status of groundwater in Mehran plain in Ilam province, GRI index was used. For this purpose, statistics of 23 years from 1996 to 1397, 19 hydrometric stations were selected after verifying and reconstructing the data. After entering the primary raw data in the step-by-step calculation file of the GRI index, calculate the mean, LN, U factor, Shape parameter and Scale parameter, logarithm in base e and possible GAMMA distribution for the input data and calculate the value of H (x) And its separation in the range between 0.5-0 and 1.5-1 and the calculation of the parameter t and Z and at the end of extracting the final results of the calculation of the GRI index by combining the calculations in the two final tables. The results show that the drought in Mehran plain from 1375 to 1388 is close to normal, but with a sharp fluctuation and from 1388 to 1397 has suffered mild drought.

Weaknesses of traditional approaches to urban planning, including the inability to cope with the complexity and uncertainty of change, forecast constraints as the main support tools for urban planners and decision makers, the main emphasis on spatial form, short-term planning orientation, lack of comprehensive approach And the holistic view of the urban system, the lack of effective participation and cooperation between stakeholders and the neglect of the vision approach to the future, has led planners and city managers to use new tools in this area.The city of Ilam, as the capital of the province due to the strategic location of the international border of Mehran and the location of this city in transit and transit conditions on one side and the other, urban rural migration, irregular expansion of the city, the annexation of some surrounding villages Within the city limits, the uncontrolled expansion of suburban textures around the city, especially in areas with rugged and sloping topography, the staggering increase in land and housing prices, the growing demand for urban life, witness changes in the performance and appearance of the city. In the near future, it will cause many challenges and issues outside of urban development plans and projects in this city. Therefore, the existence of such conditions requires strategic studies based on the future perspective of the city to identify the most important variables affecting urban development. This research intends to identify and analyze the most important factors affecting the development of Ilam city with a futuristic approach and examine the extent and how these factors affect each other and the future situation of Ilam city, which in fact is the basis for developing scenarios and achieving the desired scenarios. Provide. Therefore, according to the purpose, the main question of this research is what are the possible and desirable scenarios in the development of Ilam city?Theoretical Bases Differences in the views and diversity of origins and areas of knowledge of those who have considered futurism have led to various definitions of it, and on the other hand, the relatively short life of futurism indicates that this concept is still in its infancy. There is a transition. Since the 1970s, Europeans have paid close attention to the field of futurism, using the term futurism for the field. The first futuristic studies in science, technology, and innovation at the national level date back to 1970.The fact is that the lack of foresight in the urban development system is one of the main factors in the weakness of the urban planning system. Methods of recognizing and constructing the future require dealing with social phenomena and then through the path of planning. The level of analysis of the city as a platform for social action is one of the most important components of foresight that should be reflected in the framework of city plans. Urban planners should provide commitment to the generation by preparing a vision and prioritizing issues, evaluating and formulating social criteria. Future people, recognizing the factors of change and transformation in society and paying attention to the present by thinking about the future, with an active and intelligent approach, design the desired future of the urban system.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information and data of the questionnaire is based on library, documentary and field studies. In the documentary and library studies section to achieve the desired information, from Internet sources, books and the latest Persian and Latin articles have been used. The statistical population is the entire geographical area of Ilam city and the statistical sample includes 50 people from the community of experts in the field of urban planning in the departments of road and urban planning, municipality, governorate (technical office and office of urban affairs), environment. To analyze the data and variables, the modeling process and MIC MAC software, Scenario Wizard were used.

The results show that the degree of saturation of the matrix is 84.83%, which indicates that the selected factors have a large and scattered effect on each other and in fact the system has been in an unstable state. Out of 2383 evaluable relationships between the variables of this matrix, 426 items have a value of zero (no direct relationship), 1304 relationships have a value of one (low impact), 910 relationships have a value of two (medium impact) and 169 relationships have a value of three (high impact) They were.

This futuristic approach identifies and analyzes the most important factors affecting the development of Ilam city and examines the extent and how these factors affect each other and the future situation of Ilam city. The main results of this research have two stages: The first stage is the results related to the variables that determine the development of Ilam city. For this purpose, 53 factors in 6 study sections (economic, social, political, etc.) and in the impact analysis matrix were adjusted and collected for development and planning experts of the city and analyzed with MICMAC software. Finally, from the initial 53 factors, 10 factors were selected as key factors that will play the most important role in the future development of Ilam city, which are: the existence of non-governmental organizations, the need for integrated urban management, management Executive, urban pollution, location of urban land uses in different parts of the city, implementation of a comprehensive and detailed plan, increase of facilities and public services, organization of social activities, citizen participation, urban culture. Among these, key development variables have a special role and place in the scenario development process of Ilam city. Then, by defining the possible situations of each factor in the future progress of this city, 30 possible situations were designed. Then, using the capabilities of Wizard software, 2 strong scenarios, 93 weak scenarios and 17 believable scenarios were extracted. In general, it should be said that the main result of this research shows that the future development of Ilam city continues

The resilience of urban systems as the best form of human habitation has significant environmental impacts, and the promotion of sustainability and resilience in cities and human settlements is a priority; The resilience of a city and how it measures in cities is important. However, despite the significant advances made in recent years in this field, Existing methods for measuring resiliency city, Only to analyze it for specific disorders, or from the perspective of resilience engineering. Based on the necessity of this research, using PROMETHEE modeling, the first step was to identify the basics of earthquake crisis management, and in the next step, Ilam analyzed the statistical analysis. It should be noted that the current research is a developmental-applied approach and research method is a combination of methods (descriptive, analytical, library and field). Also, for the analysis and drawing of GRAFER, EQS, EXCEL and ArcGIS, VPLS and AMOS-SPSS software, other applications have been used. The results of the research have shown based on GAIA layout only areas 12, 3, 8, 5 and 6 are the most resilience city than other areas. And in terms of the three criteria indexation of facilities and equipment, green space and transportation in the city of Ilam, this space has been created. Also based on a resilient network pattern phi rate positive area 12 Ilam 0.81% and the amount of phi the negative is 19/0. Finally, based on the low ranking of the PROMETHEE model area 12 Ilam in 0/6231 percent the most resilient and area 9 Ilam in -0/4306 percent the most vulnerable urban area.