جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Agricultural sector » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

In this study, the effects of shocks caused by climate change scenarios in the form of three scenarios: IPCC1, IPCC2 And IPCC3 on the value added of different sectors of the Iranian economy with emphasis on the agricultural sector (value added of the sectors: industry and mining, services and agriculture, And the added value of the sub-sectors: crop production (agriculture and horticulture), livestock production, fishing and forestry) as well as household welfare were examined. For this purpose, the social accounting matrix of 1390 was used. Also, the dynamic recursive dynamic general equilibrium (RDCGE) model was used to analyze the data. The results showed that climate change reduces the added value of agriculture and industry and mining and increases the value added of services and reduces household welfare. In addition, among the three climate change scenarios: IPCC1, IPCC2 and IPCC3, respectively, have the greatest impact on the value added of the sectors and subsectors studied. Studies also show that government financial expenditures to adapt to climate change in the agricultural sector in the form of 27 programs and 324 projects amounting to 47.4 thousand billion rials during the year 99. Finally, increasing water productivity in the agricultural sector, increase The knowledge and awareness of farmers and policy makers about the effects of climate change, empowerment of local communities with emphasis on environmental protection, linking specific financial resources to cope and adaptation to the effects of climate change with conventional agricultural resources, etc. were suggested.

Villages have traditionally been identified and sustained with agricultural activities and have become the source of capital production. A type of capital whose role has been neglected in rural development is the accumulation of financial capital produced from the agricultural sector of villages and transferred to urban areas in various ways and forms and spent there. The withdrawal of income from the production of agricultural products reduces cash for investment in agriculture and the rural economy. At the same time, it can be the basis for increasing agricultural productivity and creating a platform for improving rural development indicators. In Dehgolan county in Kurdistan province, a kind of capital outflow from villages to big cities has formed, along with other factors, has caused the economic instability of villages. Despite the high income, adequate financial capital, and rich resources, these villages have not been able to use this opportunity to improve their development indicators, and the incomes from work and agricultural production are transferred out of the village economy cycle and transferred to the cities. The present research has analyzed the causes and factors of capital outflow from the villages to the cities and its effects and consequences on the local economy in the villages of Dehgolan county.

This research is descriptive-analytical research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method. The methodological approach of the research is based on the comparative method. The statistical population of this research is 105 villages of Dehgolan county, which are located in five districts. The sample community is 15 villages selected using the stratified probability sampling method. The investigated samples were determined at the level of all villages based on the multi-stage cluster method with proportional assignment method from the respondents, and 340 farmer households (out of 2997 households in the sample villages) were considered the sample size based on Cochran's formula. The necessary data were obtained using a researcher-made questionnaire. Experts approved the content and face validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha test was used to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Correlation Coefficient test in SPSS software, and Structural Equation Modeling in Smart PLS software were used for inferential data analysis.

The current research has been carried out in line with research related to rural-urban links, with the difference that it has examined the relationship and effectiveness of each institutional-management, social, and economic factors with capital outflow from the villages and its transfer to the cities. In the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the significance level of the test for all variables is less than 0.05. This means that the data distribution of these variables was abnormal. Thus, the non-parametric test of Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between variables. In the Spearman correlation coefficient test, the significance level of the test between all research variables was less than 0.05. So, all the studied variables have a significant positive and direct correlation. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability of the variables show that the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability is acceptable for all research structures. According to the results of the structural models seen in the second-order confirmatory factor analysis model, institutional-management factors with a factor load of 0.315, social factors with a factor load of 0.309, and economic factors with a factor load of 0.124, respectively, are the highest. According to farmers, they have the least impact on capital outflow from the villages. Therefore, the development and support policies of the government as an influential factor in the villages can lead to social and economic development by strengthening the villages' infrastructure and increasing the villagers' motivation to keep their capital in the village by guaranteeing economic security. Accordingly, the uncertain economic outlook for rural capitalists will be a justifiable reason for them to prefer to invest in a more secure environment (in the city).

Capital outflow is a phenomenon with institutional-management, economic, and social roots; if it flows from rural areas to cities, it will intensify the inequality and instability of villages. Based on this research, the most important institutional-management factors that affect the capital outflow from the village, which in the main of them are the weakness of the government sector's support and policies from other sectors (private, cooperative, and small operators) for investment in the village, the lack and weakness of the government's investment in rural infrastructure (such as physical development, cultural development, etc.). Also, the most important economic factors from the point of view of the activists of the agricultural sector in the villages are income generation and ensuring the return of capital, areas of investment in the city (land and housing, industries, banks, etc.), investment efficiency in the urban economy, employment security and activity in the urban economy. The benefit of investing in the city compared to the countryside and the flexibility of capital in the city can be mentioned. Among the most important social factors (aligned and related to economic reasons) are the motivation to invest in the urban economy (due to profitability and capital efficiency, return on investment, government support, etc.), well-being, and a sense of psychological and social security. Investing in the city is pointed out. Based on the results of this research, some suggestions are presented as follows:- Increasing government investment in rural infrastructure (such as physical development, cultural development, etc.); Applying incentive policies for villagers to invest in different sectors of the rural economy (for example, tourism, information and communication technology, etc.) and activating local managers and giving them more powers;Giving investment motivation and economic security to the target groups (major farmers), such as reducing taxes in case of keeping capital and circulating it in the cycle of the rural economy.

The purpose of this study is to examine the lived experiences of agricultural workers in the Chardavol Township about the new world. The present study is a qualitative research that has been done using an interpretive paradigm and interpretive phenomenological method. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers active in the agricultural sector in Zanjire Sofla village in Chardavol Township in Ilam province. 14 participants were selected by purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect information from participants and Van Mannen's (1990) method was used to analyze the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews. The results showed that a main theme entitled "New World" and 7 sub-themes including new lifestyle, a distinct consumption pattern, the integration and synergy of tensions, understanding the cross-sectional remedial shock, the symmetry of old and new vulnerabilities, socio-protective isolation and low government presence and the tendency to counter-value measures and the experience of the new sin is experienced by the participants.

The economic structure of Iran is shaped by agriculture. Agriculture accounts for more than 20% of the country’s both gross domestic products and employment. There are many economic activities that are dependent on agriculture such as marketing, processing industries, and agriculture product imports. The majority of farmers in Iran possess small lands that yield small amounts of agricultural products; therefore, these farmers have an insignificant share in the market and subsequently, their gains are insignificant as well. Since 1960, the Iranian government introduced two modern farming systems including rural production cooperatives and Farming Corporation. By 2017, the number of these farming systems reached 1369 rural production cooperatives with 402177 members and 3191507 acres of land along with 30 agricultural stock companies with 7847 members and 775321 acres of land.

The farming system is a social organization consisting of a set of interconnected elements that enable the production of agricultural products through unified identity and administration under the social and natural conditions of its environment. Adherence to the capacity of natural resources is the main condition for farming system sustainability. In fact, sustainability analysis involves specifying this capacity and can be considered as a logical criterion for indicating environmental standards that control the extent to which resources should be utilized. Sustainability analysis somehow indicates and expresses the extent and criterion regarding the distance between the sustainable and new state of a natural phenomenon. In sustainability analysis, resource capacity and economic sustainability are examined, analyzed, and controlled simultaneously with respect to the intended production requirement. Sustainability evaluation is a complex process and encompasses the complicated interactions among technologies, the environment, and society. Sustainably refers to ecologic health or compatibility which guarantees the preservation of the living forces present within agricultural ecosystems. Agricultural sustainability can be analyzed through a variety of dimensions including social (population, education), economic (economic growth, investment, and employment), natural (land, water, and biodiversity), and agricultural (cultivation and production patterns). There are five different methods put forth for sustainability evaluation including prescriptive approaches, timeline, various quantitative and qualitative indices, and system simulation. In general, there are no comprehensive methods in line with analyzing or evaluating the sustainability of all systems; however the only common technique among all methods is the utilization of an all-inclusive sustainability assessment by taking into account the environmental, economic and social dimensions.

The present inquiry is a mixed, applied study in which data collection was carried out using the descriptive method; it is also a survey study conducted using the cross-sectional method. Total population of the study includes 242 operators and members of the rural production cooperative, 635 operators and members of the Farming Corporation, and 1025 smallholders. Sample population was calculated using Cochran’s formula. Shannon’s entropy method was used for sustainability analysis.

The entropy method was used to indicate the weight of each examined index. According to the literature, the key effective indices in the sustainability status of farming systems including smallholders, production cooperative and Farming Corporation include economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Shannon’s entropy method was employed to prioritize and indicate the weight of each examined index through the perspective of each farming system.

The development and sustainability of the rural society is not only an essential requirement, but also an inevitable end; results of studies suggest that such an end would not be attainable unless via reforming the farming system in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture, as the core of agricultural developments. In this study, the required data to achieve robust answers were collected from farming systems including smallholders, rural production cooperative, and Farming Corporation. Given the obtained results, the Farming Corporation has a higher relative sustainability compared to the two other systems in terms of economic and environmental dimensions. In the social dimension, the smallholder farming system enjoys relative sustainability as a result of high level of participation in rural areas’ agricultural and public affairs, the extent of memberships in local communities, high percentage of the employed household work force in agricultural activities, the extent of social agreements and solidarity, and the presence of social capitals. The Farming Corporation system is at a semi-sustainable state in social and economic terms while in environmental terms, it is found to be unsustainable. Increased use of nitrogen fertilizers, phosphates and agricultural toxins have resulted in the unsustainability of all three types of farming systems in environmental terms; however, the severity of this unsustainability is lower in Farming Corporation compared to other systems due to adherence to the technical principles of cultivation and maintenance, and more utilized application of production factors. Subsequently, the following recommendations are presented:Given how the index of the average total income produced by farmers is considered as an unsustainable index in the examined region within the smallholder farming system, the specification of a guaranteed price proportionate to production costs can be effective in improving the income levels of the farmers.
Considering the unsustainability of the Farming Corporation in the social dimension, it is recommended to adopt a participatory approach in the formation of the new Farming Corporation.As the majority of agricultural activities are carried out by smallholders, then smallholder agriculture organization should be prioritized.

Today، to operationalize rural economic empowerment، it is essential and indispensible to give due attention to the participation approach. Providing necessary teachings and learning background، participation plays an important role in transmitting information and recognizing decision making abilities in farmers، and can make way for optimal utilization of resources and facilities. As villagers’ failure to recognize and optimally appreciate the resources and facilities is among the main causes of economic underdevelopment in rural areas; it is critical to focus attention onto this approach، so that the rural economy may get out of current situation. Therefore، using a comprehensive approach in a descriptive-analytical method، this study tries to investigate the role of participation in the villager''s empowerment process in agricultural sector of 14 rural settlements in Upper Ij-rud Dehestan، in Ij-rud County. Data were collected through the questionnaires completed by a sample size of 330 people. SPSS relevant tests were employed for data analysis. Studies showed that participation level with an average of 1. 87 is lower than expected. The results suggest that awareness of production factors، one’s command of market economy and decision-making skills، respectively، with significance levels of 0. 025، 0. 001 and 0. 030 are directly correlated with economic empowerment. In addition، the level of villagers'' economic empowerment in the agricultural sector (1. 76) shows that necessary conditions have not yet been provided. Thus، it is essential to improve the villagers’ understanding of optimal utilization of production factors، familiarity with market mechanisms and decision making skills.

The present study has the aim to survey and recognition positive and negative effects of agro-processing industries from viewpoints of two groups of villagers and industry owners in seyedan district of marvdasht township that 377 people have been chosen as the sample by using Cochran formula and Regarding the limitation of processing units (35 units), the information needed in this study has been collected by census and questionnaire made by the researcher. The validity of questionnaire has been verified using opinions of specialists and experts and its reliability has been verified through administration of pre-test and calculation of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (A>0.78). The comprehensive documentary and field review about the evaluation of processing units’ effects from viewpoints of two groups of industry owners and villagers shows that the most positive effects is to "improve welfare and furniture", " gravitate unprepared agricultural products", " change the agriculture's plan of plantation" and " to supply the food products" also the most negative effects is to " relative development of some villages", " increase the cost of land and domicile" and "to prepare the human force of industrial units from cities". In this manner according to villagers processing the results show that units have been moderately effective in 5 economic, social, agricultural, physical, and environmental dimensions except for economical one; and so have been in all dimensions according to the owners of industries’ point of view