جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Spatial balance » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The main purpose of this study was analyzing the spatial development of knowledge-based and innovative in Tehran metropolitan area and provide solutions for balanced spatial distribution due to the overflow of benefits arising from the development of poles and clusters of knowledge and innovation in the region. This research is practical and quantitative-analytical in terms of method. The indices of Gini coefficient of spatial concentration of knowledge-based economic activities, Gini coefficient of regional specialization and average share of the spatial coefficient of knowledge-based activities from all economic activities were calculated by using the collected data from Statistical Centre of Iran. The path analysis was used to extract the experimental path of the balanced development of knowledge-based and innovative in ​​Tehran metropolitan area through regression analysis between research variables in SPSS software, Excel software and Geographic Information System (GIS). The research strategies are prioritized using the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) so that finally the superior strategies that have won the most points in achieving the balanced development of knowledge-based and innovative in Tehran metropolitan area would be presented. The results showed that in areas of the region where development through knowledge-based industries is being carried out and has created regional specialization, the Gini coefficient of spatial concentration of these activities is high and regional imbalance has been created, due to the participation of most of the cities in a series of specialized activities such as factory metal products except for machinery and equipment, spatial clustering of various branches of these industries has been done in the cities of the region.

Having an acceptable level of various components of development is the inalienable right of the hardworking rural community. Nevertheless, researches show that there are many shortcomings regarding the rural community's enjoyment of development components. One of the most important components of development is the availability of welfare variables for the rural community. The aim of the present quantitative and applied research is to investigate and spatially analyze how the rural areas of Iran enjoy in terms of welfare variables. The required data has been collected from the Iranian Statistics Center in 2022. For data analysis, a combined method has been used (combination of findings from decision-making models, cluster analysis technique and geographic information system). In terms of welfare indicators, the research results showed that the three provinces of Alborz, Hormozgan and Bushehr, respectively, with a priority coefficient of 0.492, 0.48134 and 0.4813, they are the most privileged and The three provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, Lorestan and North Khorasan, They are the weakest provinces of Iran with priority coefficients of 0.052, 0.163 and 0.198 respectively. The results of cluster analysis showed, 11 provinces of Iran have been placed at a relatively developed level, 10 provinces at the level of medium development, 9 provinces at deprived level and The Sistan and Baluchistan province is placed at a very disadvantaged level. The results of the spatial analysis of Iran's provinces in terms of the prosperity index in rural areas showed that, most of the border provinces are in unfavorable conditions compared to the central provinces of Iran. The results of the fitted multivariate regression model showed the Income variable, with a determination coefficient of 0.564 and a beta coefficient of 0.751., is a most key factor affecting the level of well-being in rural areas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the location of sports activities with emphasis on social justice and spatial balance in Shiraz. The research method was descriptive-analytical based on 11 criteria. To examine the criteria from the layers of proximity to compatible uses, the following variables were used: Non-proximity to incompatible uses, access to public transportation, access to public parking, access to the arterial transportation network, determining the radius of performance at regional and transregional scales, consideration of the approved use of detailed plan, young population, population density, available sports per capita and the lack of inappropriate slope. In order to determine the priority of each criterion, a researcher-made questionnaire was completed by 40 experts, then by forming a pair of data comparison matrix, the score of each criterion was determined by the experts and 7 priorities were extracted. The results revealed that the fuzzy overlap method had more flexibility than the index overlap. The results of the two methods shared about 60%. From the research findings, it can be concluded that the use of GIS and AHP is a suitable method for evaluating location, and planners and city managers are recommended to use the results of this research to locate new sports centers. The innovation of this research is the use of several combined analytical methods in the GIS context.

The main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze key factors affecting the spatial development of cities in Guilan province. In this regard, this research has been carried out during the following steps. Questionnaire and Delphi technique were used for data collection. In the first step, 60 factors affecting the spatial development of Guilan province were identified based on documentation studies in three dimensions of population, activity and space. In the second stage, the factors affecting the spatial development of Guilan province were extracted through the Delphi method and based on the experts' point of view. A questionnaire was designed and provided to the experts. In this questionnaire, experts were asked to rate each factor in the Likert scale. Finally, after collecting the questionnaires, the mean score for each factor was determined and finally 28 factors from three dimensions (population, activity, and space) were selected for analysis in the Mac software. Finally, based on the Interaction Impact Analysis method, there are 5 key factors including knowledge-based activities, specialty settlements for deploying high technology industries, rail transport, maritime transport capacity, and diverse modes of integrated transport (Rail- Water - Road - Air) was introduced for spatial balanced development in Guilan province

Parks and greenbelts are the main factors which form social stability and are considered one of the development indexes. When there is safety and peace in these places, one can effectively make use of such environments. Unbalance in the design quality, service providing and facilities make these places undesirable. Therefore, in the present study we conducted a comparative analysis of level of security in the city parks from viewpoint of spatial balance. The study area consisted of Mellat and Koohsangi Parks in the developed districts and Vahdat and Raja Parks in less developed districts of Mashhad. This applied descriptive-analytic research uses library and field method for data collection. Using the experts’ recommendations, 22 criteria were determined for assessing the level of security. In order to weigh the criteria, hierarchal model was used. For ranking the parks, we used Grey method and the primary data were obtained via the questionnaire. The number of questionnaires were set 384 using Cochran’s Formula. To be safe, 400 questionnaires were completed. The results of this research show that the security condition in the parks of developed districts is far better than that of parks of the less developed districts, to such an extent that from the security perspective, Mellat Park has the highest and Vahdat Park has the lowest security.

Aims Affected by natural and human phenomena, the spatial order forms the urban network. In a balanced urban system, due to hierarchical functions and activities in different cities, and fair provision of services to the existing population, there are hierarchical links between cities. The aim of this study was to investigate the urban network based on functional analysis and factors affecting the urban network deformation in Khorasan Razavi province. Instruments & Methods Using survey research method, the present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2015 among 118 experts of the provincial government, Road and Urban Development Office of Khorasan Razavi province, Governorate, Municipalities, University Jihad of Ferdowsi University, Geography professors of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, and mayors of Khorasan Razavi province; In this study, convenience sampling method was used. The research tool was researcher made questionnaire. Factors affecting spatial imbalance were evaluated through structural equation modeling and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 8.52 software. Findings Economic, infrastructural, and political factors had the greatest effect on spatial imbalance with factor loading of 0.77, 0.75, and 0.75, respectively. Conclusion Mashhad is at the highest and Bajgiran is at the lowest level in terms of development factors. Among the factors influencing the spatial imbalance, the changes in the country’s division in the provincal level (change village to city), centralized system governance, the lack of attention to the role of the middle cities in division of labor (political factors), the focus of activities in metropolises, disproportionate allocation of credits at the provincial level, the focus of roles in Mashhad (economic factors), and the focus of superior educational and health-care services (infrastructural factors) have a more effective role.

The formation and development of small towns and big cities in the urban system of industrial countries are mainly in accordance with the steps of growth and industrial development having a balanced pattern. Unlike developed countries, the rapid growth of urbanization and lack of coordination with stages of industrial development have created new problems in urban systems of developing countries changing the focus of the huge number of urban population in one or two major cities of these countries. The main issue in the process of socio-economic development of Iran is the rapid urbanization as a result of the influx of migrants from the villages, the small and intermediate towns to the big cities leading to imbalance distribution of population and activities. As a matter of fact, there are three major challenges in the spatial distribution of urban population in Iran: The concentration of population in big cities, urban network changes and hierarchal urban pattern, as the urban galactic and homogeneity network of Iran have been discrete, changing to the chain network. It leads to some natural reflections namely urban dominance, the concentration of population and activity in big cities, balance disturbance of urban network and System and the emergence of The Prime Urban Pattern which is mainly based on the concentration of economic, social and demographic activities. Appearing in the west of Zagros macro-region, this model makes not only a turmoil in logical relations among small, middle and large cities, but also a disturbance and lack of spatial balance in urban-regional system.
Materials and Methodologies: Applying descriptive-analytical method, the present study aims at analyzing and reducing the urban-regional imbalances in the studied region based on small town development. The data were gathered based on the Population and Housing censuses Statistics, during a period from 1976- 2011 by applying the library method. Rank-size model, primacy and four-city indicators, GIS and Excel software were used to spatial analysis of the region.
The findings reveal that despite a balanced establishment of cities across the region, the population distribution and loading among the urban population and classes are facing a severe imbalances in the urban systems. In other words, according to the last census, although the rural-towns and towns make over 90 percent of the cities in the region, they include only 32 percent of the population which equals to the population of prime city of Kermanshah. The present rank-size city, especially in the base of the urban pyramid, is largely far from the ideal rank-size. Furthermore, periodic evaluation and long-term concentration, based on the primacy and four-town indicators, show the uptrend tend to more imbalances. Despite the emphasis of urban-regional development policies on the approach of small town in removing regional disparities, the process of urbanization in the region, in contrast with the aforesaid policies, makes more centralization and polarization. Besides, despite the 40-perscent contribution of small cities, they not only cannot improve the sustainability, the integrity and spatial balance after 35 years, but also face instability and inefficiency in the region. Spatial manifestation of these instabilities and inefficiencies can be recognized in the following cases: unsuccessful approaches to attract the population overflows of big cities on the one hand, and their rural regions on the other hand, unsuccessful approaches in redistribution and balanced spread of urban population through the region, unsuccessful approaches to reduce the prime urban problem, facing more than 14 percent decrease of the population and more than 33 percent decrease in the number of the shares of these cities in 2011 compared with 35 years ago in 1976, sensible long-term stagnation and static of these cities in the small town class making not only the region face the severe vacuuming in the intermediate cities, but also a few of small towns improve to intermediate class cities as the balancer cities, confronting of a number of small towns with the negative growth and depopulation and degradation to rural towns of region. As map 1 shows, these inefficiencies and instabilities have caused a severe inharmonious and polarized illustration of uploading and the distribution of urban population in the west of Zagros macro-region which represents a complete polarized place with high concentration and density of urban population in large cities of Kermanshah and Sanandaj in center of the region in the first level, the triangle of intermediate cites Saghez, Baneh and Marivan in the northwest and intermediate cities Islamabad and Ilam in the south of the region in the second level. These issues along with the lack of coordination and lack of the necessary linkage among various cities of urban systems lead to not only the heterogeneity and inefficiency of urban systems but also incomplete development of the system.
The west of Zagros macro-region is facing inequality and lack of unique spatial integrity. Although a considerable number of small towns are made as result of some approaches of regional development based on small towns to establish an integrated and balanced development, these cities could not fulfil their developmental and decentralizing roles due to both poor service, production and facility infrastructures and lack of investments; facing a lot of inefficiencies.

Iran before the present century has owned a relatively modest system, but in the last six decades, the capitalization development within the oil-based economic framework has led to urban system spatial imbalances in the country. On the other hand, the Spatial Equilibrium of the Urban System in National- Regional Levels is in the pledge of Spatial Equilibrium in region. So, the present study, with the objective of examining the Spatial Equilibrium of the Urban System in National- Regional Levels for 1956- 2012, has been performed. This method is descriptive - analytical. The statistical society includes the urban settlements in the past 60 years and data collection method is as evidence. In this study, in order to examine the spatial equilibrium of urban system in Iranian Provinces, the Entropy Model was used. This is evident that considering that the urban system tends to a desirable spatial equilibrium, but because of the difference with normal rate, the imbalance of spatial equilibrium of the urban system in national- regional levels in Iran is remained as in the case of the number of urban settlements, it is more evident.