جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زیرساخت » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Today, tourism, as one of the most important sustainable development industries, creates great economic, social and cultural opportunities for megacities and the mother cities of the world. Today, infrastructure plays an important role in world tourism. The most important of these facilities are accommodation-reception centers, transportation and means of communication, advertising and culture, which along with attractions can boost tourism in the region.

This research is practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of implementation method it is descriptive research with emphasis on correlational method. The statistical population related to this research includes all citizens over 18 years old and under 60 years old in Bushehr  city as well as active organizations in The field of tourism is in 1402, the number of citizens according to the latest housing census of Bushehrbushehr province is 223504people.

According to the findings of the research, the value of the coefficient of determination (R^2) for the variable of the influence of tourism infrastructure factor on sustainable tourism in Bushehr province and its components is equal to 0.250. According to the obtained t-values, it should be mentioned that the factor load related to the questions and also the t-values related to the tourism infrastructure factor are more than the basic and standard value of 1.96.

Also, the results showed that the discussion of attracting tourism in the effectiveness of the tourism infrastructure component on various aspects of sustainable tourism including the cultural dimension, the economic dimension, the social dimension, and the environmental dimension in Bushehr city is an effective and constructive emphasizing factor that Kelly showed that the hypothesis that tourism infrastructure has a significant impact on sustainable tourism with an emphasis on the attraction of commercial tourism in Bushehr city is confirmed and positive.

Infrastructure development is a sustainable strategy that plays an important role in increasing rural living standards by improving the quality of life and providing amenities, and it also helps to develop and change urban ecology. In this way, it can be a step in the realization of reverse migration. Considering the importance of this issue, in the present research, the role of infrastructure in the realization of reverse migration in the central part of Borujerd city was investigated.

The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The tool for collecting data and information was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the current research is experts and rural experts, villagers, educated people, facilitators, resident immigrants and local informants of the central part of Borujerd city. 100 samples were selected using non-probability sampling method and targeted method. To analyze the data, descriptive analysis, one-sample t-test and structural equation model (SEM) were used.

The findings showed that the condition of existing infrastructure in the central part of Borujerd city was favorable. Also, the results obtained from the modeling of structural equations showed that the research model, according to the coefficients of the direct path, is respectively influenced by communication infrastructure with a coefficient of 0.49, construction infrastructure with a coefficient of 0.34, welfare infrastructure with a coefficient of 0.29, and infrastructure with a coefficient of 0.29. health and education with a coefficient of 0.23 and service infrastructure with a coefficient of 0.19. The p value of all lambda parameters in the above model indicates the confirmation of all relationships.

The standard estimations of infrastructures and reverse migration model showed that in the studied infrastructures, communication infrastructure with factor load and direct impact coefficient of 0.49 had the greatest impact on reverse migration in the rural areas of the central part of Borujerd city. The service infrastructure with factor load and direct impact coefficient of 0.19 has the lowest direct impact.

In the literature and planning of tourism studies and tourism development, creativity and innovation are undoubtedly considered essential factors for development. Isfahan province, as one of the country's tourism hubs and the 7.8% share of this province in the development of digital technology, can play a significant role in development. According to the mentioned introduction, the rural areas of Isfahan province, which have the capacity and capability of tourism, have not used this opportunity as they should, and the residents of these areas have faced many problems, information and communication technologies as an effective component in to introduce, identify, expand and develop tourism in these areas, it can be fruitful. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the following question: What are the effects of information and communication technology on the creation of creative tourism infrastructures in the studied area?

The current research is applied research in terms of its purpose and causal research in terms of its nature. The statistical population of the research consisted of 3808 heads of households in 19 villages selected for tourism in Isfahan province. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the statistical sample size, and based on this, the sample size was estimated to be 349 households, which were selected by systematic random method from the rural community. Cronbach's alpha method was used in SPSS 22 to comply with the working principles and technique and to measure the reliability in compiling and setting up the questionnaire. The results indicate that the questionnaire has high reliability so the total reliability of the questionnaire is equal to 0.855. Also, while ensuring the normality of the data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to measure the data collected from the T-Tech test, and the structural equation model (Smart PLS) was used.

The results of the Pearson correlation test (assuring the normal distribution of the data) show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the dimensions of information and communication technology with the formation of creative tourism infrastructure at a significance level of less than 0.01, so with the increase in the use of information and communication and its dimensions, creative tourism infrastructure has also improved.  To investigate the impact of information and communication technology on creative tourism infrastructure, using the variance-based structural equation modeling approach, the independent and dependent variables of the research were entered into the structural equation model as latent variables and in the form of first-order factor models. All the indicators of the current research have a factor load of more than 0.4 and have high reliability and validity for measuring variables, and there is an acceptable correlation between the indicators. The relationship between indicators is significant and direct; According to the standard coefficients, 27.2% of the changes in the creative tourism infrastructure level are directly predicted by the creative process index. In general, according to the coefficient of determination (R2) for the variable of creative tourism infrastructure (0.967), it was found that the influence of rural information-communication technology on creative tourism infrastructure is strong.

Creative rural tourism can add new parts to the economic, social, cultural, and management dimensions of the village and create new opportunities for the development of the village on a national and transnational scale. In general, according to the coefficient of determination (R2) for the variable of creative tourism infrastructure (0.967), it was determined that the influence of rural information-communication technology (ICT) on creative tourism infrastructure is strong; And 99.7 percent of creative tourism infrastructure changes in the studied area are predicted by the use of rural information-communication technology. The value obtained for the GOF index (0.887), also confirms the very appropriate fit of the structural model of the research.

The resilience approach has gained an important place in various sciences, including urban and regional studies, during the last two decades. This matter is very important in the balanced, flexible and wise arrangement of the basic infrastructures, especially in the areas that are exposed to climate change and the damages caused by it. The research literature shows that many analytical models and frameworks have been presented to measure the resilience of vital and infrastructure systems. One of the most important models for evaluating the quality and capacity of resilience in infrastructure systems is the resilience adaptation cycle model. Considering the importance of resilience of critical infrastructures in Khuzestan province, this research has explained the resilience capacity of critical infrastructures in this province using this model.

For the collection of descriptive data, documentary and library studies were used, and for the analytical data part, a survey method was used in the form of a targeted Delphi method. In this regard, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists were used in two stages, in the field of resilience of critical infrastructures and urban and regional planning. The first stage is to explain and explain the subject, model stages, indicators related to each of them and confirmation by experts, and the second stage is to weigh and measure the quality of the province's vital infrastructures in 5 infrastructures of electricity, gas, water, telecommunications and transportation. The basis of the resilience adaptation cycle model and the constituent indicators of the stages of the model have been discussed. To analyze the opinions of experts and outputs, the model of similarity to the fuzzy ideal option has been used.

The analysis of the results related to the indicators of the collapse stage as the first stage in the resilience adaptation cycle model for the critical infrastructures of the province when hazards occur shows that the critical electricity infrastructure has the lowest weight in all indicators and subsequently weak. It is the highest quality from the point of view of resilience, and from the point of view of the mentioned indicators, it has the priority of improvement. The analysis of the resilience capacity of the province's vital infrastructures in the reorganization stage as the second stage of the resilience adaptation cycle model shows that the electricity infrastructure has the weakest and lowest rank in all the indicators of this stage. It shows the low resilience of this infrastructure in Khuzestan province. The productivity stage is the third stage in the resilience adaptation cycle model to measure the resilience capacity of critical infrastructures in the province, and the results of this stage indicate that the critical electricity infrastructure has the lowest rating and the weakest quality in terms of resilience, just like the previous stages. Is. The balance stage is the last stage and the most complete stage in the resilience adaptation cycle model, the status of its indicators for the critical infrastructures of Khuzestan province shows that the open power facilities have the lowest weights and the weakest quality from the perspective of resilience. It is in the equilibrium stage.

The results of this research show that among the vital infrastructures of the province, the electricity infrastructure had an unfavorable condition from the point of view of resilience in all four stages of the model. After this infrastructure, the water infrastructure had a worse condition and received the lowest weights. Also, the infrastructures of gas, telecommunications and transportation, respectively, obtained the third to fifth ranks of resilience in the form of the resilience adaptation cycle model in the province. The final analysis of the quality of critical infrastructures of the province from the point of view of the stages of the resilience adaptation cycle model showed that the reorganization stage has the weakest quality and subsequently has a higher priority for planning in order to improve the quality of infrastructural resilience in Khuzestan province. The results of this research can pave the way for policies based on the resilient design of the province's vital infrastructure against natural hazards caused by climate change.

The present study has been done by examining the important options of economic and physical indicators of rural areas of Kermanshah city in order to analyze and evaluate the quality of life of villagers. The purpose of this article is the effect of quality of life indicators from the perspective of villagers with a modeling and structural equation approach. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational research in nature. Using Cochran's formula, the statistical sample of 350 heads of households was determined. These numbers were selected by simple random sampling method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results obtained from the study show that the level of satisfaction with the quality of life of villagers in Kermanshah is not in good condition; Because according to economic indicators, the coefficient of having a suitable income, meeting the basic needs of life, the employment situation in rural areas has been unsuitable. Regarding the quality level of infrastructure, the ratio of electricity, telephone and radio and television antennas is in favorable condition and other indicators such as access to communication, access to safe drinking water, fuel distribution station and access to financial and credit services Poorly rated. And other indicators such as resistance to natural hazards, use of resistant materials, aesthetic shape and form, separation of livestock, waste collection methods, have not been favorable conditions.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive -analytical in terms of nature, and seeks to examine economic development with an emphasis on essential infrastructures with a focus on the strategy of geographic engineering of space in the villages of Shaft county. In order to analyze the data, Shannon's weighting models and fit page extraction, FARAS, and SPSS software were used. The results of Spearman's correlation test and Shannon's model showed that there is a direct relationship between the development of the rural economy and the necessary infrastructure in all the villages of the study area, with the exception of a number of villages that do not conform to the behavior of the presented models. However, in the examination of exceptional cases, some important points were noticed and it can be considered as a deficiency caused by ignoring the geographical role of regions in rural development planning at the rural scale within the scope of the study. Also, the results of the Aras Fazi model showed, respectively: development of public sector investment in the city with a weight of 0.519, increase in labor supply with a weight of 0.422, improvement of satisfaction with income with a weight of 0.400, improvement of satisfaction A job with a value of 0.384, improving the hope for the future of a job in the village with a value of 0.344, increasing savings with a value of 0.323, creating new markets for the sale of domestic products with a value of 0.312, improving health As a result of work with a weight value of 0.313, the development of private sector investment in the city with a value of 0.310, they have assigned the highest and the lowest level of influence from infrastructure.

For the successful development of tourism, the existence of appropriate infrastructure is necessary, especially for less developed countries and regions that often have limited infrastructure, its existence and expansion is considered a vital factor. Due to its favorable climatic and environmental conditions, Kurdistan has been considered as one of the human settlements since prehistoric times and the results of scientific archaeological excavations in ancient places indicate this. In Kurdistan, about 1,234 ancient works have been identified, of which 500 works have been registered in the list of national works. In addition to historical attractions, Kurdistan has a unique ability in terms of shopping tourism, ecotourism and cultural and folkloric features. The purpose of the current research is to analyze the infrastructures of tourism development in Kurdistan province. In order to collect the required information, documentary and library methods (Iran Statistical Center and Statistical Yearbook of Kurdistan Province) have also been used, as well as ARAS technique for data analysis. The results show that only two cities, Bijar and Qorveh, are privileged, and the rest of the cities (Dehgolan, Sarvabad, Baneh, Diwandre, Kamiyaran, Sanandaj, Saqez and Marivan) are relatively privileged.

The glory of a society depends on solving problems and solving possible problems and its strength against natural and man-made disasters, since infrastructure has a decisive role in the safe process of a society and maintaining the security of infrastructure against attacks and Threats are one of the security priorities of every country, which is why different societies are constantly looking for and inventing solutions to control or minimize the damage with proper planning and management. In recent decades, how to deal with these threats has become more scientific, and the probability of occurrence, damage and how to deal with them has been determined. In this regard, the present article uses a descriptive-analytical method, after collecting the required data and information, first calculates the importance and weight of each infrastructure using network analysis process (ANP) model and then by preparing information layers in Arc software environment. Using overlap functions, GIS has determined the degree of risk of Semnan city infrastructure against attacks and military and security threats in four areas: energy network, communication network, support centers and other centers. The results show that sensitive infrastructure with 50.69%, important infrastructure with 34.08% and protected infrastructure with 15.23% are in a location with a very high degree of risk. The general results of the study show that 37.83% of the total infrastructure of Semnan city is scattered in the vulnerability zone with a very high degree of risk and this issue is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and aggravates the vulnerability of infrastructure in critical situations due to military attacks and threats. It is security

Considering the importance of urban prosperity, the purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of urban prosperity indicators and prioritize these indicators in the five areas of Mahshahr port.

The research method used in this research is theorical-applied with a main descriptive-analytical approach and the five areas of Mahshahr port have been studied on a case-by-case basis. Using the theoretical foundations of the research and the research background, the research variables were prepared. Then a questionnaire was designed that includes 6 indicators and 21 criteria and 63 sub-criteria. Then the designed questionnaire was distributed among the statistical population and its results were analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance and Scheffe test.

At the beginning, the differences between the groups and the means were studied as raw data, the results of which showed that the indicators have a high level of significance (Sig) for the urban prosperity of the regions. Then, the fuzzy AHP method was used to weight the criteria. The results showed that the productivity index with a weight of 0.203 is in the first rank and then the quality of life index with a rank of 0.195 is in the second rank and infrastructure with a weight of 0.187 is in the third rank. In the next step, the use of TOPSIS and Waspas methods and finally the Copeland integration model were prioritized. The results showed that the three-urban area of Mahshahr port has the highest rate and the first priority in terms of urban prosperity indicators, and the last area is allocated to region one.

Sustainable development in the tourism sector requires the existence of infrastructure and facilities for tourism, including a range of structures, basic institutions, and service institutions that facilitate and promote travel. One of the important challenges of tourism development in Iran is the lack of distribution of these infrastructures and facilities in a balanced way at the national and provincial levels. Most of these infrastructures are concentrated in several important provinces, especially in large cities. This issue has led to the main direction of tourism flow to these destinations, the neglect of many potential tourism destinations, and consequently, the lack of fair distribution of benefits and revenues from tourism at the national and provincial levels. In this study, we tried to use a  method including reviewing previous studies and development policies in Iran and also analyzing the upstream tourism documents, data extracted from statistical yearbooks, and comparative studies of other countries, to identify the current distribution of tourism infrastructure in a geographical area and also provide solutions for the development of such infrastructure throughout the country with a balanced and justice-oriented approach. In this way, the role of the tourism industry in the economic prosperity of the less privileged areas of the country, employment, and creating welfare for the residents of these areas can be highlighted

Nowadays, tourism is widely accepted as a fundamental basis of development. As a sector of economy, tourism is considered to be one of the most important activities of contemporary human beings, which not only makes dramatic changes to the landscape, and political, economic, and cultural condition, but also transforms lifestyle of many individuals. The contemporary world considers tourism as one of the most important sectors of the tertiary industry which affects job creation and income generation, results in significant economic growth, and consequently provides the prerequisites for sustainable development of different societies. Iran is among the top 10 countries of the world in terms of tourist attractions, possessing many sites with potential attractions. Thus, tourism can be considered as an effective tool in dealing with economic problems of the country. As the basis of sustainable development, tourism can solve some problems of the country and thus, development of its infrastructure results in optimal allocation of available resources. The present study seeks to investigate the overall condition of tourism infrastructure in Markazi province. Previous studies in France, Austria, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Thailand and Japan indicate that their tourism sector has developed rapidly and now aids other sectors of the economy. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of necessary infrastructure for the development of this industry can result in a more dynamic rural economy. 

This applied study has a descriptive-comparative design and its study area includes all counties of Markazi Province. Library method and questionnaires were used for data collection. Statistical data and information were collected from the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Markazi Province and the statistical yearbook (2015) of this province. In accordance with Delfi method and targeted sampling, related indices were sent to 17 rural development experts and specialists via Email.  It should be noted that some of these experts had previous experience in tourism. Finally, 10 completed questionnaires were received. PROMETHEE multifunctional decision-making model was also used to determine the overall condition of counties in Markazi Province in relation to tourism infrastructure.Since the present study seeks to classify counties in Markazi province, the first function of this technique has been used. An appropriate weight is first assigned to each of the 20 indices of tourism infrastructure using Delphi method. Then, these weights are evaluated and measured along with the value of each component and option in Visual PROMETHEE software. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate relations between variables more comprehensively. SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3 software were also used to analyze the data. 

Findings indicate that Arak with a value of 0.7739 has ranked first among the counties. Several factors can be the reason: First, as the capital of the province, Arak possesses better facilities, larger population, etc. Second, as the main access road connecting neighboring provinces, Arak has developed more than other counties. With a value of 0.4673, Saveh has the second rank. Saveh also contains the access road connecting some of neighboring provinces and is located near Tehran. Thus, a strong industrial town has developed in this county attracting many workers with different ethnicities seeking employment and income. Due to these factors, relatively good facilities have developed in Saveh. With a value of 0.3536, Shazand has ranked third. Due to its proximity to Arak (the capital of the province), this county has attracted large industries such as petrochemical industry along with suitable facilities and infrastructure. Khomein (0.3166), Delijan (0.0168), Mahalat (-0.1023), Tafresh (-0.1634), Khandab (-0.3002), Zarandieh (-0.3266), Farahan (-0.3320), Ashtian (-0.3514) and Komijan (-0.3523) are next in rank.Analyzing the relationships between variables indicates that service-related components (0.279) and transportation-related components (0.096) have the most powerful direct influence on the level of development and other variables are next in rank. 

Findings of the present study and previous studies indicate that centrality and population can be considered as influential factors resulting in easier access to desirable and appropriate facilities in different countries of the world. However, such a difference is not observed between different regions in developed countries due to their integrated development. Developing countries such as Iran lack such an integrated development environment and thus, the condition in provincial capitals is much more different from other counties. As indicated in the present study, the level of development in Arak was much higher than other counties of Markazi province. Therefore, an appropriate plan is required for other counties to achieve sustainable development, and especially sustainable tourism development.

Cities usually have a series of facilities and services such as airports, rail and sea terminals, entertainment centers, shops, medical centers, etc., depending on the geographical, political, economic and cultural location and appropriate to the civil society. In the tourism industry, in most cases, they are considered as entry and exit points and providing accommodation for tourists, while today, cities can become a destination by benefiting from a variety of attractions and events and being adjacent to a series of surrounding attractions. They have a tourist attraction. The main purpose of this study is to present a geomarketing model based on the development of urban tourism infrastructure in Tehran using geographic information systems (geomarketing) tools that it is possible site selection of urban tourism infrastructure in Tehran and therefore, it is led to facilitate and strengthen the relationship between the tourist (customer) and the host community (seller). It also assists city managers in making metropolitan decisions. The methodology of this study is qualitative and grounded theory approach. It is used semi structure interviews to collect data and analysis were done by Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model. sampling method was by theoretical sampling and was done using targeted (judgmental) techniques. The statistical population was selected from among active experts and managers that are worked in public and private sectors of tourism and urban management. The results of data obtained from interviews during open, axial and selective coding process that led to identify geomarketing model based on the development of urban tourism infrastructure in Tehran was based on grounded theory. The finding of this study indicate that managers and Private tourism activists and urban management in Tehran to turn Tehran into an urban tourism destination must attention to identified all of factors and indicators. Using the present model and geomarketing data and information for urban land use planning and tourism and urban needs site selection, design and execution of all projects to have a sustainable tourism annex. So that designs, elements and urban events must have attractive option for attract tourists and it is possible accessing them through digitals maps.

Developing countries are severely vulnerable to climate hazards. Global changes in climate patterns and events alter the quality and access to natural resources which leads to a widespread impact on their social and economic systems which is a kind of threat to today's societies and future generations. Rural communities are among the areas most affected by climate hazards and fluctuations, which require adaptive action to protect their livelihoods from the effects of climate hazards, which requires understanding and adaptation measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptation capacity and its components to climate hazards in two villages of Sefidbarg and Bivandsofla using a combined descriptive-analytic approach based on questionnaire data. The variables included in this study include individual characteristics and adaptation indices to climate hazards including economic, social, infrastructure, personal knowledge, and government. Effectiveness of each component and analysis of data collected were analyzed using statistical techniques. The results showed that the local communities of Bivandsofla village with average of 2.33 and Sefidbarg village with average of 2.88 have low adaptation capacity in the face of climate hazards phenomenon, and low adaptation capacity of these two villages directly related with economic, social, infrastructure, individual knowledge and the government. The infrastructure component also has the highest adaptation capacity and the economic, social, individual knowledge and government components have the lowest adaptability capacity. It is therefore necessary to pay special attention to improving the capacity of societies to adapt to the economic, social, individual and governmental components. Prior knowledge of the factors affecting adaptation capacity and the provision of supportive policies by related organizations may allow for increased adaptive capacity in planning change management strategies.

Today, the tourism ecosystem is one of the areas of development around the world that has received serious attention. This article identifies the various natural and human talents of the target area and develops the factors that attract and use tourists. Small Lavasan, one of the cities in Tehran province, can be studied as one of the aspects of quality improvement of the development of this city area because of its potential for tourism ecosystem.For this reason, in this paper, using field resources and library studies, field observations are made to identify the potentials and limitations of natural areas tourism and finally to investigate the effective infrastructures in locating suitable tourism areas in the small Lavasan city. For this purpose, the study area was studied by the descriptive-analytical and applied method, the existing status of the urban area. The growing interest in tourism and the provision of tourism and tourism, the most visited areas of interest.Therefore, the tips through the top three, in the GIS environment, finalize the tourism ecosystems. After collecting data and information by SWOT analysis, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats from the viewpoints of local people and tourists were analyzed and a description of the status of tourism ecological factors was obtained.

Extended Abstract Introduction The prosperity of cities was first presented in UN-Habitat report, 2013, as City Prosperity Index. The report is a response to the multi-dimensional crises occurred in the recent decades in the world. This report defined urban prosperity and examined some multi-dimensional indices for that. Instead of evaluation of the one-dimensional economic factors such as production and income, this report has a new approach to evaluation of infrastructures, equality, sustainability, and quality of life. Each dimension contributes to having a better understanding of the urban prosperity. The cities in Iran are also faced with rapid urban growth and unbalanced urban development. The prosperity index can help assess the development and find shortages to devise solutions. Given that any society is consisted of the unique cultures, believes, and characteristics of that society, development in any society appropriate to its own characteristics is different from any other societies. This research attempts to review the criteria and indices of the urban prosperity to explain the pattern in Tehran City and also develop the structure for this city. The purpose of this study also is to tailor the indices to urbanization condition in Iran, particularly metropolis of Tehran. Methodology Result and Discussion

One of the most important issues and challenges facing mankind is the phenomenon of climate change and its effects on different systems. given the great importance of industries and industrial infrastructures in Iran and Khuzestan province and the potential impacts of major natural disasters, it is necessary to consider risk management against crises and appropriate management strategies to reduce the vulnerability of facilities. the purpose of this study was to investigate the vulnerability of infrastructure in southern regions of Khuzestan province to climate change. two elements of trend analysis tests, namely the Sensor Slope Estimator Trend Analysis and the Mann-Kendall Process Analysis Test of 32-year time series trend of these elements during the baseline statistical period (1985-2017), were investigated. during the climate change under the two scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8, the fifth climate change report, CMIP5, simulated the climate characteristics of the region. using the AHP algorithm, a pairwise comparative matrix of climatic hazards was developed. After determining the weight of each factor, in ArcGIS software these weights were applied to the layers of each climate factor and 4 climatic damage zones were identified. based on the final weight obtained from the pairwise comparison matrix, floods, dusts and then hot waves with the final weights of 0.17, 0.16 and 0.15 had the highest role in climate damage for various regional infrastructures, respectively have had. high hazard zone that is found in the northern and central parts of the study area. the class with low climatic damage corresponds to the westernmost part of the study area. the heat stress caused by the hot and humid waves in the area is less severe, but dust and heavy rainfall are causing significant flooding in the area.

Nowadays, infrastructures play a significant role in the safety process in ordinary times and during the crisis. From this point of view, maintaining the safety of infrastructure against threats would be a security priority for any country; therefore, understanding current situation and vulnerability of infrastructures in a regional scale can be used as an efficient mechanism to formulate regional and national security strategies. This paper assesses the vulnerability of infrastructures with passive defense approach and analytical method, in Yazd province. The analysis of data and information collected were done with analytic network process model (ANP) and geographic information system (GIS) due to the interaction between infrastructures. The results showed that about 51 percent of province area is in the situation of high and very high vulnerability. The central part of the province, Yazd and Meybod, is the most vulnerable regions, because of their failure to comply with principles of passive defense, favorable environmental conditions, further concentration, centralization of infrastructure, and political, administrative, and geographical centrality.

According to Iran’s strategic pisition in the middle east and the ongoing threat of neighboring and non-neighboring countries, unfortunately projects and economic infasturactures have been established without proper defensive considerations as a target for enemy threats and other offensive actions. The present study is an applied and developmental research that aims at studying and scrutinizing the vulnerability of infastructures in Ardabil province from the perspective of passive defense. Moreover, analytic network process (ANP) approach is used in GIS environment with elements of physical and biological environment, accessability, and infasturactures in order to carry out the research. The results of spatial pattern analysis and vulnerability zoning show that the spatial distribution of infrastructure in Ardabil province is cluster type (non-dispersive) and in terms of vulnerability, 7% of Ardabil province are located in highly vulnerable areas which are themsleves among the most densely populated places with high amounts of established infasturatures. This is due to poor physical indicators and lack of sufficent focus of management, industrial, and military institutions in these areas of the Ardabil province.