جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خانوار روستایی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Water scarcity is rapidly increasing as one of the most important threats to sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This has led to many problems such as poverty and food insecurity among rural households. Therefore, building and improving resilience is important for rural households as a way to reduce the effects of water scarcity. Based on this, the current research has investigated the resilience of rural households against water poverty. The population studied was rural households in Hamadan, Kabudrahang and Malayer cities, and based on Cochran's formula, 334 people from rural households were randomly selected as a statistical sample. The tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire. Its formal validity has been obtained by confirmation professors and Cronbach's alpha, the combined and shared reliability of all factors is greater than 0.7, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the model. To analyze the collected data, structural equation modeling was used with the help of PLS Smart software. The results showed that physical-infrastructure and human capital had the greatest impact on the resilience of households. Therefore, with long-term investment appropriate to physical capital and infrastructure and strengthening human capital with the help of education and raising the level of awareness and participation of people, the resilience of households will increase.

Healthy agriculture plays an essential role in sustainable development and the development of organic farming. The global population is growing, which has kept pace with the growing need for food.The statistical population of farmers in Lenjan city is that the number of households in the selected villages is N = 4414 people and using Cochran's formula and Morgan table, the sample size of 353 people was calculated and stratified sampling method was used in this study. The analysis of regression shows that in the first step the economic variable entered the equation that the coefficient of determination for this variable was 0.592 (R2 = 0.592) that the numerical value of the coefficient of determination indicates that about 59% of the factors affecting the production of products Healthy food security in Lenjan city has been caused by the impact of economic factors. In the second step, the cognitive-educational variable was entered into the equation, which together with the previous variable explained 75.10% in identifying the factors affecting the production of healthy products and food security, and in the third step, the standard variable of production was included in the equation. Percentage of effective factors and in the fourth, fifth and sixth steps, institutional variables, agricultural and socio-cultural inputs were entered into the equation, respectively. After entering the seventh variable, the operation was stopped. In total, six factors as independent variables (97.40 (R2 = 0.974)) predict the percentage of changes in the variables of effective components in the production of healthy products and food security in Lenjan city.

Food security is a challenge of the coming decades and the research necessity of today’s world. This study aimed to identify the status and factors affecting the food security of rural households in Bahar County. The statistical population of the study included all rural households’ heads in Bahar County (N = 1100) in which the number of 388 ones was estimated as a statistical sample using the Morgan table and selected through stratified sampling according to both criteria of population and geographical area. The standard questionnaire of Cornell was used to assess food security. The results showed that 51.8% of the study population were in secure conditions and 48.2% were in insecure food conditions. About 9.3% of rural households experienced food insecurity with severe hunger, and most of them lived in the western villages of Bahar County. The results also showed that food security has a significant, positive correlation with economic and personal factors such as education level, agricultural and non-agricultural income, and agricultural and horticultural area under cultivation, while showing negative correlation with geographical and social factors such as distance from the village to city and household size. The results of multiple regression also showed that income from agricultural activities was the strongest predictor of food security among rural households in Bahar County, followed by income from non-agricultural activities, the number of employed people among a household and the number of dependents respectively. As a result, income diversification can be a suitable mechanism for improving the food security of rural households.

Today, based on accurate scientific methods in agriculture, it is possible to achieve principled and comprehensive opportunities by recognizing the challenges of each region. Considering that saffron is considered as the most valuable agricultural and medicinal product in the world, by recognizing the challenges and opportunities ahead in its production, it is possible to provide quite favorable conditions in the life of rural households living in favorable areas for the production of this product. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges and opportunities ahead for saffron production in rural households in Rasht. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, in addition to documentary studies and initial field visits, a wide range of economic, social, environmental and physical indicators were determined in accordance with the conditions of the studied villages. Data collection in sample villages and households was done based on selected indicators and through a questionnaire. Field studies have been conducted at both village and household levels. In this regard, the status of challenges and opportunities in the production of saffron in 355 households living in 26 villages of this district were examined. Spatial and statistical analyzes and ArcGIS and SPSS software were used to analyze the data. The research findings confirm that opportunities and challenges are individually and sequentially categorized into four dimensions (environmental, economic, social, physical-spatial), which shows that in the discussion of the challenge The environmental dimension with (29.21) percent of the special amount is considered as the most important challenge and in the discussion of opportunities, the economic dimension with (49.58) percent of the special amount is considered as the most important opportunity in Rashtkhar rural district. Becomes.

Quality of life is a multi-dimensional concept that shows the general social, economic, and environmental features of regions. In rural regions, this concept expresses the conditions that indicate the degrees of individual and social -utilization, access, well-being, and welfare. The present research studied factors preventing the achievement of a desirable quality of life in border villages in Sistan, Iran, using a combination of field and descriptive-analytic methods. In this research, first, according to the number of villages in the study area, 43 villages were selected as sample villages using the Cochran formula. Then, based on the number of households in the area and re-use of the Cochran formula, 362 households were selected as sample families to complete the questionnaire. Research questionnaires were designed at two levels of household and village. Their content validity has been confirmed by the opinion of professors and experts, and the reliability of the questionnaires has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.86. Also, in analyzing the data, the limitations of achieving the optimal quality of life were investigated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), spatial and statistical analyzes Expert Choice, SPSS and ArcGIS software. Based on the results of one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, there is a significant difference between the level of constraints in different dimensions of quality of life in the households, and the severity of the economic and environmental constraints of achieving the optimal quality of life, with a coefficient of 0.337 and 0.153, respectively, is more than the physical-skeletal and social constraints. In fact, the quality of life of the studied households depends on the border exchanges on the one hand and on the other on agriculture and its subdivisions, the former with the creation of the border wall and the closure of the border, and the other by a sharp decrease or stop continuously in the flow of water from Afghanistan, the drying up of the Hamoon wetland and the increase of the effects of sandy soils has reached a deadlock.

Achieving the goals of sustainable development, especially sustainable rural development, required to empowerment of rural households in different dimensions. Therefore in this study has attempted to investigate the most important constraints and limitations of rural households in the Central and Zeberkhan Districts of Nishapur County. This was a descriptive-analytic documentary field research. The field studies were performed through completing village and household questionnaires as well as related forms to field observations. The reliability of the household questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (87%). The rural households in the study region formed the statistical population of the research. A sample size of 373 household legal guardians was determined considering the number of households and using Cochran’s formula. Data analysis was performed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice. Statistical and spatial analyses were carried out employing SPSS and ArcGIS. The findings suggested that there were enormous or extremely enormous barriers and limitations to the social empowerment of 17.43% of the studied households. On the other hand, The results of one-way variance analysis confirms that indicators related to educational facilities by coefficient of 0.1292, partnership by coefficient of 0.1032 and social capital by coefficient of 0.0588, are considered the most influential factors in the onset or exacerbation of social empowerment constraints and limitations of studied rural households.

Several models of rural development have been proposed but they have failed to adequately explain why development stagnates in certain regions. To fill this knowledge gap, this qualitative research was conducted.
Design/methodology/approach: Based on focus group interviews with farmers and semi-structured interviews with rural managers and experts from two sub-counties in Kherameh, Fars province, the barriers of rural development under drought were investigated.
Finding: Various adaptation strategies, such as changing cropping pattern, developing greenhouses and rising mushroom, quail and ostrich, have been applied by farmers in order to reduce the negative impacts of drought and water scarcity. However, different barriers including climate variability, quantitative and qualitative reduction of water resources, unemployment and lack of sustainable job opportunities, limitation of financial resources and investment, inefficiency of institutional supporting policies, limitation of budgets and loans, and uncertainty about future of agriculture have prevented rural areas from development.
Practical implications: Continuous monitoring of drought and developing early warning systems, consensus about distribution of common water resources, water conveyance from other regions and considering water subsides, local participation in development planning, encouraging research institutes to focus their research on investigating and producing water resistance crops, improving drought management information through effective extension services and linking urban-based businesses with small-scale crop producers are offered to improve rural development in this drought prone area.
Originality/value: Given that a similar study has not been conducted about rural development traps under drought, the findings of this study can be used by rural development planners and practitioners.

Climate change has become one of the issues affecting the development process around the world. This paper aims to investigate the impact of climate change on food security in the villages of the Migan village of Nehbandan district of South Khorasan. In order to achieve this goal, target groups (100 households were randomly selected) were identified to measure the impact of climate change on food security and were indexed to identify the various domains of food security. These indicators include indicators of access to rural food insecurity and food insecurity ranges of rural households. Finally, rural households were classified in terms of food security in four groups: mild food security, moderate food security, food insecurity. Changes in key food security and household livelihoods as a result of climatic changes in the region have been clarified with regard to field observations and key interviews with rural people. The main finding is that societies that have never experienced extreme temperatures, drought and dust have not experienced it, they are currently in abundance. The research findings revealed that all households in the statistical community have food insecurity, but their levels of food security are different. 91% of respondents have a moderate to moderate food security and 9% of respondents have severe food insecurity. Households vulnerable to climate change recorded a high level of food insecurity. Households prefer to adopt a variety of strategies in response to climate change that helps improve household food security. Non-agricultural incomes play an important role in reducing food insecurity in households.

1. Investigating the developments of rural society from the past to the present, it has been shown that rural areas face with fundamental difficulties and problems at different levels in various socio-economic and ecological dimensions. The continuation of this situation has caused problems such as exacerbation of regional inequalities, the abandonment of efficient rural and material capital in villages, the ever-increasing decline in food production and the emergence of food crises, population accumulation in urban societies, and the spread of marginalization, unemployment and social damage. Considering the fact that villagers are among the most deprived groups of the society, and bearing in mind that the types of economic and livelihood activities, sources of income, and expenditure in rural and urban areas are very different, many differences and inequality have been observed in the expense and income of rural and urban households over the past few decades. Therefore, the recognition and analysis of spatial distribution of expense and income of rural households are of high importance. The study of income distribution in villages indicates the fact that, in comparison with cities, the distribution of income in rural areas is more unbalanced. One of the important factors in achieving sustainable rural development is to balance the expense and income of rural households in the country. Considering the importance of expense and income of rural households in rural and national economy, the aim of this study is the spatial analysis of the distribution of income and expenditure of rural households in different provinces of the country during the period 1996-2012. In other words, this study investigates the trend from the beginning of the Second Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the beginning of the fifth plan. Considering the time of the compilation of the sixth plan, the attitude of authorities towards small areas, especially rural ones, can remove this heavy burden from the government and make a complete comprehensive plan with respect to self-reliance of rural communities.
Therefore, the main question in this study is as follows: Is the spatial distribution of household expenditure and income in rural areas equal and balanced in the country?
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: One of the main concerns of economic and social development planners of the country is the improvement of quality of life and social welfare in the society. Since social welfare of households depends on their income and that the proper distribution of income increases the level of social welfare in the whole society and the majority of households, equal distribution of income is one of the country's development planning purposes. One of the dimensions of the fair distribution of income is its space dimension. Investigating the spatial distribution of expense and income of rural households can help planners to understand the spatial distribution as well as income gaps and related reasons. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired goal of equal distribution of income in rural households, it is necessary to find out the spatial distribution of expense and income in rural households of the country and provide balanced solutions and optimize the spatial distribution.
3. The method of this study, with respect to its purpose, is that of applied studies, and the method of data collection is documentary, and it was gained from Iran's Statistics Center. The statistical data collected in this study include total annual income of rural households, income gained from salaries, earnings from freelancers, miscellaneous incomes as well as the total annual expense of rural households, food expenses- tobacco and non-fiscal charges – and tobacco which is shared among the provinces of the country. Moreover, ArcGis10.2 software was used to study spatial distribution of rural household's expenditure and income.
4. The findings show that the expense of households decreased from 56.1% in 1986 to 41.1% in 2001 and 31.2% in 2011 in a positive direction. On the other hand, the villagers have enjoyed a better and more favorable living standard by changing their consumption patterns (from food to nonfood and tobacco). So that the growth of non-food expenses and TobaccoTo Food and tobacco In the year 2011 Compared to 2012 years About 39 percent. While at the same time the expense of food and tobacco Only 22.3 percent growth. During this period, the share of agricultural businesses in reducing the income of rural households has been reduced while the share of non-agricultural businesses and other occupations has increased.
5. In general, the findings of this study showed that during the period of time examined, income inequality in rural areas of the country has decreased. Although this decline is very slow, it reflects the process of adjusting income inequalities in rural households. The amount of income earned in the provinces of Tehran and Khorasan Razavi is more than other provinces. The income gained from free jobs in the villages of Kurdistan, Semnan, and Ardebil is good which shows the role of agriculture in these provinces as it plays a pivotal role in increasing the income of free-owned rural households in these provinces. Regarding the income of rural households, the provinces of Hamedan, and Sistan and Baluchestan have the highest income. In addition, the results of the study showed that rural households in Kurdistan province have the highest amount of annual expenditure on food and tobacco with 78%. Regarding non-food and tobacco expense, rural households in Tehran, Qom and Lorestan provinces were the most expensive, and with regard to the difference in expense and annual income of rural households, Khorasan Razavi and Kurdistan provinces experienced the highest positive difference.

Sustainable livelihoods approach as one of the new sustainable rural development approaches is one way of thinking and attempting to achieve development which arose in the late 1980s with the aim of progress and poverty alleviation in rural communities (Sojasi Ghidari et al.,2016).
Five critical concepts to understand sustainable livelihoods framework include the concept of vulnerability, livelihood assets, transforming structures and processes, livelihood strategies and livelihood outcomes (Motiee Langroodi et al,2012). According to the sustainable livelihoods framework, vulnerability is one of the fundamental concepts based on the vulnerability context (Forouzani et al.,2017). The vulnerability context forms the people's external environment. It comprises shocks (such as human, livestock or crop health shocks; natural hazards, like floods or earthquakes; economic shocks; conflicts in form of national or international wars) trends (such as demographic trends; resource trends; trends in governance), and seasonality (such as seasonality of prices, products or employment opportunities) and represents the part of the framework that is outside stakeholder’s control (Kollmair and Gamper, .(2002
Various research explored the factors influencing vulnerability and its dimensions and less research investigated to assess the vulnerability of rural households. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate rural household's vulnerability in the Central District of Dena County. Accordingly, this research is to answer the following questions:What is the status of rural household's vulnerability to shocks?
What is the status of rural household's vulnerability to trends?
What is the status of rural household's vulnerability to seasonality?
The research method is applied in terms of purpose and non-experimental survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of 2500 rural households in the Central District of Dena County, which according to Krejcie and Morgan table 300 households were selected using cluster random sampling.
The research tool for data collection was a structured and research-made questionnaire. Face validity was used in order to determine the validity of the questionnaire and the face validity of the research tool was confirmed by a panel of experts. A pre-test study was carried out in order to determine the reliability of the various sections of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was calculated and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed.
Vulnerability was measured using 20 questions and in three sections including shocks (8 items), trends (6 items) and seasonality (6 items) with a three-point Likert scale (low, medium and high) and SPSS software was used to analyze data.
The results of calculated vulnerability showed that the rural households had the most vulnerability to shocks including "causing damage to crops due to frost", "causing damage to crops due to drought" and "plant pests and diseases". In contrast, rural households had the lowest vulnerability to shocks including "family fights and ethnic conflict", "animal disease" and "illness of family members".
The respondents had the most vulnerability to the trends including "the rise in food prices and other life necessities" and "the rise in the price of energy carriers such as diesel, gasoline, etc.". In contrast, the respondents had the least vulnerability in trends including "gradual air pollution" and "increase in household's population".
The respondents had the most vulnerability to the seasonality including "lack of funds and capital in low working seasons" and "fluctuations in the prices of agricultural products". In contrast, the respondents had the least vulnerability to seasonality including "the impossibility of growing crops in different seasons" and "decrease and increase in the amount of agricultural production in different seasons".
The results showed that generally respondents’ vulnerability to shocks, trends and seasonality and the total vulnerability was at a medium level for the majority of the respondents (over 40%), at a high level for about 25 percent of the respondents, at a very high level for about 15 percent of the respondents and at a very low level for only about 10 percent of the respondents. Therefore, it could be concluded that more than half of the respondent's vulnerabilities was at a low and medium level.
Furthermore, in two groups with low and medium vulnerability, the average vulnerability to shocks, trends and seasonality are almost the same, whereas in two groups with high and very high vulnerability, the most vulnerability referred to seasonality, trends and shocks, respectively.
According to the research findings, the following suggestions are offered in order to reduce the vulnerability of rural households.
In order to reduce the vulnerability of rural households to shocks including "causing damage to crops due to frost", "causing damage to crops due to drought" and "plant pests and diseases", it is suggested that educational courses are held by the relevant organizations such as Agriculture Jihad in order to get familiar with ways to deal with damages caused by frost, drought and plant pests and disease. In addition, the use of heating system before the frost, the use of drought resistant varieties, the use of such techniques as land fallowing in order to reduce the need for water, the use of integrated pests management are offered as well in order to reduce the vulnerability of rural households.
Considering that the respondents had the most vulnerability to the trends including "the rise in food prices and other life necessities" and "the rise in the price of energy carriers such as diesel, gasoline, etc.", the rise in food prices as well as energy carriers in rural areas should be cautiously.
Founding loan fund in order to give loan and credit to households in low working seasons as well as determining a guaranteed price for agricultural products by the relevant authorities to reduce the volatility of agricultural prices are recommended.

Agriculture is the most important activity in Guilan, Rasht and country rural areas. This city main activity is rice planting. This yield plant in addition to economic effects (Job and revenue creation) also has social effects. This research has studied relationship between credit rate and social effects using how rice planting production method. This research independent variable is credit rate and dependent variable social effects (cooperation, mitigating poverty, tendency to have baby, increasing job chances,..). Production method including traditional, mechanized and semi- mechanized has selected as mediatory variable. In this research has used descriptive- analytical method and collected data by questionnaire from 400 rural families. To analyze date and obtain final model in main hypothesis has Used 3d Cross-sectional table by SPSS. Results show that in 95% reliability level could say increasing receive validity increases social effects due to rice plant in traditional production method.

Adequate nutrition is one of the critical factors in ensuring the health of individuals، families and communities. Food is one of the basic needs of human beings. Rural people produce meat، fruits، vegetables and other food materials. However، there is no evidence that they have a good nutrition regime. In Iran، grains، oils and fats، vegetables and fruits are consumed more than other foods، and animal products، mainly meat and dairy products have a low proportion، especially in rural areas. In general، in rural communities the average consumption of bread، dairy، sugar، grains، oils and fats are more than urban communities and most of their calories is provided by eating these products. Conversely، the average consumption of meat، poultry، fish، fruit and vegetables in urban communities is more than rural communities. Studies have shown that poverty، lack of access to enough food، ignorance، poor dietary habits، inadequate health care and unhealthy environment are the main causes of a poor nutrition. But sometimes people do not concern about their nutrition. For producing healthy foods، producers should be healthy and this is primarily dependent on healthy and full nutrition. This study aims to explore whether or not those producing the food in rural areas of Kermanshah Township have inadequate nutrition. The study of nutrition culture of rural people can provide practical recommendations to relevant organizations for improving physical and psychological health of food producers. As mentioned، this descriptive correlation study aims to identify and assess nutritional status and related factors among rural households in Kermanshah Township. Specific objectives of the study are to determine 1. fruit and vegetables consumed by rural families per week، 2. meat، poultry and fish consumed by rural families per week، 3. grain consumed per week، 4. milk and dairy products consumed per week، and 5. factors affecting the nutritional status of rural households. The population of this study is all rural households of Kermanshah Township (N= 36169). 1340 households are surveyed by the multi-stage sampling technique. The Bartlett table is used to determine the sample size. The main instrument for data collection is a questionnaire developed in this research so that its validity is confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability is confirmed using Cronbach''s alpha coefficient. Data analysis is conducted in two parts: descriptive and inferential. The mean and standard deviation of analyzed data is used for determining the amount of meat، vegetables، fruit، dairy، bread and etc. The purpose of this section is the amount of food consumed per week by the villagers. The inferential analysis is undertaken to determine factors affecting the supply of nutrition by means of correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. All Analyses are conducted using the SPSS software. According to the findings، 73 percent of the nutrition variability in the rural city of Kermanshah is explained by seven variables including household income، food prices، and the level of nutrition knowledge of household، father''s education، mother''s education، family members and access to food. The results showed that the consumption of breads، sugars، oils، dairy، cereals and tea during the week has the highest rate among rural households، However، other items such as eggs، potatoes، onions، tomatoes، cucumbers and eggplant are consumed modestly during the week and vegetables، meat and fruit have the lowest level of consumption during the week. Factors such as special food culture in the rural region، lack of knowledge of nutrition، poverty and low income، lack of permanent access to food and higher food prices are effective on the low consumption of vegetables، meat and fruit in the rural area of the Kermanshah city. So given the nutrition status of rural households in the study area، it can be concluded that they have difficulty in providing all kinds of food. Due to the impact of nutrition on community health، identification of nutritional status and factors affecting household food basket deficiencies as well as providing solutions to improve nutrition status is of particular importance. This is logical that those who are food producers must have good nutrition. Due to the high influence of income on the nutritional status of villagers it is suggested that the government considers special subsidies for the purchase of food in low-income and poor rural areas in order to tackle nutrition problems. Considering the importance of knowledge and nutritional information on the nutritional status of rural households it is suggested that classes with the aim of raising awareness of nutritional information for rural households to be held.