جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « desert » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Today, even the simplest human activities, such as walking, can have destructive consequences. Human movement on the earth may be done for economic, tourism, military purposes, etc. However, these movements lead to the trampling of the land and have consequences such as changes in the abundance and richness of vegetation, increase in runoff and soil density, and changes in erosion. In addition, the surface of the landforms is disturbed and with a sharp decrease in the threshold of shear speed, their vulnerability to wind erosion increases dramatically. Determining the sensitivity of landforms requires accurate tools, time and a lot of money, while the use of photography in monitoring the amount of changes in landforms can save time and money. The research that has been done so far in relation to trampling is generally based on two approaches. The first approach is the experimental method, that is, small undisturbed parts are selected in the study area and trampled according to the requirements of the experiment. The second method involves making long-term observations of the tracks that have been trodden. Chale Masileh is a part of the desert areas of the country, which is trampled by humans for various reasons. Economic activities such as harvesting potassium, magnesium and other materials from the bed of the salt lake, tourist areas such as Maranjab in the south of the region and military activities and holding large military maneuvers are among them. However, there is still no detailed information about the areas sensitive to trampling. Therefore, the current research tries to investigate the sensitivity of different desert landforms to trampling using a low-cost and fast method because in order to use and manage desert areas, it is necessary to understand the sensitivity of landforms.

The studied area mainly includes Mesila pit. The geographic coordinates of the salt lake as an index point in this hole are 30°34° north latitude and 50°51° east longitude. In this research, various materials, data and tools have been used in different stages of the research. The geomorphological map of the study area, and field data were collected in field operations using camera, tripod, GPS and plot. ArcMap, SNAP software were used to prepare the data, and Python 3.10 programming environment was used to run the model and draw graphs and outputs. 13 landforms were selected in different positions of the region. In the next step, an undisturbed area in the landform was selected and photographed, then trampled with 25 passes and a second photograph was taken. After recording the images by entering fourteen features for each pixel, the data was prepared to participate/to be applied in the model implementation. In the implementation of the model, 75% of the pixels were used as training data and the remaining 25% as test data. The ratio of changed pixels to unchanged pixels was considered as the change rate.

Evaluation of model efficiency using model relative performance characteristic curves (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) shows that the values of 0.99 to 0.88 indicate the very good efficiency of the model in all samples. The RMSE value for the samples shows that in all the samples the mean square error value is less than 0.5, which confirms the good accuracy of the model in predicting the changed pixels. In addition, the average percentage of accuracy for samples using -k10 shows that the accuracy of the model in each sample is more than 80%. The importance of the image texture features in predicting the changed values in the photographed samples shows that in most samples the feature of the local standard deviation of the image of dissimilarity was the most important factor

Determining the sensitivity of the landforms of desert areas to human trampling is important for the management of these areas. To achieve this purpose, it is very useful to use low-cost, fast and accurate methods such as taking pictures and using machine learning algorithms. This study shows that the XGboost model and the photography method can measure the amount of landform changes with an accuracy of over 90%. These changes are determined according to the texture of the images and do not measure changes in height or soil density. However, it determines the number of changed pixels even when it is barely visible to the eye. On the other hand, the results of this method are the result of the influence of all effective variables such as slope, humidity, roughness, etc. While changes in altitude or density can be affected by one of the mentioned factors. The changes in different landforms based on the results of the model show that the least change is in the plowed land, which consists of very hard mud and salt. The surface of this landform is naturally very messy and uneven. The changes in the comparison of the two photos before and after trampling in this sample are hardly visible. The changed areas mostly correspond to the microslopes and small peaks that have been subjected to the most pressure in each pass. The amount of changes in the landform of sandy surfaces with a small amount of vegetation is 85%, which shows the most/highest changes among the samples. The key feature of this landform is the separation of land surface materials and vegetation.

 The best and most effective way to control wind erosion is to increase vegetation to cover the land surface. The roughness of the land surface is increased by vegetation. Because it increases the friction that causes a decrease in wind speed on the surface of the ground and the carrying capacity of sediments by the wind. By determining resistant species and more adapted to dry conditions, it will be possible to establish vegetation in these areas in different non-desertification projects to control and reduce wind erosion.

 In this research, in one of the critical centers of wind erosion in Gonabad County in northeastern Iran, investigated the performance of a biological project of non-desertification operations with Haloxylon aphyllum, Haloxylon persicum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Nitraria schoberi, Atriplex canescens and annual plants in different intensities of the drought for 2004 to 2021. At first, using the RDI index, drought intensities were determined in March, April, and May in the studied period. In the next step, the maximum, average, and minimum values of NDVI, TDVI, SAVI, and EVI indices were calculated using Landsat satellite images and data processing ENVI 5.3 software in each of the covered areas by desired specie in the studied months. In the final stage, the values of these vegetation indices were compared and analyzed for drought intensities in the areas and months.

 Based on the results, in all the indices, the area covered by Seidlitzia rosmarinus had a better condition than in other areas in the very dry drought intensity and with the highest value of 0.341 in the EVI index. But in the medium and mild drought intensities, the area covered with the Haloxylon sp had a better condition than in other areas and with the highest value of 0.456 in the TDVI index. However, all studied vegetation indicators did not show any significant difference between the planted areas. In March with the very dry condition, vegetation was more dependent on the intensity of dry conditions in February. The severity of the drought in February caused the values of all vegetation indicators in March in the studied areas to be negative, except in the annual species area. In March, the SAVI index, in April TDVI index, and in May TDVI and EVI indices had better ability to distinguish vegetation cover. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that in March, there was a significant difference between high, medium, and mild dry conditions only for the TDVI index at the level of 5% and the SAVI index at the level of 1%. In April, the NDVI and SAVI indices at the level of 1% and the EVI index at the level of 5% showed a significant difference between the three dry conditions. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that in May, only the SAVI index had a significant difference at the level of 1% between the moderate and mild dry conditions.

 The results confirmed the ability of vegetation indices obtained from Landsat satellite imagery to monitor the vegetation changes due to the drought. All the indices showed changes in the vegetation in the drought conditions, but no difference was seen between the vegetation areas. The resistance of the species to drought was one of the main reasons that caused there to be no significant difference between the vegetation areas, but the difference between the drought conditions was significant. Due to the adaptation and resistance of desert species to drought conditions, their sensitivity to drought in dry and desert areas is lower than in humid areas. In the condition that February is affected by drought, the cover conditions of annual plant species in the studied area in March were better than in other areas. But in March with very dry or moderate drought conditions, the cover conditions of Seidlitzia rosmarinus species were better coverage than in other areas. Based on the results, in the continuation and occurrence of moderate to high drought in April and May, the area of Seidlitzia rosmarinus showed a better cover than in other areas. In the condition of continued drought in March, annual plants do not have a chance to grow and the species that can use the moisture reserve in the deeper soil will have more opportunity to cover the surface of the ground, which this research showed that among the species in this area, Seidlitzia rosmarinus has more ability. Therefore, the principle of mixed planting and preventing single planting in the desert restoration and non-desertification projects should be emphasized and implemented.

Given that a significant portion of Iran comprises desert landscapes, desertification presents an opportunity for local businesses and economic activities to thrive. Consequently, this research aims to investigate the individual and social factors influencing the adoption of desert sports tourism among students at Mazandaran University. The research employed the Alam Talab questionnaire (2014) as its primary tool, the validity of which was established through the input of sports tourism experts, and its reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS version 26 and PLS version 4. The results indicated that the model, with a coefficient of determination (R-squared) value of 0.114, fits as a weak model, suggesting that individual and social factors do not significantly influence the adoption of desert sports tourism among Mazandaran University students. To enhance the appeal of desert sports tourism, it is recommended to engage in effective media advertising, improve safety and security measures, offer tours with suitable and affordable amenities, and enhance the overall attractiveness of desert sports tourism to potential participants.

 This research was conducted to identify the challenges and problems of tourism management in the desert destination of Baft city.

 The research is developmental in terms of purpose and survey in terms of nature. The research's statistical population includes the Baft city council and municipality members. The number of statistical samples was calculated to be 30 people. Data was collected through interviews, and data classification and analysis were done through interpretive analysis and Maxqda software in open coding.

  From a total of 30 interview texts, 437 codes have been collected, divided into eight main categories under the title of identifying the challenges and problems of the Baft Desert tourism destination. In this way, "the lack of access to water resources" in desert areas is the highest, with 120 codes. Also, the findings indicate that tourism opportunities in desert areas should be organized based on desert geography and existing crises, marketing and development goals, local education, and human resource development. In this way, possible damages to the destination can be identified and corrected to develop as much as possible.

 It has been observed that the management of tourism in this particular destination is facing certain challenges. Therefore, the basic resources of the destination, characteristics, and competitive skills should be determined so that aligning the business goals with the long-term sustainable development goals causes the fragile destination to become an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and tourist-friendly destination.

Innovation:

 This research is the only research that has been done on tourism management in Baft city, and its results are effective in the sustainable and long-term development of tourism in this destination.

 Given that cities are climatically different; Special environmental planning is felt to manage them. Therefore, the study of the impact of political decisions on the geographical space of cities has a fundamental impact on their development and sustainability. Therefore, the relationship between politics and space in the city is one of the important topics studied by geographers of the present age. To examine these relationships, it is important to understand the conditions of natural geography. Cities are divided into three categories in terms of climate, desert cities, mountainous cities and coastal cities that have their own economic, social and environmental characteristics. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to analyze space policies in desert cities. The question that arises here is what effect do the natural geographical conditions of desert and arid cities, especially the climate, have on the type and method of policies and policies of city managers? The results show that "the type and method of spatial policies in desert and desert cities are different from other cities due to natural geographical conditions. Therefore, desert cities have special conditions and talents, and although they have some limitations compared to other cities; "But Dada's climatic conditions play a fundamental role in formulating and implementing various policies in these cities in order to achieve development and sustainability."

This research is of applied type and the method of data collection in this documentary and library research and the method of information analysis is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative methodology. In this regard, in order to achieve a correct and clear result in this research based on rational inference, an attempt has been made to explain the role of climate in urban policies.

It should be noted that spatial policies are greatly influenced by the role of natural (sustainable) environmental factors. The process of integration and unification has been economic, political and social backwardness under the long-term actions of natural space in general and components such as climate, ruggedness, size and shape of cities in particular. The function of these factors is both positive and constructive and negative and destructive, but in general in desert cities, their destructive role is more on the body of the city.From the development point of view, having different natural capabilities and also benefiting from God-given facilities and talents and how to use them show the status of urban communities in each region. Determining the levels of ownership and development of urban areas and examining the strengths and weaknesses of the conditions of each area in the economic, cultural and political fields, coordinates the optimal allocation of resources and facilities for development.

Rapid developments in today's world have made it impossible to achieve development plans without constant revision. In addition, the facilities, capabilities, and priorities of urban society are constantly changing. Therefore, with the increase in the number of cities, understanding the natural and human geography of the city and determining the extent of scarcity and imbalance at different levels becomes an inevitable necessity. In this regard, attention to climate and urban typology, due to their role in meeting the needs of urban communities and the soul and psyche of citizens, is of great importance in the spatial policy of the city and in order to develop it. Therefore, knowledge of the climate is essential for planning and managing these spaces. In general, a set of cultural, economic, political-managerial and environmental factors are involved in the formulation and implementation of space policies in desert cities. In the socio-cultural sector, the high rate of population growth is important both naturally and in the form of migration to these cities. In fact, these cities, due to their high potential for industrialization and the establishment of various industries, have been attractive to the population. . Also, the geographical and environmental characteristics of these cities mean that they are located in the plains and have a long distance with the surrounding mountains or natural dead ends due to the availability of a lot of land for construction on the one hand and not enough water for agriculture and therefore barren Lands around cities On the other hand, cities have expanded on all sides and have suffered spatial dispersion. It seems that the new projects that are being implemented in these cities have not paid attention to this issue. Drought is one of the main challenges in these areas, which can turn into a crisis if not addressed. The results show that desert and desert cities have potentials in addition to limitations and the type and method of political decisions of those in power in desert and desert cities should be special and different from other cities according to geographical conditions. Therefore, desert cities need special space policies. Since any space can have rankings in the face of various factors (natural-human), therefore, desert and desert cities, due to their special climatic conditions, also have conditions in the political, economic, cultural and environmental fields. They are special. Of course, it can not be said that desert cities only suffer from limitations and shortcomings, but also the potential of desert cities in various fields such as tourism, medicinal plants and construction of industrial factories, construction products, etc. with proper management and planning of city officials and Capital can become real. However, from a geographical point of view, due to the interrelationship between space and politics, collecting areas for business and development development in desert cities is more difficult than coastal and mountainous cities and requires organized and purposeful politico-spatial management. Therefore, the effects of climate on political, economic and cultural issues and on the formation of socio-political structures and contexts of human groups in urban areas can be examined in the context of urban space policies. To take.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Mullah Fahleh of Firoozabad region of Fars province. The standard vegetation index data of Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellites, the precipitation data and Palmer index, which are available as a remote sensing product, were extracted for 1992 to 2020 from the Google Earth Engine. Markov chain method was used to predict future vegetation changes. Using data from 1992 and 2002, the model was first run for 2020 and based on its acceptable performance (the kappa index of 75%), prediction was extended to 2030. The results showed an improving trend in vegetation status, so that the dense cover will increase from 4% in the initial period to 19% in 2030. The results of this study can help rangeland managers in the region to better exploit the region's natural resources and prevent the destruction of this ecosystem.

Geotourism is a branch of ecotourism that emphasizes the tourist value of terrestrial surface systems in line with the values of human geography. For this reason, over the past two decades, various studies and methods have been developed to identify, prioritize, and evaluate geomorphoses in various mountainous, coastal, karstic, desert, and other areas. This study aims to present and develop a comprehensive management model, to study the comprehensive dimensions of geotourism knowledge from identification, evaluation to sustainable management. In this regard, special emphasis is placed on security considerations due to the importance of guaranteeing the implementation of the geotourism management model. To the extent that if the infrastructure conditions and patterns of behavior of the natives are exploited for exploitation, in the absence of security, economic and cultural development cannot be expected from the management of geotourism. The present paper seeks to explore the study and implementation of security issues in the process of compiling and implementing the management model of geotourism in the desert and desert areas of Maranjab with the help of field and office studies. The results showed that before adjusting the components of natural and human management of Maranjab area, it is necessary to first compile the components and challenges of order and security management in this area, including the required measures (operational security, human security ...) and the implementer of this important (armed forces The Islamic Republic of Iran studied the city of Aran and Bidgol.

One of the most important energy sources in the world is solar energy, which is a renewable resource and does not cause any damage to the environment. Which all of these features justify using it as a clean energy source and economically viable cost.. Due to the relatively large area of the Iran in low latitudes and relatively dry climatic conditions, in terms of solar energy utilization it uses excellent conditions. Solar power plants are considered as power generation and transmission networks whose is important that the location features of their construction sites are effective in reducing the risk of investing in solar energy. In this study, using geographic information system and fuzzy valuation method for the criteria and method of weighing (AHP), was considered the potential of the Kavir & desert region and Makran coast for the purpose of obtaining energy from the sun. For this purpose, were used the 14 criteria related to the climatic, infrastructural, and technical and physical conditions of the area. In order to overlap the fuzzy layers were used the usual operators, Gamma, Product and also the Sum Weighted Overlay operator to compare and present the appropriate result. Each of the operators has a different sensitivity to the fuzzy overlap of the layers. For this reason, was considered the Gamma 0.9 operator, due to the high sensitivity for building power plants with high electrical power generation and the Sum Weighted Overlay operator, for the construction of smaller capacity plants. In the overlay map, using the Gamma 0.9 operator, about 2%, and in the overlay map with the weighted operator, about 33% of the study areas were found to be very suitable for the construction of solar power plants.

The geographical location of Yazd province has greatly influenced the creation of spatial and climatic diversity and the provision of appropriate facilities for the formation of various natural and cultural attractions. Nevertheless, these areas need more attention in terms of the potential of tourism development for social sustainability. This research is done with the aim of spatial analysis of tourism capacity of desert areas and its role in social sustainability, and according to its nature, it is an applied type. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Documentary and field data are used to collect data. The data were analyzed quantitatively (one-sample T-test, Pearson test and AHP and Barda methods). The findings show that according to the experts' opinion, the effective indicators in identifying tourism capacities are distance from roads, distance from historical attractions, distance from residential centers, distance from natural attractions, type and soil suitability, distance from water resources , Elevation, direction of gradient, slope, land use and precipitation. The results show that 24 percent of the total area of the area has relatively good capacity and is located in the central, eastern and northeastern parts of the province. The most important criteria that have made these areas selected as optimal areas are the density of natural-ecological elements such as the existence of diverse deserts and deserts, geotops, glacier cirques, and historical-cultural elements such as traditional water reservoirs, markets, shrines and temples And so on. Also, 26% of the area has average power, which is mostly located in the east and northeast of the province. Finally, areas with inappropriate and relatively inappropriate power are found in parts of the eastern province of Karshra that occupy 51% of the total area of the zone. The results of measuring the social sustainability status of desert and desert areas based on indicators (population distribution, transport infrastructure, immigration status and deprivation rate) show that Yazd city has the highest ranking and Ardakan, Bafgh, Mehriz , Taft Meybod and Abarkuhh moderate sustainability, and finally Khatam, Saduj and Bahabad are among the unstable and less developed cities of Yazd province. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between tourism development and social sustainability in different regions of Yazd province at 99% level. This means that areas with demographic, demographic, and low levels of social sustainability have lower attraction and tourism capabilities than other Yazd province cities.

In today's world, tourism is one of the most important tools for governments to introduce their culture to other nations using cultural, economic, social and security. One of the fundamental principles in tourism development, identification and efficient use of resources and capacities of tourism in the host society. Given that most of Iran's territory is desert, recognizing and principled way to utilize the full potential of deserts and desert, a crucial requirement of tourism development and economic and social development of the region and even the whole country. So far, there has not been fully recognize the attraction of desert areas and be more precise studies on the characteristics of these attractions as well as appropriate infrastructure for the development of the industry carried out in desert areas. Qom province as a province of desert country, has potential resources for tourism development in desert areas and wastelands. Accordingly, this paper is to identify, spatial distribution of desert and wilderness tourist attractions the province and prioritize the capabilities to develop this type of tourism is addressed.

The research method is descriptive - analytical and objective is applied. A library and field data collection (using questionnaires and site visits and direct observation) been carried out. Questionnaires using the Delphi method has been completed by experts including employees Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Qom, managers and senior staff of travel agencies and tourism city of Qom, Qom Province leaders, professors and students of tourism in Qom Province. To study the spatial distribution of tourist attractions Qom province of Getis-Ord model is used and to prioritize capacity in developing desert tourism in tourism and achieve productive economy, the ELECTRE model is used.

According to the findings of the questionnaires and surveys and field visits, Qom Province capabilities to develop tourism in desert areas is classified in 8: 1) settlements or health care; 2) adventure tourism; 3) scientific tourism; 4) sport tourism and held a variety of sports competitions; 5) Tourists visit the attractions of this region in terms of tours; 6) infrastructure and set suitable for artistic and cultural events; 7) be ecotourism and 8) the possibility of attracting public and private investments in relation to the types of tourism. In examining the spatial distribution of tourist attractions Qom province Getis-Ord model results indicated that the Zscore higher than 2.58 and equal to 17.76 is obtained the confidence level (P-value) 0.99 Distribution tourist attractions are clustered in Qom. The focus (clusters) are concentrated in three regions of Qom province that includes: 1) highway near Qom - Tehran (radius of 10 km); 2) highway near Qom - Kashan (radius of 10 km) and 3) the area around the city of Qom (radius of 20 km).Finally prioritization capabilities desert and wilderness tourism in the province based on 86 expert show The relative capabilities in tourism development in desert and wilderness of Qom, the first priority was Three capabilities that include: "Scientific tourism" with a score of ( 5 ), "the possibility of attracting public and private investments in connection with a variety of tourism" with a score of ( 3 ), and "ecotourism" with a score of ( 1 ). The second priority, two capability the same score ( -3 ) are to include "adventure tourism" and "sport tourism and held a variety of sports competitions". The third priority tourism development capabilities in desert and wilderness of Qom three capability with an included "infrastructure and set suitable for artistic and cultural events" and "Tourists visit the attractions of this region in terms of tours" with a score of ( -5 ) and finally "settlements or health care" with a score of ( -7 ) are the last priority.

Tourism with minimal pollution can lead to the development of sustainable and the significant achievements and financial security they provide. For this reason, the development of tourism as one of the components and measures are developed at a global level. Iran general and Qom specifically despite its attractions and capabilities of this subject is not innocent And will be able to optimize the use of existing capabilities and the expansion of facilities and the removal of barriers, in order to achieve an effective strides forward. Approach to religious authorities in Qom and tourism industry operators, as well as indirect support and advocacy officials atmosphere, all made to be used all the functionality Tourism Or possibly in their assessment of many activities that do not fit in the framework ignored. The result of this approach to development of tourism, one hundred percent control density tourism activities in the city of Qom Province with a religious approach and neglect of our abilities province. Continuation of this trend is not consistent with the principles and criteria for sustainable development The findings showed Qom province due to additional features and in particular natural and historical endowments, could be positive background of many legitimate activities and leisure - Tourism in the desert and wilderness areas in order to respond to the needs of leisure and other provinces and even other countries in the region provide a wide range And lead to more consistency tourists. Results showed there a lot of potential resources in desert areas Qom Province that they can use to organize and latent demand for the use of their native said, and also provide a potential target markets for tourism in the province to create diversity and distribution of tourists in the province just focused on several specific points that are currently not and the level of facilities. This will first and foremost lead to sustainable development and led some deserted areas of the capital and credit resources will increase.

"Cities" are among the phenomena of space that have a special place in geographic studies. Therefore, the interrelationship between politics and space in the city is one of the most important issues studied by political geographers of the present era. To understand these relationships, understanding the natural geography is very effective. In this paper, we try to analyze the geography of the city with emphasis on the typology of cities in terms of climate and location. The question raised here is whether the natural geographic conditions, especially the weather, are effective in the manner and policy of urban executives? In this descriptive-analytical method, this fundamental research studies the climatic conditions of desert, mountainous, coastal cities and their impacts on political, economic, cultural and environmental areas and on the decisions of power holders in general. We seek to answer the question, "How does climate influence the type and manner of policies and policy making of urban managers?" The hypothesis raised in answer to this question is that "natural geographical conditions, especially climate, in the type and method of policies." And policymaking is effective for urban managers. " The results show that the importance of recognizing the existing status of cities and their (natural) geographical location in order to plan well for the future on the one hand, and the importance of scale in achieving development with respect to the importance and necessity of policy making, on the other. That geographic space and policy development are closely linked. "

In recent decades, with the development of various methods in the field of satellite image classification and change detection, there has been an increasing advancement in choosing the best and accurate method for preparation of maps of lands use and land cover. The aim of this study is to compare some algorithms which are used in land cover classification in arid lands of Ardakan plain, Yazd. For this purpose, the satellite images of the plain were categorized into four classes of bare lands, residential areas, rangelands, agricultural and road. Then, training samples were collected by using 1: 20000 aerial photos, satellite images, and Google Earth as well as through field visits Next, considering the characteristics of the images, the land use classes in the study area were defined. After the amount of differentiation of the classes was determined, land cover classification was done through Mahalanobis distance, maximum likelihood, support vector machine, minimum distance, binary encoding, parallelepiped, neural network, and spectral angel mapper. The results of the accuracy assessment of these eight methods showed that maximum likelihood, Mahalanobis distance, and support vector machine have the best performance in land use mapping in arid lands.

Climate has always provided a suitable platform for creating political and military tensions and endangering the national security of nations. Imposed war experiences and other world wars have shown Climate science can take the fate of a great power in the war. So in this research, study of defense climatic conditions in Kavir & desert region and Makran coasts using by the Hierarchy Analysis Model)AHP( and Military Climate Index (MCI). For this purpose, were used the statistics of different meteorological parameters of 32 stations in the region during the statistical period of 30 years (1987 -2016). The results showed that most of the northern regions of the study area are in good military conditions in the spring and the southern regions in acceptable military climate. In the summer, the military situation in the northern parts of the region is relatively favorable, and conditions in the southern parts, especially in the late summer, are extremely unfavorable and extremely unpleasant. In the early of autumn, most of the northern and central parts of the region are in excellent condition, the southern of Sistan and Hormozgan provinces have inappropriate conditions, and at the end of this season, the military climate is particularly visible in the northern regions and with the onset of winter, climatic disadvantages in the northern parts of the region are rising sharply and in the late of winter, the Hormozgan province and the northeastern regions have acceptable conditions and other areas of the study area are generally very well-positioned in terms of military climate.

Demand for ecotourism caused a comprehensive planning and paying attention to the environment and preventing from its destruction, to be a necessary case. Ecotourism development principles in the desert regions, due to the special features of these regions and fragile ecosystems include the distinctive factors and standards that are more focused on the effects of natural environment for tourism. Our studied region in Yazd province located at the center of Iran with extent of 131000 km2 is the third great province of Iran where 65 % of it is composed of desert regions. In this paper, our most important question was this that "what are the appropriate indexes and criteria of measuring the sustainable ecotourism in the dry and desert regions?" and also "what is the process of identifying the appropriate indexes and criteria of ecotourism?" .This paper introduced the appropriate indexes and criteria to measure the progress toward the sustainability in the ecotourism in the desert regions by a survey based and descriptive and analytical method and feedback from the experts in Delphi method. Results of the research were examined based on the T-TEST assumed in the level of 5%. Finally , 64 cases were introduced which in the meantime 28 cases of them for assessing the environment sustainability , and 17 cases of them for assessing the economic sustainability and 19 cases of them were introduced in the desert regions that were in accordance with Iran and ecosystems of these regions .

This study is an applied research and methods considered in the project is a combination of the analytical method Isfahan province.. Expert-Choice-V11 for calculating and standards as well as the importance of software Arc GIS 10 for integrating layers and final map was produced. To better understand the current situation in terms of SWOT techniques have been used.s. The researchers sought to take advantage of the rich potential of the economy, especially tourism, paves the way for the revival of empty areas, especially villages populated by immigrants have not.The number of settlements in terms of number of 30276 people occupy the status quo; that in 9158 households in the province have been distributed. While this amount is included 16442 women and 18664 men. In addition to the settlement, the researchers zoning desired range into 5 levels, very good, good, average, poor, very poor, is based on tourism and economic criteria based on the existing capabilities identified in the province. The areas of the northwest and the southern half of the province best scope to create or strengthen settlements and settlements are available.

Determine the desert area needs to achieve the information from natural environment parameters. That their interactions are jointly involved in genesis the desert features. The aim of this research is to recognize and isolate the desert regions of central and east of Iran in the view of geomorphology and climatology. For this purpose after preparing the information layers, the desert introductions index determined in the under study region of geomorphology and climatology. So that in the geomorphology factor, faces of representing desert including sand dunes and sandy plains, sand domes, pan salt, deserts and…and in the climatic factor the rainfall, temperature and annual evaporation, irregularity, coefficient of precipitation, changes and daily precipitation average intensity identified and separated. After that with using geographical information system (GIS), each of the mentioned factors drew and in the next step variables by AHP model were valued. And after that in the GIS were combined. And finally the map of throughout the climatic and geomorphologic deserts of east and central Iran prepared. The results showed that in terms of climatic, the under study region was divided to 4 climatologic areas which the desert region area of under study land from the aspect of climate is 74925.04km, equivalent to 20 percent and in terms of geomorphology 203773 equivalent to 54.4 percent. Conformity height, slopes and slope direction with the geomorphologic and climatic deserts maps, suggest severe impact of height factor than latitude in local wide variations of climate factor and the impact of these elements on specification and forms of dry and semi dry regions and developing the deserts regions area. According to the climate deserts map, implantation of dry and semi dry areas in locations which face with the desert and semi desert is evidence to regional climate affected the topography conditions of east and half central Iran.

The major natural tourism attractions of every country or estate are considered as main capitals for development of ecotourism. Deserts are mentioned as one of the appropriate tourism attractions in Iran wherein are enriched by historical, cultural and natural characteristics and are capable of attracting many of eco-tourists annually. This investigation aims at examining the characteristics of deserts in order to identify and prioritize the influential factors in attracting foreign tourists to mentioned regions. Besides, according to theories of motivation and factors of attracting tourism to destinations, the tourist reaction and response is variable relying on economic, social, cultural, natural and environmental changes. This investigation highlights a case study on desert regions of Sadeq Abad, Bafgh. Accordingly the cross-sectional method is implemented and the statistical sample contains intakes of foreign tourists to the region of Sadeq Abad until Oct 2014, relatively numbers of 200 foreign tourists are randomly selected for the study. The main data collection method is the use of questionnaires and data are analyzed through factor analysis and the Friedman test. Likewise, the data analysis result illustrates total of seven factors with 56.83 percentage of variance in which mentioned factors are named as: health, natural, sports-entertainment, Services - Infrastructure, information and advertisements, economic, social-cultural elements. Similarly, the Friedman test proves that based on the average rate of 6.10 the social factor is the most significant factor from tourists’ point of view and it is due to security matter and following the social factor, the second and third important factors in attracting tourists to desert regions of Sadeq Abad are the factors of natural and training with the average rate of 6.08 and sports-entertainment with the average rate of 4.32 percentage.

By hearing the name of desert، more than anything else، cruel، coarse and dry environment is imagined. In the general approach، desert is known as an ecosystem with water scarcity، rare of plant cover and sand covered areas. The opposite of this approach rises from a systematic approach to the desert landscape which involves high potential of desert with special socioeconomic conditions and eco-geomorphic landforms. In the cultural perspective، the deserts are cradle of prophets of Allah. Revelation voice has been received by messengers in the sand dunes، desert caves and dust storms. So، deserts are natural-cultural heritages for each land. In this article، the capability of desert as a great source for ecotourism activities which leads to sustainable development of these environments has been reviewed. In order to analyze the data، indicators of economic، environmental and social have been recognized using expert opinion. Factor analysis was used for interpreting the data. The results of the factor analysis showed that five factors contribute to the development، physical development، environmental awareness، population growth and rising land prices. The present study was designed to investigate and assess various aspects of ecotourism، sustainable desert، while taking advantage of a library of information and resources. This research was carried out with the help of the Delphi algorithm to determine the objectives and various aspects of sustainable ecotourism in Iran. Taking advantage of the experts، dimensions and indicators of ecotourism was determined according to Table 3. For the method 15 experts in five universities (Tehran، Mashhad، Isfahan، Yazd and Shiraz) were selected and a questionnaire was filled. People were asked to answer the aspects (both positive and negative) of developing ecotourism in arid desert country in three ecological (environmental)، economic and social issues. The data of experts، the economic component of 11، 23 and 14 elements of environmental and social factors were identified and separated. As mentioned in the methodology، in order to examine ecotourism impacts on wilderness areas، 11 economic components، and 23 social components and 14 environmental components were identified. Factor analysis was used to determine their effects. The first step is to ensure the correct application of this method. KMO of the tool was equal to 0. 795. The value demonstrates acceptable internal consistency of the components. Bartlett''s test with a significance level of acceptable (sig <0. 000) components showed suitable for performing factor analysis. Table 1. Results KMO and Bartlett''s test for performance analysis Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 0. 759 Bartlett''s Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1. 312 Df 435 Sig 0. 000 Ecotourism potential in arid areas is important to achieve stable development and become an important component of economic development in the deserts. The recent spread of tourism in desert areas has resulted in many positive and negative effects. The present study examines the effects of ecotourism on the sustainable development of desert areas. Thus، 44 elements in three groups of economic، social and environmental issues were studied. Results showed that the first factor، the development of partnerships، particularly with the amount of 8. 355، 24. 325% of the total variance is explained by the components. The highest value of this factor that increase people''s participation in natural resource management on the sustainable development of ecotourism is for desert. The amount of 6. 534، 17. 031% of the variance components are allocated to managing physical changes. Therefore، this component represents the physical changes that may contribute to the development of ecotourism in desert areas. Increase in the environmental awareness has the value of 5. 721، 12. 304% of the total variance and factors influencing its components are associated with providing public and professional educational opportunities. Population growth factor with a value of 3. 598، explain about 8. 5% of the total variance. Ultimately، increase in the amount of land prices، especially 2. 3، accounted for about 7. 6% of the total variance of the variables. Evaluation results show that ecotourism combine positive and negative impacts and host communities and local natural heritage. The challenges of ecological tourism expand it، without destroying the natural attractions. Obviously، the development of ecotourism in sensitive natural areas with a lack of proper planning and management can be a threat to the integrity of ecosystems and cultures.

Desert is one of the formic landscapes in the geomorphology of Iran. In spite of some ideas that consider this landscape unit as a type of wild land landscape، it is a geomorphic landscape itself. About 46. 5 percent of the surface of Yazd province is made up of deserts and wild lands. The existence of such an extent of dry areas makes it necessary to pay attention to the potentials of the mentioned regions in the areas of land use planning. Therefore recognition and identification of this landscape and preparation of the development plans for utilizing them is inevitable. Yazd province has 15 desert holes including Abarkooh، Siahkooh، Marvast، Tarigh o Reza، Taghestan، Bahadoran، Daranjir، Lootak، Porodeh، SiahTagh، Talle Hamid، Abgir، Allah Abad، Goorabkhoor، Saghand. In spite of their similarities in the concept of desert، they have different disparities and act as an effective component in their utilization or space organizing. The purpose of this article، which is taken from a research design in Azad University of Meybod in Yazd، is to express the disparity of the deserts of Yazd province and modeling their effects on their methods of preparation and utilization which can be summarized as the following: - Classifying the deserts of Yazd province according to the criteria of earth morphology and their specific spatial characteristics - Determining the preparation priorities of the deserts of Yazd province according to indicators and spatial patterns

In order to improve the performance of tourism development in a desert town like khour and Byabanak according to its potential, using appropriate strategies would be increasingly necessary. In this paper, after finding the strengths and weakness, opportunities and threats, besides analyzing the views of tourism experts, with using SWOT technique, the appropriate strategies are offered for optimal utilization. The results obtained from quantitative strategic planning show that strategy SO1, is the best strategy, and ST2and SO5 are respectively the second and the third. Finally after declaring the strategies, some suggestions have been presented to promote tourism qualitatively and quantitatively. Then By tourism development in this town we can acquire to Socio- economical development in this region.