جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « income distribution » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The goal of the current research was the short-term and long-term effects of energy consumption in the industrial sector on inequality. The present research method is descriptive and non-experimental. The statistical population was Iran's information and statistics, based on the requirements of the research variables and based on the available statistics, the data of the years 1361 to 1395 was determined as the statistical sample of the research. The amount of energy consumption (oil, gas, solid fuels and electricity) in the country's industries was used as an independent variable, and information related to the Gini coefficient, the share of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%, and the average index of the total annual income of an urban/rural household were used as the dependent variables of the research.. ARDL regression model was used in Eviews10 software to analyze research hypotheses. The obtained results showed that in the long term, the consumption of energy in the industrial sector has a significant negative effect, and the consumption of electricity in the industrial sector has a positive and significant effect on the Gini coefficient. In the long term, the consumption of solid fuels and electricity in the industrial sector has a negative and significant effect on the share index of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%. Also, in the long term, the effect of consumption of petroleum products and electricity has had a significant positive effect on the average income of urban and rural areas. Energy consumption in the industrial sector of a country can help to reduce poverty in the country by increasing the income of the working class and the lower deciles of the society and make the distribution of income fair. In this context, cheap energies have had a better effect, but expensive energies have provided contradictory results.

Considering the importance of financial development in reducing inequality based on the economic literature , importance of income distribution and fair division of resource and facilities between various social groups and elimination of inequality in Iran’s provinces, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and income distribution in Iran’s provinces, based on the dynamic panel models and using Generalized Method of Moment(GMM) estimator in the time period of 2006 - 2015. The underlying provinces are divided into three groups as developed, less developed and undeveloped based on the index of Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade. The results indicate that there is a negative and linear relationship between financial development and inequality in all groups of provinces, so it can be said that the higher level of financial development reduces inequality. It should be noted that the impact of financial development on reducing inequality in provinces has an inverse relationship with their development level so that this effect in undeveloped provinces is more than two other groups. On the other hand, results show that there are not enough evidences supporting the non-linear inverted U-shaped hypothesis between financial development and inequality in Iran’s provinces in the period of study.

Tourism industry plays an important role in the countries particularly in developing countries. Tourism has a considerable impact on distributing income especially in developing countries where more foreign exchange resources are required. This paper aims to describe tourism development role in Iran and its role in decreasing poverty through income channels. Gini coefficient and convergence method were applied to investigate tourism expenditures impacts on rich and poor households since 1979 to 2015. Results indicate that tourism causes providing income resources for poor people. Therefore, income distribution through tourism services channels (hotels, restaurant) positively influences poverty alleviation and increase of government expenditure and exchange fluctuations negatively influences poverty alleviation.

Cardinal welfare index is one of the indices for measuring horizontal regional equity. This index is calculated based on the income data of regions’ per capita and regional imbalance coefficient and the economical welfare level of regions. In this paper, Amartya Sen welfare index and tension function of social welfare have been used from 2011for measuring the intensity of spatial imbalance of social welfare in provinces of Iran. The research findings indicate that the highest level of welfare per capita in provinces of Iran is related to Tehran, Bushehr and Markazi provinces, and the lowest level is related to Sistan and Baluchestan province. Also, the findings show that the rank of tax per capita and average of tax rate of most no-welfare provinces is higher than the rank of income per capita that this subject is placed against the tax fairness principles in taxation. Therefore, comprehensive development approach; based on capabilities, relative advantages, capabilities and regional limitations; is needed in order to make a balanced and equal development of different areas. On the other hand, the government can improve the unequal status inside the provinces and among different provinces by adopting appropriate redistribution policies. In this way, the policy of modifying tax system of Iran can be recommended.