جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « لرستان » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Handicrafts of Lorestan are the origin of beliefs and beliefs of people, who have started to create works of art with their symbolic and symbolic expression. Due to the geographical conditions of this region, the artists of Lorestan have attached special importance to the visualization of animals in their works of art, which shows the importance and special place of animals in human life. The art of Lorestan is the birthplace of thoughts and ideas, imaginations, myths and rituals that are manifested in the life of human societies in the bodies of man-made objects. The purpose of this article is to analyze the animal motifs on Lorestan handicrafts with an emphasis on the role of geography. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and referring to library studies, and it seeks to answer the question: How do you explain the analysis of animal motifs and their evolution on the handicrafts of Lorestan during different periods? be The present study analyzes four groups of Lorestan handicrafts, which include: bronze, stone carving, tombstone, and handwoven. From a visual point of view, these motifs are depicted in realistic and abstract ways. The people of this region depicted animal motifs on their handicrafts for two reasons; First, people were of the opinion that depicting a part of animals that can be dangerous for them, and also to deal with and dominate that animal, they depicted its role on their handiwork, in the next stage. They have depicted the image of animals that were important from the point of view of economy and ritual. The motifs of these animals include: goat, horse, cow, lion, ram, deer, dog, rooster and bird, which in all periods until today, in most important aspects of life, including; Geographical, economic, cultural, political, social and beliefs.

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Always the role of natural and geographical factors in the manner and manner of distribution and its effects on disease centers and the role of natural processes in fundamental changes and humans as well as human-related diseases, even in places where these effects are clearly evident in the death or destruction of habitats and humans themselves; It has a pale appearance.

This research is based on field studies in terms of the nature of the applied goal and in terms of the descriptive-analytical research method. The statistical population of this research includes all patients with gastrointestinal cancer who were diagnosed between 2014-2017 and were registered in the Sima Cancer System (Electronic Management Integration System) and were permanently residing in Lorestan province. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, indicators related to the role of geographical factors in the spread of digestive tract cancer were extracted (average annual rainfall, vegetation cover, average annual temperature, average sunny hours, and climatic zones).In order to investigate the role of geographic factors in the classification and distribution of these indicators, one-sample t-tests, Pearson's correlation, and Friedman's test were used. In the following, ArcGIS software was used to explain the model through geographic weighted regression of use and the level and status of these effects.

 The results showed that the most important factor influencing the variable of cancer distribution was the vegetation component with a coefficient of 0.91%, which explains the influence situation well. Also, the results of the effect of geographical factors were such that Khorramabad and Borujerd cities had the highest effect, Kouhdasht, Delfan, Aliguderz, and Durood cities had a moderate effect, and Selah, Poldekhtar, and Azna cities had the least effect from geographical factors.

Floods are one of the natural hazards that in some cases lead to destructive phenomena and leave terrible social, economic and health effects. Meanwhile, rural communities are more vulnerable to climate change due to their livelihoods. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the livelihood vulnerability of farmers to floods in Lorestan province. The statistical population of this research includes all heads of flooded rural households in the three counties of Khorramabad, Chegani and Pol-e Dokhtar of Lorestan province, which according to the reports of the Agricultural Jihad of Lorestan province, their number was considered to be 6755. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size of 308 households was determined. Probability sampling with a systematic random method was used to select the samples. In this research, the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) was used to calculate the livelihood vulnerability of rural households to floods. The results showed that the flood-affected farmers in the villages of Pol-e Dokhtar county have higher livelihood vulnerability compared to Chegani and Khorramabad counties. In Pol-e Dokhtar county, indicators of livelihood strategy, social networks, knowledge-information, and health showed a higher value than the other two cities; This means that Poldekhter city has a higher vulnerability in these indicators. According to the results obtained from this research, solutions have been presented to manage flood risk and crisis in rural communities.

Flood is one of the most important natural disasters in Iran. Floods carry adverse effects such as life and financial risk in the years to come, as floods are more likely to occur and also because population growth is likely to result in more people settling in flood-vulnerable areas. Monitoring and revealing flooded areas has a lot of function in managing the crisis and reducing the damages of the areas in case of the possibility of future floods. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to monitor and detect the flood event of 1398 in Lorestan province using satellite data in Google Earth Engine system. This system can be used to process and analyze flood maps without the need to download data or use high computing hardware. In this article, the time series data of TRMM and GPM satellites were extracted for the period of one year and one month of Farvardin 1398 and showed that the peak of heavy rainfall was on the 5th and 12th of Farvardin. Images related to the detection of flooded areas were also produced and analyzed using the data of Sentinel 1 and Landsat 8 satellites. The spatial survey of the flood areas in the relevant images shows that the cities of Noorabad, Al-Shatar, Borujerd, Durood, Azna and Khorramabad were the most and most prone to flood areas in Lorestan province and were more affected by floods than other cities. Also, the surface area of flooded areas for April 2018 in Lorestan province was estimated as 673.82 square kilometers. Finally, the results of land cover studies showed that the advance of flood was more in areas with grasslands, agricultural lands and urban and built areas.

Erosion is the main cause of wasting water and soil resources and causing natural damage. According to geological characteristics of erosion and sedimentation, it is very important to study the erodibility of the geological formations of the watershed to determine their constructive effects on sediment and runoff. Many factors affect soil erosion and one of the important factors is the erodibility of geological formations. Sediment that moves with water is called suspended sediment load, and the amount of suspended sediment material that passes through a river section in a certain period of time is called suspended load. The suspended sediment load (SSL) of a watershed, which passes through a certain section of the river, depends mainly on the climatic characteristics, the characteristics of the watershed and the capacity of carrying sedimentary materials. The input suspended load is one of the important and influencing factors on the amount of sediment input to reservoirs of dams and lakes. Determining the amount of sediment carried by rivers is important in many aspects. The calculation of suspended load is very important because of various reasons, one of the most important of which is the role of suspended sediment load in the quantitative and qualitative management of surface water resources. Therefore, the distribution and transportation of suspended sediment load (SSL) in rivers have a significant effect on the water resource management, design of hydraulic structures, river morphology, water quality, and aquatic ecosystems.

The present study was carried out to evaluate sedimentation and runoff production of Asmari and Gachsaran Formations in Ghaleh Gol watershed around Khorramabad city, from Lorestan province, Iran, located between 48° 21 '2" and 48° 33 '1", and between 33° 15 '43" and 33° 21 '15" N with an area of 10.76 km2. The studied area has a semi-arid climate with a mean annual rainfall of less than 500 mm.  This study aimed to measure suspended sediment load (SSL) and surface runoff during the November 30th, December 2th and 16th 2020 and also on the 12th of March 2021; for this purpose two square meter plots were used. A tank was installed at the plot outlet to collect sediment and surface runoff. After the rainfall finished, the volume of water and sediment collected in the tank installed at the end of the plot was measured.

The results showed that during the mentioned rainfalls, the average volume of water output from Asmari and Gachsaran Formations were 1.802 and 1.345 liters, respectively; the average output sediment for these two formations were 1.133 and 1.048 g /l, respectively, ant the total output of suspended sediment load (SSL) was 3.083 and 2.227 gr, respectively from Asmari and Gachsaran Formations. Finally, the obtained results suggest that the Asmari formation has the highest erodibility. Also, according to the results, the Asmari formation has the highest flooding level in the study area.

According to the results, considering erodibility and flooding features, Asmari Formation has higher sensitivity compared to Gachsaran Formation in the study area. In fact, the obtained results showed that Asmari formation based on the prioritization of erodibility and flooding has the first rank, which must be prioritized for conducting management operations in the Ghaleh Gol watershed.

On April 01th , 2019 Iranian calendar, heady damages was inflicted on Lorestan province due to the arising of the heavy rainfall and consequent destructive flood . Present study was carried out to investigate the synoptic mechanisms associated with the occurrence of this rainfall. At first, the data related to the daily rainfall in different research stations was received from the metrological organizations. Afterwards, data related to atmospheric levels including Sea Level Pressure (SLP), the altitude geopotential of 850 and 500 hectopascal levels, vertical atmosphere speed , wind stream in 1000, 850, and 500 hectopascal, specific humidity of 700 hectopascal level , and the river flow of the 250 hectopascal level during the studied days were prepared and received from National Center of the Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR). The created maps were drawn and interpreted in Grads Software.The results of the study indicated that, on April 01th when the flood hit the region, synoptic investigation of the Sea Level Press (SLP) shows a low-pressure system with a central core equals to 1206 hectopascal is located in Northern Europe with its braces covered the north of the Black Sea. Furthermore, the low-pressure system having central core of 1026 hectopascal covered wide regions surrounding Aral lake to North-east of Afghanistan. Accordingly, a low-pressure system having central core of 1008 hectopascal moved to eastern parts compared to previous day and dominated wide regions from Mediterranean through all investigated areas to Central Iran. Given that low pressure system spreads north-east Russia in line with northeast-southwest through Red Sea and East Africa, a high-pressure shave was created which was accompanied by instability and intense ascending of the weather on desired April 01th along with the arising of the rainfall in investigated region. Consequently, with the rise in the altitude and in 850 hectopascal level, low pressure system having central core equaling to 1300 hectopascal dominates North-Russia through lower latitudes. Subsequently, lower altitude closed system corresponding to 1420 geopotential meters resides Eastern Mediterranean and, compared to previous day headed eastwards and spread West and North-west of Iran including investigated region in the north-south direction.Moreover, high altitude system with central core which equals 1520 geopotential meters has spread North Europe up to 48-degree latitudes, which, given to high altitude system located on Afghanistan and Pakistan, a more intense shave arose compared to previous day. Afterwards, at 500 hectopascal level, central core having 5540 geopotential meters places on East-Mediterranean Sea in its Northeast-southwest direction, which resulted in deeper and wider trough so much that central trough spreads west Iran. The placement of its positive vorticity covers wide investigated region and results in ascending motions. The deepening of the cyclone and penetration of trough to the lower latitudes can gives rise to the precipitation of cold weather. Synoptic investigation of vertical atmospheric speed of 1000 hectopascal level revealed that maximum negative omega equals -0/2 pascal / second that is located on the North-west of Caspian Sea in Northeast-Southwest direction, and, on its movement toward Lorestan, it decreases in its intensity and reaches -0/05 pascal/ sec. Given that the second negative omega equaling to -0/15 pascal/sec is placed on Persian Gulf and omega is negative throughout the investigated region, the required conditions are really for the occurrence of instability, ascending of the weather, and rainfall. Subsequently, with the rise of altitude in the atmospheric levels, the maximum negative omega has increased and reached 0/3 pascal/sec. Within 500 hectopascal, the direction of negative omega changed from Red Sea towards investigated region which, accordingly, has been strengthened over Caspian Sea and spread the intended region in North-South direction. Given the increasing altitude of the level of the atmosphere, the maximum omega has risen and reached -0/4 pascal/sec, which accordingly intensified the conditions for atmospheric instability. Synoptic investigation of specific humidity indicated that most of the humidity advection happened from the Southern water reserves to the investigated regions. Maximum humidity core is 24 g/kgs over Red Sea and is decreasing in extent toward Iran, which, subsequently, passed over Persian Gulf and reached 18 g/kgs in Oman Sea and spread intended area in Northwest-Southeast direction.Humidity injection, particularly from southern water reserves, led to arising of the heavy rainfall during the specified day in investigated region. With the rise in the altitude at the level of 700 hectopascal, maximum specific humidity, which equal 10g/kgs, residing in East Africa and got the investigated region having passed over Caspian Sea. So , the sources for the heavy cloud rainfall on Farvardin 12th are Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arab Sea, and Persian Gulf.Key Words: Heavy rainfall, Geopotential, Omega, Synopsis, Lorestan.

It is said that climate change will have a negative impact on the tourism industry, since climate is one of the fundamental variables of tourism. In order to investigate the impact of climate change on the future situation (2020-2050) of tourism climate in Lorestan province, two scenarios of radiation forcing RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 and tourism climate index TCI were used in this study. For this purpose, the data of the two scenarios were obtained from ESGF portal. After the exponential scaling of the data using the LARS -WG6 microrotation model, their reliability compared to the ground stations was checked monthly in the base period, then to check the future tourism climate, the monthly average of the parameters was calculated and called to the TCI index. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to examine the changes in the climatic parameters used in the TCI index. The results showed that qualitative changes of TCI index occur in the next period in Borujerd and Khorramabad stations in 7 months and in Borujerd station in 8 months of the year compared to the base period. In the next period, under both scenarios, we will generally see a decrease in the quality of tourism climate in Aligoders station, a qualitative increase in Borujerd station and the contrast of TCI decrease and improvement in both scenarios in Borujerd station. In the parameters of temperature, sunshine hours and wind speed, there is a positive increase in both scenarios, but it is not significant. In the parameters of precipitation and humidity, a decrease in precipitation in winter is often observed, which from this point of view is considered a positive factor for the tourism climate of the stations, while an increase in precipitation and humidity in summer, especially in RCP2/6, is considered a negative factor for the future tourism climate of the stations. Considering the increase in temperature and sunshine hours in the coming period and the abundance of water resources in the province, investment in water recreation infrastructure and the use of water-related tourism activities will not only utilize the capacity of travelers from neighboring provinces such as Khuzestan in hot seasons, but can also be combined with temperature increases. and sunshine hours to increase the attractiveness of travel and use in this part of tourism activities.

In recent decades, rural tourism as a complementary activity of agriculture and animal husbandry has always been a factor in improving the economic conditions of rural residents. Based on this research was conducted to identify factors affecting the empowerment of rural tourism destinations. Data collection was done by using two methods of archiving and scrolling through interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of the research includes archival sources related to the subject matter of the research as well as 13 persons of experts and experienced individuals. Content analysis and thematic analysis were used to analyze the qualitative data; also, quantitative data were analyzed using the Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Programming (LFPP) method. The results showed that the dimensions of empowerment of rural tourism destinations include three dimensions of environmental, human resources, and local community, so that dimension of human resources with a weight of 0.0994 is more weight than other dimensions. Also, the dimension of the local community and environmental dimension were also ranked second and third respectively with a weight of 0.0989 and 0.0973. Meanwhile, the component of "effectiveness" in the dimension of "human resources" with a weight of 0.261, the "economic" component in the "local community" with a weight of 0.259, and the "aesthetic" component in the field of "environmental" with a weight of 0.254, accounted for the most.

Evaluating the performance of municipalities is one of the main tools of proper city management to achieve the goals, strategies and plans of the institution. In this regard, the purpose of the the study is to evaluate the performance of municipalities in 11 urban areas of Lorestan province and rank them based on standard indicators. Has been. The type of applied research is the descriptive-analytical method used; the data collection tool is based on documentary sources and libraries. Study indicators; They were analyzed using FTOPSIS and SWOT-AHP techniques. The findings of the fuzzy TOPSIS technique reflect the fact that in the field of urban planning and Article 100; Khorramabad city, in the section of contracts and traffic and transportation of Boroujerd city, in the financial affairs section of Aligoudarz city, in the municipal services and administrative area of ​​Khorramabad city and finally in the council approvals section of Aligudarz city is in the first place. The results of internal and external factors show that among the points of opportunity, O2 (utilization of specialized educated manpower), among the strengths S1 (existence of approved urban plans in the studied urban areas) among the points of threat T2 (lack of sustainable sources of income) Finally, among the weaknesses, W4 (lack of proper handling of violations by supervising engineers) had the greatest impact on the formulation of the four strategies. Examining the effect of weight changes on the four main criteria and their effect on the results in the Expert Choice software environment indicates that ST-related strategies have the highest sensitivity and WT strategy has the lowest sensitivity of municipal performance for city management.

Saffron is a very popular medicinal plant and the most expensive spice in the world. It is highly considered in traditional medicine for the treatment of varied diseases. From among Iranian agricultural crops, it is one of the most valuable products. Due to its special characteristics, its production and export can be developed. As the largest producer and exporter of saffron in the world, Iran accounts for more than 90% of global saffron production. In 2018, more than 71% of the global export of saffron belonged to Iran. Lorestan Province is becoming one of the important areas for cultivating this crop due to its natural conditions and farmers’ interest. This study tried to identify the factors affecting the sustainable development of this crop. For this purpose, during the two consecutive years of 2017 and 18, 3 regions in Kuhdasht, Kuhnani, and Khorramabad townships were selected, in which 5 sample farms were chosen based on the field research. The selected farms had a planting history of 1 to 5 years. Several quadrants were established in the farms and the phenological measurements were recorded based on them. The statistics of these farms were collected to determine the required yields. The means and ANOVA comparisons were applied to analyze the results. The studied parameter was farm age from 1 to 5 years in the 3 regions of Kuhdasht, Kuhnani, and Khorramabad townships. In this investigation, saffron flower characteristics and dry weights of stigma were determined simultaneously with daily phenological inspections of the farms. The results in both years revealed that age was the major factor in yield change in all the 3 regions in a way that saffron yield increased with increasing farm age up to 4 years and then decreased. The effects of farm age on saffron flower and stigma yields were statistically significant. It was found that the lowest and highest yields were respectively related to the 1-, 2-, and 5-year-old farms and 3-year-old farms with a peak yield for the 4-year-old farms. During the study of the role of temperature in the two consecutive years, it was observed that the average temperature had been higher in 2017 and thus the flowering duration had decreased. Accordingly, saffron yield in this year compared to 2018 showed a smaller value, which indicated the role of temperature in yield enhancement during the flowering period. Yield differences were significant in the 3 studied regions. The highest and lowest yields were related to Kuhnani and Khorramabad farms, respectively.

Introduction:

 With the emergence of socio-economic and environmental problems, an approach should be considered that originates from the depths of indigenous ideas. One of the proposed ways in this field as the key to a sustainable world order is the rural ecosystem model. Studies show that on the one hand, the need and importance of addressing livability in relation to the new tasks of rural planning in responding to the needs of post-industrial society, which is strongly in search of facilities and quality of life has increased sharply. On the other hand, viability has become doubly important because of the threats to life today.

Purpose of the research: 

This study has been compiled with the aim of extracting the effective factors and their impact on the situation of rural livelihood in Lorestan province.

The type of applied research is the descriptive-analytical method used. The study area in this study is villages with more than 20 households in Lorestan province. Based on the spatial sampling method, 55 villages were selected as study places to analyze the factors.Due to the effect on the viability of the studied villages, the fuzzy dimmat technique has been usedGeographical area of research According to the latest national and provincial divisions in 1397, Lorestan province includes 11 cities, 30 cities, 31 districts, 87 villages and 3406 villages and its center is Khorramabad.

In order to measure the impact of factors on rural livelihood in Lorestan, components in different dimensions were extracted, which are discussed below.

Total factor analysis showed that the economic factor with a weight of 0.27 in the first place and then the physical-infrastructure index with a weight of 0.25, social index with a weight of 0.23, ecology index with a weight of 0.12, institutional management index with a weight of 08 / 0 and ICT index with a weight of 0.05 are in the next categories. Paying attention to the issue of rural livelihood gives planners the knowledge that in rural areas of Lorestan should first create job opportunities for different age and gender groups in rural areas, government and non-governmental organizations support local entrepreneurs and optimal marketing of rural products the payment. Improving and renovating rural housing, organizing the disposal of human and animal waste in the village, mechanization of agricultural activities and construction of roads, rural roads and passages in their work priority and organizing the economic and physical conditions of the villages to the desired situation first In addition to improving economic and physical conditions, to solve social and cultural problems radically.

Today, global competition, changing markets and new technologies by creating value chains have led to increased value in manufactured products. The purpose of creating value chains, especially in the livestock sector, is to improve performance, reduce operating costs and reveal opportunities in the business. Recognition of the effective factors and obstacles in the sheep value chain is one of the most important factors of the development of these chains. Thus, in this study, effective factors and the challenges facing the development of the value chain of sheep meat in Lorestan province were studied. The main paradigm of research was mixed. In the quality section, 43 people were selected through the targeted and snowball method. In the quantitative section, 382 people were selected and examined in two stages by the simple cluster sampling method. The results showed that social problems explain 24.21% of the variance of the challenges facing the development of sheep value chain in Lorestan province, management problems 14.21%, financial problems 8.67% and technical problems 6.67%. Modeling of interactive structural equations in SMART-PLS3 software showed that the overall goodness-of-fit criteria of the confirmatory factor analysis had a moderate fit in the current model. Then, the measurement model showed that the economic factor, government policies and information technology with a coefficient of determination of 35% have the greatest role in the development of the value chain of mutton in Lorestan province. In this regard, in the present study strategies have been proposed to reduce the cost of the sheep meat value chain through governmental policies and exploiting the opportunities hidden in information and communication technology.

KIntroduction

Karst is the result of the dissolution (physical and chemical) in carbonate (limestone and dolomite) and evaporate rocks. Karst developing is affected by climatological and geological factors. In the other words Karst landscapes and karst aquifers are formed by the dissolution of carbonate rocks by water rich in carbon dioxide waters. Karst aquifers include valuable freshwater resources, but are sometimes difficult to exploit and are almost always vulnerable to contamination, due to their specific hydrogeologic properties, therefore, karst aquifers require increased protection and application of specific hydrogeologic methods for their investigation. The groundwater protection in karst aquifer has a special importance, because the transit time for unsaturated and saturated zone is so quickly that the attenuation of the pollutant. Karst groundwater vulnerability mapping should form the basis for protection zoning and land use planning. A conceptual framework was devised for vulnerability mapping based on this European approach.
Social and economic life of cities such as Nourabad, Alashtar, and numerous rural societies is connected to the Gareen anticline springs. In this paper we used PaPRIKa method for vulnerability assessment in the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins.
 

 The Gareen anticline in the Zagros Mountain range is located in the active deforming Zagros fold-thrust belt and Sanandaj-Sirjan zon. Alashtar and Nourabad karst aquifers are located in the north of Lorestan province. There are several thrust faults with northwest–southeast strike such as Gareen-Gamasiab and Gareen-Kahman Faults. Nourabad unit is composed mainly by gray limestone rocks, embedded marl limestone, recrystallized limestone and pyroclastic rocks. One of the most important features of the structural geology of the Alashtar unit, is abundance of the sedimentary rocks and scarcity of igneous rocks in this area. In other words In the Study basins the main geological formations incloud: Bakhtiarian conglomerate, carbonates of Sormeh, Taleh Zang, Pabdeh and Kashkan Formations.
The groundwater vulnerability assessment methods (PaPRIKa) applied at the test sites were designed specifically for karst aquifers. They are based on various types of information concerning the physical characteristics of the unsaturated and saturated zones, the aquifer structure and its hydrological behavior.
The PaPRIKa method takes into consideration criteria for both structure and functioning of the aquifer. Based on EPIK and RISK resource methods, PaPRIKa method was developed as a resource and source vulnerability mapping method, allowing assessing vulnerability with four criteria: Protection, Rock type, Infiltration and Karstification. The P map (Protection) considers the protection provided to the aquifers by layers above the aquifers: the S (soil texture, structure and thickness), Ca (permeability formations), the Uz (thickness, lithology and fracture degree of unsaturated zone) and E (Epikarst aquifer). Moreover, including the catchments of water losses where the vulnerability is higher. R map (Rock type) considers the lithology and the degree of fracturing of the sutured zone. I map (Infiltration) distinguishes concentrated from diffuse infiltration. Ka map (Karstification development) assesses the drainage capacity and the organization of the karst conduits network.
To  calculate  the vulnerability  index,  the  four  mentioned  maps(P. R. I. Ka)  have been  combined  using  the  following  equation coefficients (eq.1): PaPRIKa Index= 0.2 P + 0.2 R + 0.4 I + 0.2 Ka  (1) eq
Due to the fact that karst geomorphology has a great impact on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water resources and the vulnerability assessment of these resources, fuzzy logic has been used to zonation of the Karst development in the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins.  In the fuzzy method used a gamma operator (eq.2):µ Combination= ((Fuzzy Algebraic Sum) (Fuzzy Algebraic Product)) 1-γ  (2) eq The vulnerability map for aquifers was prepared using the software Arc GIS10.4.
 
Discussion and Resultsl:

In the Gareen Antarctic region, due to the availability of suitable Karstification, includes: Lithology, Active Tectonics, Mediterranean climate (with average rainfall of between 454-448 mm and average temperature of 13 C˚) features are formed by various forms of karst such as closed pits (Doline, Swallow Hole, Aven, Polyeh (Peljee), several types of Karrens, dissolution Cavities, small and large Caves and Springs. The most important karst features in this area including Dolines (Solutional, Collapse, Subsidence and Dropout) which are known the Karst Nival. Based on the Karst development zoning map by using the fuzzy logic, 15% of the study area has been developed. Due to the vulnerability based on PaPRIKa method, the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins divided into 5 categories. Resuls show that the vulnerability of the study area is mainly classified as High or Very High, due to the highly developed Epikarst, which minimizes the protective function of the unsaturated zone. There are many karst landforms such as dolines and Swallow Holes that are highly vulnerable.
 

The final evaluation of the vulnerability ground waters in the Aleshtar and Nourabad basins using the PaPRIKa method shows that the study area is divided into five vulnerable (very high, high, moderate, low and very low). So that areas with a very low, low and moderate vulnerability are 27.3%, 22.3% and 20.6% of the basin area respectively. Also that areas with a high and very high vulnerability are 17% and 12.8% of the study area cover, respectively. Due to the lack of soil and plant cover, heavy snowfall and the formation of Karst-Nival (including Dolines) highlands of the Gareen Anticline have a very high vulnerability potential. Validation of the results of the karstic aquifers vulnerability to Electrical Conductivity (EC) data and monthly discharge of springs shows that the Zaz and Ahangaran springs are in a high vulnerability zone. In the aquifer of this springs, Rapid reductions in EC are detected after each recharge period. Also in contrast Rapid increases in EC with reductions in recharge. This situation shows the High developed of this aquifers, as a result, the potential for vulnerability in these aquifers is high.
But in the springs of Niaz and Abdolhosseini in the Nourabad basin, the EC chart has not changed much compared to recharge. Therefore, the aquifer of these springs is less undeveloped or low developed and also less vulnerable.

Given the heterogeneous spatial distribution of opportunities for agricultural tourism development and the close relationship between this type of tourism and spatial conditions, this study is an attempt to fill the gap of spatial and location-based analysis in agricultural tourism studies as a strategy to solve agricultural and rural challenges. For the development and sustainability of agricultural tourism opportunities, it is necessary to recognize the existing capabilities in each geographical space and villages with more capabilities. This issue is especially important for planners, decision makers and investors, considering the risk of developing tourism businesses in different space units. Therefore, in support of spatial planning of agricultural tourism activities, the present study was conducted to make spatial zoning of agricultural tourism development capabilities and rank the villages targeted for agricultural tourism in susceptible areas. In this study, spatial data including natural resources, access, preconditions for tourism development, data related to rural capacities, which can be divided into three groups of agricultural capacity, services required by tourists and tourist attractions located in the villages of the study area, have been used. Spatial analysis was performed with Fuzzy-TOPSIS hierarchical analysis model. The results show that the criteria of distance from agricultural plots and distance from historical villages are the most important and the least important among the criteria used, respectively. Also, only 35% of the total area of the study area has high potential (suitable and very suitable class) for the development of agricultural tourism. The ranking of the villages located in the very suitable class reveal that Nasrabad village with a relative distance of 0.779 is the most capable village for the development of agricultural tourism. In general, the findings indicate that the susceptible areas to agricultural tourism development are stretched from the southeast to the northeast of the study area.

Future study of nature tourism based on nature in Lorestan province Abstract The present study has been compiled with the aim of future analysis of the situation of nature-based sports tourism in Lorestan province. On the current and future situation of sports tourism in Lorestan province were extracted, after determining the degree of effectiveness and impact of each factor or in other words determining the degree of influence and dependence of each of the factors affecting sports tourism, each of the above factors using software Mick Mag tools were classified into clusters (managerial, physical and socio-economic), three scenarios for the future of sports tourism in Lorestan province under the following headings: Lorestan first scenario, nature-oriented sports tourism hub in the west of the country (optimistic), second scenario: intermediate Lorestan was presented in the path of development of nature-based sports tourism and Lorestan was left out of the development of nature-based (pessimistic) sports tourism. The most probable scenario for the future of sports tourism in Lorestan province is Lorestan scenario in the development of nature-based sports tourism. Keywords: Sports Tourism, Nature Oriented, Futurology, Lorestan.

Bioclimatic variables are one of the most important environmental variables that used in mapping and species distribution modeling for the management and conservation of vegetation and species cultivation. In order to provide bioclimatic maps, long-term climate data of 49 weather stations were used during the years 1952 to 2017 to extract 19 bioclimatic variables. Geostatistics methods (Kriging and Cokriging) and Multiple Linear Regression model were used to create 19 bioclimatic variables in Lorestan Province. Correlation ratio was used to select the best interpolation model. Also, Cross-validation was used to validate the interpolation method. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Root Mean Square Standardized Error (RMSSE) were used to select the best interpolation method. Based on the results, the best interpolation method for maping Bio4, Bio5, Bio7, Bio12, Bio13, Bio15, Bio16, Bio17 was Kriging method due to lower error values of RMSE and RMSSE for and Bio18 and the best interpolation method for maping of Bio1, Bio2, Bio3, Bio6, Bio8, Bio9, Bio10, and Bio11 was Cokriging method. Multiple Linear Regression model was also the best interpolation method for Bio19. Based on the results of this study, the use of an elevation auxiliary variable and climatic factor can increase the accuracy of the evaluation of interpolation methods to create accurate maps for modeling of species distribution.

One of the most important issues, facing the human society and environment, is water resources management. Regarding the drought, this issue turns to a serious challenge for decision makers, and affect the people more than other natural hazards. In Lurestan, considerable number of springs and rivers have been dried in recent years, which are ascribed to precipitation shortage. This study evaluates meteorological drought in Lurestan by applying Percent of Normal Index (PNI) through 1988–2017 time span. The PNI indicates that only low percent (6.6–30%) of the studied time span experienced drought which has been weak drought type. This signifies that the area has not suffered from severe drought during this period. Therefore, symptoms of severe drought, appeared as dried rivers and springs, could not be products of meteorological drought, solely. They could rooted in overexploitation of the groundwater has dropped the water table far beyond the reach of tree roots and springs outlets. Analysis of the return period of the drought also proves an extremely long time of reoccurrence of severe drought. Weak drought also has a very long return period (100–200 years). Therefore, meteorological drought could not be solely responsible for the droughts in Lurestan, and socio-economic drought and associated water management must be the main reason. Based on the reconstructed data for the years without data, reliability for the acquired results in Khoramabad, Aligudarz, and borujerd stations is 100%, for Azna, Dorud, and Noorabad is 56.7%, Poldokhtar 63.4%, and Kuhdasht and Alashtar is 66.7%.

Geomorphology is one of the natural factors which has played on outstanding role in establishing settlements, such as Botki hill, in North-west Aleshtar plain. This hill is one the most important settlements Alashtar plain that has a history of about 8000-years old. Therefore, in the present study , considering geomorphology and historical this site, and considering this question have been considered to the geomorphology, The geomorphology features of this site were examintion. , using satellite images, topographic and geological maps, the geomorphological features influencing establishment of this site have been recognized, thus the geomorphological map of this region have been provided with the help of GIS software. Also, by creating trenches the sedimentary properties of site are addressed and described within geomorphological maps. Analysis of the results showed that adequate water and fertile sediments provided a basis for establishment of sustainable settlement,.however geomorphological factors have had a little effects on the site, replacement and destruction. these patterns reflected condditions considering geomorphological features in the establishment of this settlement. Data frome field surveys and satellite images of the region indicate that this region, from the start of its formation so far, have been subjected to a great deal of changes. in a way that, in addition to tectonic movments, external forces interactions affected the region. These factors in turn had an influence on formation and development of water resources and alluvial systems. According to the investigation of alluvial sections, alluviums with different thickness and grading have been shown. Therefore, from stratigraphy of these sections we can elicit that low and high-energy streams impacted the surface alternatively. Also, on the grounds that a vast part of Aleshtar area is confined with Limestone Mountains and suitable Karst systems and the amount of rain and water fall is also in good conditions, such characteristics lead to the formation of rich water sources in this area. So, enriched sources of water and fertile soil have provided a situation for formation of settlement from a very long time ago.

Lorestan province as the capital of geotourism of Iran with its unique geomorphic features such as caves, waterfalls, lakes and many historical and geological potentials, has optimal and suitable areas for construction of geoparks.The present research is applied-developmental the aim of which is to identify and introduce geotourism attractions, to prioritize the required criteria and sub-criteria, and also to identify the optimal areas for the construction of geoparks in Lorestan province. In this regard, using descriptive-analytical and field-based methods, based on experts' opinions, and using questionnaire as well as the Comannescu model, the criteria and effective sub-criteria and suggested areas for geopark construction were investigated. Finally, the optimal geopark site was identified in Lorestan province. The results showed that among the six proposed zones, despite the numerous geo-tourism capabilities for geopark construction, in some areas geoparks can be constructed, but the most desirable area for the construction of geoparks, is Gahar Lake and its surroundings.