جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بازار کار » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Manpower is one of the most important factors of production that through participation in the production process plays a prominent role in the production. This Thread is considered in the economic doctrines so that, from the perspective of economic doctrines and growth models increase the proportion of labor with other factors of production, guarantees the economic growth. This is and importance of labor has caused up to the labor market as a market that is directly associated with labor, Always can play an important role in the developing countries among the four economic markets. A point that should be considered in the examining the labor market is however, in many studies, employment and unemployment located as a assessed benchmark of labor market performance but, Based on new literature, presented by the International Labour Organization For assess the labor market, Just was not considered situation of employment and unemployment, or in other words, the market quantity, but rather should also be considered Beside the quantity of the quality of the market. This approach to labor market leads to the formation of the concept of decent work in this market. The terms of decent work have different meanings and each country makes sense special depends on its Development. But what is certain, Mentioned terms should be emphasized creation employment worthy and suitable individuals with good income and job safety and security. In addition, in order to realization decent work, ILO follow Four strategic objective of protecting labor rights, protection of employment, strengthening social protection and social security, and strengthening social dialogue that Mentioned Quad objectives are reinforcing each other. Accordingly and with respect to this topic, Present study tries to up to with combination decent work indicators by using TOPSIS Method and calculation Index of decent work segregation urban areas of Iran, will be assessment and comparison Labor market in these areas. Present study regarding the type of research is the applied study and from method of data collection was considered as a field research and Tries to examine situation of labor market of urban areas of Iran provinces regarding decent work indicator and with integrated its indicators. Although there are different ways to Integrating indicators for decent work, calculation the decent Index and finally assess the level of market development in urban areas, but in this study for determine the level of development of urban labor market is used TOPSIS method that with Using this method combined 8 indicators of decent work and Decent work indicators were calculated for each urban areas of the provinces and during the studied period and Based on has been analyzed the urban areas labor market. The results indicate that Average of decent work increased from about 0/25 in the first year of fourth plan to nearly 0/31 in the final year of in the urban areas labor market and dropped Standard deviations of the provinces. These two changes have been made up to decent work coefficient of variation reduced dramatically between these two periods. This finding is represents the convergence regions of the Iran from the perspective decent work. Nevertheless, the changes made in decent work of Iran Provinces urban area in two periods 2005 and 2009 indicate that During this period, improved the 22 provinces country's decent working conditions and This is done while eight provinces too have experienced in this respect the worse situation. In addition, most of the changes made in the three provinces of Tehran, Hormozgan and Markazi in this period and these provinces have improved more than 0/2 to decent work indicator. This is done while in the other group the worst situation happened in West Azerbaijan Province and Three provinces of South Khorasan, Yazd and Qom are in the next rows. According to the results this study and Despite Improvement of index decent work in 2009 than 2005 in most provinces but still could see major regional differences in changes occurred of urban areas decent work indicator. This finding suggest that despite the improvement in the national level, in order to balance regional, plans of regional labor market is Necessary and unavoidable.Manpower is one of the most important factors of production that through participation in the production process plays a prominent role in the production. This Thread is considered in the economic doctrines so that, from the perspective of economic doctrines and growth models increase the proportion of labor with other factors of production, guarantees the economic growth. This is and importance of labor has caused up to the labor market as a market that is directly associated with labor, Always can play an important role in the developing countries among the four economic markets. A point that should be considered in the examining the labor market is however, in many studies, employment and unemployment located as a assessed benchmark of labor market performance but, Based on new literature, presented by the International Labour Organization For assess the labor market, Just was not considered situation of employment and unemployment, or in other words, the market quantity, but rather should also be considered Beside the quantity of the quality of the market. This approach to labor market leads to the formation of the concept of decent work in this market. The terms of decent work have different meanings and each country makes sense special depends on its Development. But what is certain, Mentioned terms should be emphasized creation employment worthy and suitable individuals with good income and job safety and security. In addition, in order to realization decent work, ILO follow Four strategic objective of protecting labor rights, protection of employment, strengthening social protection and social security, and strengthening social dialogue that Mentioned Quad objectives are reinforcing each other. Accordingly and with respect to this topic, Present study tries to up to with combination decent work indicators by using TOPSIS Method and calculation Index of decent work segregation urban areas of Iran, will be assessment and comparison Labor market in these areas.

Labor market is one of the most important markets in Iran as in many developed and developing countries. However، although attention to this market has always been at the forefront of economic planning، but in most cases، quantity matters more than quality in this market. It is also visible as regional differences especially the case in urban areas. Therefore، the study of the quality of labor market in rural regions is very important in each aspect. Various indices can be used to evaluate the quality of labor market، decent work is one of those. Therefore، this paper attempts to evaluate the rural areas in terms of this indicator.

The numerical taxonomy method is used to separate homogeneous areas from non-homogeneous regions and TOPSIS method is applied to assimilate the parameters in homogeneous areas.

The results show that both of Tehran and Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces are situated in non-homogeneous regions in terms of decent work. In addition، this indicator is improved only about Mazandaran، Qom and Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad provinces in the final year of the forth economic development program in comparison with first year of this plan. In addition and based on the results of this study، rural areas according to the decent work index haven’t gone to the homogeneity and there are obvious differences between the labor markets in rural areas. Research limitation: ILO introduced a set of 30 decent work indices in order to enable countries to assess and evaluate their job market. While، only 9 indicators is possible to calculate considering to available data in rural areas of Iran. Hence، creating the possibility for achieving to all of decent work and thus calculating the indicators of decent work in rural areas as a whole is the strategy of the future. Practical implications: The results of this study suggest that rural areas is not homogenous regions in terms of decent work indices and the decent work indicators in 2009 compared to 2005 decreased in most rural areas. Hence، according to the market policies، the rural-urban migrations cannot be expected to decrease and so it is necessary to promote decent work indicators in rural areas. Original/value: In this study in addition to quantitative aspects (decrease in unemployment rate and job creation)، the qualitative dimension the rural labor market is assessed for the first time in these areas، an approach that could be considered by labor market policy makers as a whole and policy makers in the field of rural areas of Iran specially.

Intro duction Employment has the main, vital roles in human life and socio-economical progressives (see: ILO, 2010, Women in Labour Markets: 2; Momsen, J. 2004). One of the important goals every socio-economical, political system in the world is to supply high social economical welfare which it will be done by equal distribution of income, improvement of educational, health and welfare facilities and opportunities for all. This will not be taken place unless all people (male and female) take part in economical affairs and activities (Refer to: Tzannatos, Z., 1998). By further participation, the rate of fertility will be decreased, reversely; productivity, production and GNP increased. Undoubtedly, the lead structural factors (Cultural, social, economical and political elements) have affected on male and female employment. This trend can make their labor or culture and behavior. To improve employment it is apply to measure level of economical mechanisms. One of these evaluations may study the specifics of female employment in cities which are differing in economical, social, political and cultural policies. Female employment is much more affected by structural, historical factors which form total employment composition; these factors are much varies in cities of the world. 1-1- Objectives To detect effective structural elements on employment (esp. women) in both urban societies, Tehran and Montreal, in order to find out positive and negative distinctions; Study and evaluate positive aspects of culture of job and employment in a city which higher than 50 percent of women is employee and then conclude results and provide guideline for improve employment in Iran and Tehran. 1-2- Main question and Thesis The main question of research is: what are causes of structural differences in the educational system in both cities, Tehran and Montreal? And what elements affect on female employment mainly? The thesis related to this question is: educational system and job culture are the important differences in female employment of Tehran and Montreal. So, this thesis emphasis on distinction of education level between women in both cities. This research supposes getting certificate and rank of education affect on the rate of female labour in the both cities. Therefore it was supposed that in these cities, there is difference between getting certificate and professional education and skills in entrance to labour market. Also, they are differing in attitude and thought with job and economic activity; and this effect on rate of female employment. 2- Theoretical Bases There are various theories about the situation of women in labour market including: Neoclasic theory, Labour Segmentation theory, Neo-liberalism and Feminism theory. These theories believe that gender roles are based on weak position of women in labour market. What that is important for this research is the effects of employment policies which have rooted by these theories, especially for women in both of developed and developing countries. One of these effects has been called “Female margination in urban employment”. By going over mentioned theories we can find out female employment more than men has been affected by global capitalism and neo-liberalism. This structural affectability of gender employment mechanism in both of study societies shows clear differences. For example, Montreal with high economic-social development, high educated female labour market has low attraction, while less educated women have been employed rapidly in low wage jobs. This trend has cleared dominant of extra beneficial approach and a kind of female margination on purposely which is differ from Tehran’s labor market deeply. 3– Discussion Generally, there are many fundamental economical, social and political differences between Tehran and Montreal in their employment structures. This research has followed to discover the reasons of high rank female employment in Montreal in order to find out adjusting ways to reduce female unemployment in Tehran. Everyone has to have equal opportunity for employment. Women like men should be independent person and authority socio-economically. So, the local government is responsible to provide or encourage individuals and institutes establishing enough jobs everywhere and every time. There are many policies and strategies in employment field which facilitate to supply and help all of needs to have job. There are non-governmental organizations which provide social and economical situations to find job and expand it gradually. Some condition including: relative economic stability, growth of professional technical and scientific situations, bank facilities and etc. have easy entrance and participate women in Montreal’s labour market; and the establish of small income institutes are rapid and easy. So, entrepreneurship especially for educated women is one of positive interest in Montreal which should be emphasis in Tehran too. Today, entrepreneur women have established many jobs for immigrant’s women. In spite of gender discrimination in labour market of Canada, it has been increased the rate of entrepreneur women and female employees. Montreal like other cities in Canada is managed by Provincial Laws and policies. I referred to legal politic documents and official centers for knowing legal’s affects. Referring to administrable laws and policies in every society is the most important way for knowledge and explanation of facts. For example, one of financial laws in Quebec Province is providing low benefit loans to entrepreneurs and job seekers. So, all graduates from secondary level to high academic degrees can use financial helps and able to create several jobs for others as well as their selves. Therefore, they decrease dependency rate on economy of family, city and local government. 4– Conclusion I have drive and concluded the results and proper recommendations as are follow: Both of cities have shown much difference in rate of employed women, rate of participation and rate of unemployment. These differences have rooted in economic structure, policies and cultural conditions. These cities are much variety at job, financial and administrative laws and citizenship rights and policies. So, they are differing at organizations, institutes and related job centers. Educational system of Iran need to essential changes base on teaching skills instead of getting certificate. This transformation cause to motivate economic institutes that they emphasis on skills and professionals of labour forces. Subsequently, it should be low gender discrimination in labour market and unemployment for both men and women. Determination or indetermination the age start a job is not criteria for job market preservation and urban economy health. But it may show especial culture and public thoughts about human personality and work substance. At some cases, to neglect work start age, and to facilitate to have a reliable job (even part time job), not only improve human authority and independency but also, it has important role at increase rate of participation in labour market and decrease unemployment. Of course, there are some reasons that women in Montreal mainly have been attracted by entrepreneurial market and self-employed activities including: gender discriminations at work place, high professional-technical training and high female personality, self-confidence and cultural situation.