جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Binaloud County » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

One of the main and important tasks of planners in rural areas is to allocate land for various uses according to the role and function and the impact of each use on the others. In fact, the ultimate goal of land use planning is to create a kind of environmental balance and social justice in the process of development of residential areas. Land use planning should address quality objectives such as security, adaptability, landscape and sense of dependence on the environment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the compatibility of rural land-uses in tourism destinations in terms of public safety, landscape, comfort and convenience. The research method is descriptive and analytical. In this study, eight tourist destinations in Binaloud county were selected and the degree of adaptation was divided into three matrices: 1- Comfort and convenience, 2- Public safety 3- Landscape and view between 49 land-uses among rural experts and the studied villages in a range categorized from fully compatible to completely incompatible. The results showed that all the studied villages are in a comparable situation in terms of adaptability. In the public safety matrix, religious use with an average of 4.16 is in the first place and historical use with an average of 3.25 is in the last place. In the landscape and perspective matrix, religious use with an average of 3.73 ranks first and industrial-workshop use with 1.35 is in the last ranking. In the comfort and convenience matrix, the use of access network and passages with an average of 4.26 is in the first place and the historical use with an average of 3.10 is in the last place. In general, in terms of compatibility, educational land-use with 3.82 is in the first place, and historical use with 3.25 is in the last place.

The present study is aimed to investigate the effects of tourism development on land use changes in rural areas. The development of tourism activities results in massive structural change in rural areas with natural attractions. A descriptive-analytical method is adopted by the present study. Based on the literature review, a questionnaire was formulated and completed by 356 villagers in 10 touristy villages of Binaloud county. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, including T-test to compare the mean of indices, Pearson correlation and regression model. Also the villages were ranked by Vickor multi-criteria programming method to assess the changes occurred in their land use. Results indicated that there is a significant correlation between the presence of tourists and four components of: 1- physical changes, 2- incentives for more land use changes, 3- structural and communication changes and 4- economic changes in rural areas. The regression results revealed that a considerable part of the dependent variable (land use change) is explained by the independent variable (the tourists). Also, the results of the ranking of the studied villages in terms of the impact of land use changes on tourism indicated that three villages namely: MayanOlia, Mayansofla and Mayanvosta have experienced more land use changes than the others.

One of the effective indicators in shaping the sense of security is the style of rural architecture. In recent years, rural housing has undergone many changes through processes influenced by internal and external forces. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of modern architectural style on the physical security of rural settlements in Binalood, based on the CPTED approach. The present research is aimed at "applied" and in terms of the method and nature of "descriptive-analytical". In this research to assess the physical security of villagers and the style of modern architecture of Residents 8 villages in Binalood city were questioned. Out of a total of 6497 households in rural areas, a sample size of Cochran formula with a 0.07% error, was selected for 190 households by stratified random sampling. The results of the study showed that the road quality index in the sample villages had an unfavorable condition with an average of 3.05 and has had the least impact on creating the sense of security of the villagers. In contrast, vegetation index (with a mean of 3.35) was more favorable and have had a greater impact on the sense of security of the inhabitants. Also, changes in the style of modern architecture in the studied villages on the resistance index of housing with a mean of 3.14 had the highest effect and the index of organic architecture compliance with an average of 2.89 was considered less. According to Pearson's correlation results, there is a significant and direct relation (0.337) between modern architectural style and physical security sensation. The results of path analysis indicate that the architectural design index with the coefficient of influence of 0.253 has the highest direct effect on the physical safety feel.

The environment is the place we live, work, and play; it supplies the most basic human needs, as it is a thing that is becoming increasingly important every day. However, during his dominance over the earth, human beings have consumed the resources indiscriminately and in an unplanned manner. Many of the threats made against human society are merely associated with environmental issues. Although these threats have a non-security nature, in fact, they affect the national security of the countries. As human societies are facing with the growing trend of environmental degradation, it is essential to set some measures for environmental management and other critical resources. Therefore, to prevent irreversible damage to renewable sources, long-term management is a necessity. As rural areas play an important role in production, employment, within the geographical borders and population, they should have a special place in the development of the country. Climate changes and global warming, desertification and lack of fresh water are among the issues the study seeks to investigate. Proper management is essential for the protection of rural areas, but there are some challenges that the current study have tried to examine. The main question is: what are the main challenges in managing environmental resources in the study area?

Binaloud County (Torghabeh Shandiz) with an area of 1185.26 km2 is located in the center of Khorasan Razavi province, northeastern Iran and has a population of 69,640 people. Based on the latest administrative divisions of Iran, this county consists of two districts (Torghabeh and Shandiz) and four Dehestans (rural districts) including Jaghraq, Torghabeh, Abardeh and Shandiz. The county has 52 villages with a total population of 34,653 people in 10,905 rural households.

The study is an applied one, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. To answer the research questions, we reviewed the literature and comments made by experts, and accordingly formulated the standards and features of effective environmental resources management. After setting the boundaries of the study area, the data was collected. The next step in the research process was to identify and verify the classification of the factors, and to explore the interrelationship between the indicators based on their effects on each other. Data analysis was conducted by Analytic Network Process (ANP), in which after discovering the inter-relations between indicators, similar to AHP method, the weight of the indicators must be determined compared to the target group, and the weight of each sub-indicator is determined compared to the relevant indicators. This was performed by designing questionnaires that were completed by 22 certified experts. According to their responses, the appropriate weight of each criteria and sub-criteria were determined.

The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a multi-criteria decision making technique. Given the complexity of various environmental issues, ANP may produce better results. Looking at the related literature, the criteria and indicators were organized into 10 clusters. Within each cluster, relevant elements and criteria were divided. While elements of each cluster are interconnected, some of them may also be associated with elements of other clusters. According to the diagrams and table of the final weight of clusters, it was concluded that challenges in the cluster of laws and regulations with an impact factor of 0.237, is the biggest challenge to the management of environmental resources. Monitoring cluster was the second challenge affecting the management of environmental resources in the study area. The findings showed that issues such as lack of legal mechanism for the protection of environmental resources, weak laws and regulations on investment, lack of transparency of investment rules on environmental resources, and access to resources, services and facilities in rural areas and environmental degradation, a subset of performance cluster, is the least significant challenge to the management of environmental resources which has the impact factor of 0.037. The challenges related to economic issues and personal skills have the second and third least impact factors, respectively.

In this study, using ANP the authors analyzed the challenges for managing environmental resources and identified indicators which are among the most important challenges in managing environmental resources. Challenges, including the lack of screening in accessing the effects of environmental resources, lack of deterrence and executive guarantees of environmental regulations in evaluation of natural resources, lack of expert instructions for environmental assessment of the projects, lack of reform in making use of natural resources and curbing the unstable factors, lack of clarity about environmental resources on land use planning and its legal status are the most important challenges. On the other hand, lack of legal mechanisms for protecting the environmental resources, weak laws and regulations on investment, lack of transparency in investment rules about environmental resources, access to resources, services and facilities in rural areas and environmental degradation are the least important challenges to the management of environmental resources. Accordingly, in this study, it is recommended that the Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with other stakeholders, evaluate the efficiency of environmental laws and regulations, and report the performance, efficiency and achievement of legislations based on the indicators of environmental quality, and present it with suggestions for updating and promoting their efficiency.

The following could be among the responsibilities of the government towards the deployment of an environmental resources management system: to achieve consensus and coordination in various sectors of industry and production;
to set priorities in development, completion, and promoting the regulations;
to impose limitations or bans on the indiscriminate and irresponsible consumption of natural resources;
to define research projects to develop standards and guidelines;
to formulate and implement comprehensive programs of quality management and environmental resources;
to review the laws and regulations on protecting the environment and quality of resources;
to make managers sensitive to issues of environmental resources and their improper use;
to employ academic and practical methods to manage resource consumption;
to develop a risk management plan for resources against natural disasters;
to assess the environmental impact of projects.

The physical environment form of a settlement is an effective factor in formation the security sense for its residents. The current study was aimed to investigate the effects of sprawl on the sense of physical security in rural settlements of Binaloud county based on CPTED approach. Based on aim, the present study is an applicable, and based on methodology it is a descriptive-analytical research. Statistical sample includes 190 rural households selected from all 5766 households resided in 8 villages of Binaloud county. The sample was selected by stratified random method. The results showed that road quality index with a mean of 3.05 had the least effect on creating the sense of security among the villagers. In contrast, the indices of vegetation (with a mean of 3.35), grading and density (with a mean of 3.26) and natural or informal monitoring (with a mean of 3.24), had a greater impact on promoting the sense of security among the residents. According to Pearson correlation results, there is a significant and indirect relationship between the sprawl and the sense of physical security with a coefficient of -0.2. The results of the path analysis indicated that spatial-physical index with the coefficient of influence of -0.354 had the greatest direct impact on sense of physical security. Subsequently, we calculated the indirect coefficients of the independent variables on the main dependent variable in the four stages of path analysis and investigated the total direct and indirect effects. As a result, the spatial-temporal index with the coefficient of influence of 0.354, and then the social index with the coefficient of influence of 0.142 and the environmental index with the coefficient of influence of -0.129 had the greatest effects on developing the sense of physical security respectively.

1. Today, tourism compared with other economic sections has many advantages for local communities so that it has been discussed as an economic panacea that lifts viability in remote areas, stimulates revitalization of settlements, improves the living conditions of rural communities, and is the catalyst for economic and social reconstruction of rural areas. Cultural tourism is one of the models of tourism in rural areas. At present, most of rural areas of the country have cultural richness, historical background, and valuable historical and cultural monuments. Specific properties of rural communities such as local habits, customs related to food and clothing, architecture, historical monuments, music, art, and local languages etc. are considered as hidden cultural capacities in rural communities that can benefit them well in tourism. Unfortunately, despite cultural richness and diversity of rural areas of Binalood, this kind of tourism did not have appropriate development. However, Binalood has historical and natural link with Toos and Mashhad and regarding cultural and historical heritage, it is an inseparable part of the old civilization of Toos and Mashhad. Lack of attention sometimes leads to corrosion and decline of cultural properties (theft, use changing, destruction, etc.). In order to improve and develop cultural tourism in rural areas there is an increasing need to identify challenges of cultural tourism in respect to conditions and properties of the province. Thus, this study aims to address the following research question.
Q: What are the main development challenges of cultural tourism in rural areas?"
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Studies show that culture has a distinct role in tourism activities, especially, in rural areas. Customs, habits, and local identity are resources that tourists want to experience. In this kind of tourism, the traditional culture originating from the distant past attracts many tourists in rural areas that still have cultural authenticity. It means that some writers consider culture as the cornerstone of tourism development. In a report by Europe Travel Committee in 2005, two external and internal issues of cultural tourism have been spoken about; internal area includes the first element of cultural tourism and can be divided into two sectors, namely, historical monuments tourism, and art tourism. External area includes the secondary elements of cultural tourism and can be divided into two parts. Lifestyle and creative industries are generally studied in two axes; the first axis of tourism is related to cultural heritage of a place. In this view, the historical dimension of a community is important while in the second axis the present time and current culture of a community is the target.
3- This study is an applied developmental research with a descriptive-analytic method. Data collection is based on documentation and field study. Challenges facing tourism development in rural areas were identified and were prepared in form of questionnaires. They were given to 40 authorities and experts of Cultural Heritage, Handcraft, and Tourism Organization. They were also given to 30 local elites in potential villages to provide perspectives. Due to the high number of identified challenges and unknown relationships between them, in this study we used exploratory factor analysis test which is a mathematical method for data reduction.
4 - The aim of this study is to analyze the factors for detecting unobservable factors based on a set of observable variables. In this study, five main unobservable factors were identified from a linear combination of 18 observable variables. Management challenges are the most significant challenges identified in the field of cultural tourism in Binalood. This factor which was detected by 5 observable variables with high correlation coefficient, explains 36% of variance by itself. Marketing and advertising weakness in cultural tourism, concentrating on ecotourism and unimportant role of cultural tourism in tourism development plans, and threatening historical attractions by constructions, etc. are issues of a more fundamental factor called management challenges. Then, 10.9 percent of explained variance are planning challenges, 8.9 percent are regulatory challenges, 6.8 percent are ultra-structural challenges, and finally, 6.8 percent are legislation challenges of explained variance.
5- Today, visiting cultural resources is one of the largest and fastest growing parts of tourism industry. Studies show that the optimal model for tourism development in Iran is cultural tourism due to cultural background and high volume of cultural tourists in the world. The most significant challenges detected in this study are management challenges. In management challenges, weakness in marketing and advertising of cultural tourism and not introducing cultural tourism attractions with a correlation coefficient of 0.82 are two priorities. In planning challenges, the low arrivals of tourists for cultural attractions of the province and the small number of tourists with a correlation coefficient of 0.81, in regulatory challenges, the tendency to mass production of handcraft and not having the control of it by native people and developing by nonnative manufacturers with a correlation coefficient of 0.82, in ultra-structural challenges, inappropriate distribution of tourists during the year and tourist's focus on particular days of the year with a correlation coefficient of 0.81, and in legislation challenges, the weakness of laws and regulations in investment and unclear laws of attracting investment in cultural tourism with a correlation coefficient of 0.81 are the first priorities in each section. Given the detection of main challenges in tourism development, it is possible to make a plan in order to eliminate the existing challenges and pave the way for cultural tourism development. For this purpose, it is necessary to make a comprehensive long term plan of cultural tourism for Binaloud county.