جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ماهیت » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The term soft power entered the literature of political science, international relations, etc. since about 1989 with the help of Joseph Nye, and now, after three decades, it has become one of the official discourses in policy and scientific researches. In the same context, Nye, in addition to the term soft power, also introduces a new keyword called hard power. In connection with these concepts, he states that hard and soft power are both aspects of the ability to achieve desires through influencing the behavior of others. However, there is a difference between them, so that this distinction covers both the behavioral nature and feature of tangible of the resources. In this regard, in terms of behavioral nature, he bases hard power on coercion or bribery, and bases soft power on attract, accept, and persuade. Also, in terms of being tangible, Nye believes that soft power is rooted in intangible resources such as culture (those parts that appeal to others), political values (in cases where it is considered at home and abroad), and finally, foreign policy (if it seems legitimate and legal) (while military power and economic capacity are among the tangible resources of hard power). However, despite the passage of many years, the scientific evidence and the events of international politics reinforce the hypothesis that this view needs to be reconsidered because the nature of soft power is not limited to specific resources. In fact, it seems that a country's various resources including military power can also be used in this power by focusing on the true nature of soft power. To this end, the study seeks to how and based on what components a country's military capability can affect the country's soft power?

The main question of this research is how and based on what components a country's military capability can affect the country's soft power? The hypothesis corresponding to this is also designed in such a way that it seems that a country's military uses attractiveness to influence soft power. To this end, the authors have used descriptive-analytic methods to answer this question. In this regard, first the nature of soft power and then the position of attractiveness in this method of power is examined and analyzed, and after that based on existing examples and scientific analysis in the style and context in which the military plays a role in soft power, will be mentioned. With these interpretations, the method of data collection in this research has been based on library resources as well as data analysis in the form of content analysis along with inductive reasoning.

The points that Joseph Nye mentioned from the nature of soft power in a covert way, along with the existence of common keywords from the definitions of soft power, lead us to the point where the root of soft power is influenced by attractiveness. However, the concept of attractiveness, in a way, is reminiscent of the behavioral nature of soft power. But that quality may come from the content and facilities of a country or its style of behavior. Therefore, the nature of soft power is not limited to specific resources. Rather, resources or behaviors that can produce peace, respect, credibility, admiration, imitation, and role modeling, and in a word, attractiveness, tend to produce soft power. According the details raised, one of the current capacities based on attractiveness that can play a role in the soft power of countries is military power. In this regards, the findings show that a country's military capability can be achieved through measures such as helping to train foreign troops, participating in deploying peacekeepers in areas under conflict, helping to maintain international security in the framework of multilateralism, holding or participating effectively in the latest exhibitions of military equipment, technical assistance to nations involved in natural and human crises, maintaining and promoting peaceful military relations with the countries of the international system, scientific-peaceful cooperation of military, hosting the international competitions of the armies of the world, launching peaceful competitions among the world armed forces, attending and winning honors in the international competitions of the armies of the world, intelligence and creativity of the military commanders, etc., play an active role in soft power.

This study, considering the important position of military power in the calculations of a country's national power and the prominent role of soft power in domestic and foreign policy, sought to examine this question was that, how and based on what components a country's military capability can affect the country's soft power. In this regard, the results indicate that experts do not have a clear vision of the role of hard resources in general and military capacity in particular, in soft power. Nevertheless, scientific documents in the field of the nature of soft power and global events confirm the opposite of this claim. As the developments of the international system show that with the entrance of the concept of soft power in the field of policy-making, the armed forces in all parts of the world, especially in the West, have adopted and implemented this method of exercising power. With these interpretations, today one of the elements that can play a role in the framework of soft power is the military capabilities of a country, which is also achieved with the help of attractiveness and various methods. However, the point that should not be simply overlooked is the expression of the fact that an attractive military force, with the help of defense diplomacy, becomes an effective element in the mechanism of exercising soft power..

Since conflicts are often associated with economic and even strategic interests، they have wide influence over political and economic stability، and have several consequences which from this point affect regional stability. The horn of Africa، in comparison with its expanse and compared to other parts of the continent of Africa، has a lot of conflicts and political strife; among these are security crises، domestic crises، such as Sudan (the South and the Darfur crisis)، Somalia (conflicts since 1991 after the collapse of Mohamed Siad Barre''s government) and border tensions between these countries (Ethiopia and Eritrea، Eritrea and Djibouti، Somalia، Ethiopia، etc.) are worth mentioning. Many of these issues have sometimes lad to conflicts between these countries (Hosseini، 2009:141). Conflicts in the Horn of Africa region are not limited only to disputes between the countries of this area. Actually، the collapse of the USSR ended a period in which an international conflict governed the global system، and instead، internal conflicts، ethnic strife and secessionist conflict within these countries became dominant in the 1990s. This study sought to identify the nature of conflicts in the Horn of Africa and the process of formation of these conflicts considering the elemental factors of them. Research In this study، the findings are analyzed using a descriptive and analytical method، and data gathering is done with the library method in real and virtual (online) space. The roots of conflicts in Africa are numerous and complex، and in national and international arenas are hanging between social، cultural، political and economical parameters. Among the external factors، colonization is the factor that has fueled conflicts in Africa and particularly the Horn of Africa as a favorite region of superpowers. Creation of artificial boundaries and ethnic– racial divisions are key factors in Africa. The Cold War and the military equipment of the ruling regimes were other external factors leading to the continuing crisis which had imposed deaths، displacement and resulted in economical and human resources to be wasted. But the main root of the internal conflicts in the Horn of Africa are poverty and unpopular governments. While removing these two factors is a desired goal، there are global forces which are making this hard to achieve. The Horn of Africa، as one of the strategic areas of the world، is one of the most controversial regions on our planet. Conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia، the civil war in Somalia، Sudan secession and political instability، religious conflict between Christians and Muslims، as well as the conflict between Arabs and Africans، etc. are but a few examples of these conflicts. The nature of conflicts in the Horn of Africa can be classified into three groups: 19. Civil wars which were rooted in disputes and domestic competition and violence over power، like conflicts in Somalia. 20. Disputes arising from the separatist wars which were done for splitting the territory of a country to avoid its sovereign. Conflicts in South Sudan and conflicts with the separatist Oromo of Ethiopia21. Wars between states are formed when a country has territorial claims over another country. Such as Somalia''s claims over Ugaden in Ethiopia، and the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia. The results show that the roots and sources of conflicts in the region are numerous; however، they are divided into internal and external roots. Colonialism، political instability، territorial and border disputes، poverty and the low level of economic development، as well as the involvement of regional and extra-regional powers، obstruction and Israel''s involvement، lack of effective regional and international institutions، etc. are the elemental factors of these conflicts. On the other hand، due to the fundamental and historical problems of these countries، at the time of colonialism، and the regional conflicts after that are complex and intertwined. For example، while the Darfur conflict is an internal conflict، countries such as Chad due to ethnic and Eritrea due to political interests and ideological differences are involved in it; also trans-regional powers like America and Israel are involved in the process of intervention. Darfur''s example is a true case regarding complexities and the involvement of several parties in the conflict، as in the most conflicts of the region. The key to peace and stability in Africa is the localization of the means of dispute resolution. Organization of African Unity and the international aid agencies are not in a position to properly anticipate، identify and investigate potential conflicts in remote areas. It is important that conflict factors، which may include Economic decline، unequal distribution of resources، non-democratic political systems، weak social structures، cascading refugees، ethnic conflicts and increasing weapons be identified properly.