جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « loyalty » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The present study raised the issue of satisfaction with physical-spatial indicators of sustainability in the degree of satisfaction and loyalty of residents to the city, and the importance of sustainability indicators from the perspective of citizens and the performance of the city in their objective and subjective determination were investigated. The statistical population is the central population of Tabriz metropolis and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. Questionnaires were analyzed using IPA and SEM methods. Considering the network analysis in the IPA method and specifying the priorities and importance and performance of the indicators, the findings were synchronized and analyzed using structural equations. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) fit indices, such as chi-square statistic (x2/FD) = 2.365, goodness of fit index (GFI = 0.961), comparative fit index (CFI = 0.972), fit index smoothed (NFI=0.936), Tucker-Lewis index (Tli=0.959), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA=0.029), and root mean square of standardized data (SRMR=0.035) was obtained. The value of RMSEA is less than 0.1, which indicates a very good fit of the model. The results show that resident satisfaction mediates the relationship between perceived overall performance and resident loyalty; the relationship between perceived overall importance and resident loyalty is mediated by perceived overall performance and resident satisfaction, and sustainable city performance increases people's understanding of sustainable development and increases people's understanding of sustainable development and residents' loyalty to the place of residence. The result was presented in the form of strategies in five content areas (access system, physical-spatial, landscape, activity and performance organization and urban use) and three procedural areas (legal, economic and urban management).

One of the main factors in the development of tourism in any region is the satisfaction of tourists. Given the multiplicity of tourist needs as factors in attracting and developing tourism, the development of this sector requires the recognition of these needs and their provision by the destination. Acquiring the satisfaction of tourists requires measuring their satisfaction and recognizing the dimensions and factors affecting it. Accordingly, in the present study, the satisfaction of tourists from Kurdistan province and the factors influencing it have been studied. The present study was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study included all tourists who visited Kurdistan province in the research season in 1397, and finally, using the Cochran's formula, the sample size of 160 questionnaires was determined. The data collection method was library and field. Findings show that men are more satisfied than women and there is no significant difference between the age and education of tourists and their satisfaction; But there is a significant relationship between the job and economic status of tourists and their satisfaction. Research shows that the most important motivation for traveling to this province is to visit ecotourism attractions. Although the province's tourist attractions have been able to satisfy tourists; However, due to the weakness in services and amenities, the satisfaction of tourists is low. Research shows that the most important motivation for traveling to this province is to visit ecotourism attractions. The most important reason for tourists to enter this province is due to its suitable climate. Those who have traveled to the province in the past have also been interested in future trips.

Today, many business processes are embedded in the electronic space, and many services are now offered in cyberspace. The rapid growth of the Internet has also dramatically changed the operating environment of the tourism industry. Service centers, as one of the most important elements of the tourism industry, provide a variety of electronic services to tourists through their portals. In the early years of the development of the Internet and e-business, organizations and companies sought to develop more portals, increase web pages and attract more visitors to their portal, but in the year Recently, improving the quality of portal services has become a higher priority. Considering the importance of satisfying stakeholders in the field of tourism and the need to create competition between tourism centers, this study, based on studies and theoretical perspectives, has developed a conceptual framework and identified components of satisfaction and loyalty of electronic portals. Content analysis used. Based on the available literature, different models have been used to measure the quality of portal services. One of the most comprehensive and advanced models is the EQual model. This model is the result of 4 edited versions of WebQual models. The results of research conducted using this model confirm its high capability in measuring the quality of electronic services. This model has three dimensions: "usability", "information quality" and "service interaction".

Destination marketing is one of many ways to inform tourists about the destination. However, by creating a positive image in the minds of tourists, it provides the basis for loyalty and, ultimately, the promotion of the destination's competitiveness. In this, the emotional and attitudinal connection between the tourist and the destination plays a key role. This research examines the relationship between the image of the destination and the tourist's relationship with the destination and loyalty. For this purpose, the tourist's relationship with the destination has been considered with three dimensions of trust, dependence, and satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach:

 The upcoming research is descriptive in terms of its objective and descriptive method; The collection of information has been done in the library and field based on a questionnaire tool. The data was obtained from 212 tourists of Golestan province, and the structural equation method was used in the data analysis using SPSS and LISREL 8.8 software.Findings The results of the hypothesis analysis show that the image of the destination is positively related to tourist satisfaction. The image of the destination is an essential factor in tourist satisfaction. If tourists have a higher mental image of the destination, they will be more satisfied with that place. Destination image has a positive effect on tourist loyalty through satisfaction. Finally, it can be said that satisfaction and destination image are both variables that can lead to behavioral intentions.

According to the statistical analysis, the obtained result shows a positive and significant relationship between the image of the destination and trust, but trust does not affect loyalty. Also, the results show that the image of the destination is positively related to dependence on the destination, and there is a significant relationship between dependence on the destination and loyalty. Finally, the results of the hypothesis analysis show that both destination image and tourist loyalty are recognized as critical elements in achieving competitiveness for tourism destinations. Also, the image of the destination affects attitudinal and behavioral loyalty. In other words, the more positive the tourists' cognitive, emotional and general characteristics of the destination, the higher their loyalty to the destination will be at both attitudinal and behavioral levels.

Originality/value: 

This study confirms that attachment to a tourist destination results from the tourist's cognitive perception and emotional evaluation of the destination.

Security is one of the most basic needs for tourists, and its lack is a big challenge to attract tourists, especially foreign tourists. Since the purpose of tourists from traveling is to gain mental and emotional peace; the lack of social security will decrease the acceptance of tourists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between social security indicators on the loyalty of foreign tourists in Shiraz.

applied research and its method is based on descriptive-analytical method. In order to collect the required data, documentary and field methods (questionnaire) have been used. The statistical population was tourists visiting Shiraz city in 2018. The sampling method was random and multi-stage cluster type. To measure the social security of tourists, 43 items have been used in the form of 4 indicators. Also, data analysis has been done using T, correlation coefficient and regression analysis methods.

The results of the research show that 4 social security indicators are above the average level from the point of view of tourists, and there is a strong and statistically significant correlation between the social security indicators. In the end, among the loyalty factors, the travel experience component with a value of 0.319 had the largest share among other loyalty factors. The results of the research show that 4 social security indicators are above the average level from the point of view of tourists, and there is a strong and statistically significant correlation between the social security indicators. In the end, among the loyalty factors, the travel experience component with a value of 0.319 had the largest share among other loyalty factors.

One of the most important factors that can affect the loyalty of tourists is the security of the destination. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of security on the loyalty of foreign tourists in Shiraz with the mediating role of satisfaction and destination image.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive and survey based on the nature and method. Research data were collected in the field through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is foreign tourists visiting the city of Shiraz in 2019. The sample size was estimated to be equal to 200 tourists according to the Cochran’s formula and a simple random method was used to distribute the questionnaire. Data collected based on descriptive and inferential statistics methods have been analyzed.

The results showed that Security with a coefficient of 0.20 directly and with a coefficient of 0.07 with the mediating role of the destination image and with a coefficient of 0.26 with the mediating role of satisfaction has a positive effect on the loyalty of foreign tourists in Shiraz. The overall effect of security on the loyalty of foreign tourists is equal to 0.53.

With the increase in the level of security and the improvement of this factor in the city of Shiraz, we will see an increase in the loyalty of foreign tourists to this city, which will lead to the further prosperity of the tourism industry of this city.

Today, due to time constraints, customers are looking for service providers that provide them with convenient search and easy access and shopping. This indicates an important role in the convenience of services. On the other hand, creating and maintaining an effective and long-term relationship between supplier and customer is very important and the emphasis of organizations on marketing investment is relational marketing. This study examined the relationship between service convenience, relational capital, and loyalty with the case of visitors of the National Museum of Iran. All visitors to the National Museum of Iran who have visited the museum during the research period constitute the present research population. Sample size was determined using Cronbach's sample size formula of 341 individuals and sampling was done by available sampling method. In this study, the analysis was performed using structural equation modeling using Smart PLS 3 software and partial least squares method. The results show that the benefit convenience and post-benefit convenience have a positive effect on the perceived relationship capital by visitors to national museum of Iran. Also, perceived relationship capital has a positive effect on the loyalty of visitors to Iran's national museums. Finally, suggestions based on the results of the research as well as suggestions for future research are provided

Understanding how tourist loyalty is formed and at what level this loyalty is, has become a principle for tourism destinations marketing management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of loyalty of cultural heritage tourists to Ramsar destination with emphasis on loyalty stages. The statistical population of the study was visitors to Ramsar cultural heritage. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384. The sampling method was non-random convenience. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by formal validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.866). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 software. The findings indicated that the level of loyalty was approximately equal in all four stages, but conative loyalty (Stage Three: Trust Variable) was higher than other stages. Also, the level of Attitudinal loyalty was slightly higher than behavioral loyalty. Based on these findings, conclusions were made and suggestions were made to increase the level of loyalty and bring it closer to practical loyalty. Understanding how tourist loyalty is formed and at what level this loyalty is, has become a principle for tourism destinations marketing management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of loyalty of cultural heritage tourists to Ramsar destination with emphasis on loyalty stages. The statistical population of the study was visitors to Ramsar cultural heritage. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384. The sampling method was non-random convenience. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by formal validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.866). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 software. The findings indicated that the level of loyalty was approximately equal in all four stages, but conative loyalty (Stage Three: Trust Variable) was higher than other stages. Also, the level of Attitudinal loyalty was slightly higher than behavioral loyalty. Based on these findings, conclusions were made and suggestions were made to increase the level of loyalty and bring it closer to practical loyalty.

Marketing is very important for travel agencies by attracting and retaining tourists. Due to the importance of selling products to tourism travel agencies, the use of customer persuasion techniques for these companies will also be of particular importance. Persuasion is rooted in social psychology topics with a variety of techniques, each of which has a particular impact on customer persuasion. The purpose of this study is to design a paradigm model based on customer persuasion techniques in the field of tourism Due to the fact that the method of this research is qualitative, in the first stage, the theoretical foundations of the research were collected by referring to books and articles in the field of marketing and tourism. In the next stage, the opinions of tourism experts were collected through open interviews, which included professors of marketing, cultural heritage and tourism organization, and managers of tourism offices, which were analyzed using MAXQDA 2020 software. The research findings led to the identification of 596 initial codes of 28 sub-categories and 11 central categories. The results of this study ultimately led to the design of a paradigm model of convincing customers of tourism companies based on the techniques and principles of persuasion and its consequences on customers' behavior.

Customer loyalty is one of the main goals of all businesses. Considering the importance of tourism and the potential of Iran, it is necessary to have a profound and scientific look at the tourism activities within the country. On the other hand, studies have been conducted in various areas, including loyalty to the hotel, as travel has increased, on the one hand, and businesses in tourism, in particular hotels. The present study evaluates and analyzes the meta-analysis of articles presented in the country with the topic of loyalty of tourists to Iran hotels. The approach of this research is qualitative and after analyzing and reviewing articles, a general and categorized assessment of the factors affecting the loyalty of tourists to Iranian hotels is presented. Elements of service quality, quality of customer relationship, complementary services, organizational citizenship behavior and customer experience management have been obtained as influential variables on hotel loyalty in tourism.

In this research, the brand personality marketing model has been presented in order to increase customer loyalty in tourism destinations. The research method is applied and in terms of approach, he is exploratory-explanatory and the research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative part includes experts and experts in urban management and tourism and in the quantitative part includes domestic tourists entering Kish Island in the summer of 1399; From the first group, 13 samples were selected by targeted snowball method and from the second group, 85 samples were selected by simple random method. In this research, for data analysis in the qualitative part, Grounded theory was used and in the quantitative part, structural equation modeling was used. Findings based on the data theory of the foundation in the qualitative section showed that marketing factors through 5 elements of service / product, price, advertising, promotion and location and management factors through 3 components of effective leadership, human resource management and tourism policies create brand personality in Kish Island; And the personality of the created brand also creates urban branding. Also, infrastructure such as accommodation-health services, transportation and food (restaurants) as background conditions and environmental capabilities such as political and security, economic and socio-cultural factors as interfering factors affect urban branding in Kish Island and finally It causes loyalty to the brand, which will be beneficial for both tourists and Kish Island. Quantitative findings also confirm the findings of the qualitative section; As the results of structural equation modeling showed, at 95% confidence level of marketing and management on brand personality; Brand personality, environmental factors and infrastructure on urban branding; And urban branding affects brand loyalty.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting customers’ loyalty to the ecolodges of Birjand, Sarbisheh, and Khosf. The study was a survey and used library and questionnaire for collecting data. The statistical population of the study includes tourists who resided in the ecolodges of Birjand, Sarbisheh, and Khosf. The sample size in this study was 250 people, using Cochran method. In addition to descriptive statistics like frequency distribution, inferential statistical tests were used to analyze the data. The results showed tangible factors (with Pearson statistic 0.678), credibility factor (with Pearson statistic 0.586), confidence factor (with Pearson statistic 0.146), accountability factor (with Pearson statistic 0.485), empathy factor (with Pearson statistic 0.586), and the factor of loyalty (Pearson statistic 0.394) on the loyalty of tourists to ecotourism resorts is positive and significant. In this study, the factors affecting the loyalty of tourists to ecotourism resorts in Birjand, Sarbisheh, and Khosaf were evaluated based on the six components of tangible factors: credibility, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, and loyalty. Given that there is a significant relationship between customer confidence and loyalty factors, training courses are needed to improve employee behavior. Also, the responsiveness factor has the greatest impact on customer loyalty. The relationship between tourist loyalty and the factor of confidence is less than other factors, however, to maintain and improve this position, measures are needed to gain the confidence of tourists. Providing desirable services to tourists improves the perceived value of services and thus provides tourists with satisfaction and ultimately increases their loyalty to the residence.

In today's competitive market, returning tourists to destinations is one of the most important goals of tourism managers. This descriptive-analytical kind study done based on documentary and field studies. The main aim of this study is analysis of factors affecting tourist loyalty to historical attractions of Sari ancient region. The field surveys included the distribution of questionnaires and Gathering votes of 360 tourists visiting the area. In this study, components such as heritage capacities, managerial performance and tourism infrastructures are examined. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by several academic colleagues and the reliability of the tool was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (.952). SPSS statistical software was used for data processing, and t-test, Mann-Whitney and linear regression were used for data analysis. The results show that loyalty is in favorable situation from tourist's viewpoint and gender does not affect loyalty. The destination cultural heritage capacities is the most influential factor on the loyalty variable, which is related to the multiplicity and diversity of heritage attractions. It can also be concluded that improving infrastructure status will have a positive impact on cultural heritage tourism development and increasing tourist's loyalty.

Increasing the interest of tourists in nature tourism in recent years is a clear vision for the development of ecotourism in our country. For the survival of this type of tourism, loyalty is the most important component of the survey. But the expansion of the market and the promotion of loyalty to tourists depend on factors. The quality of services, the quality of aesthetics, and positive experience can be cited as the main drivers of loyalty in forest-based tourism. The northern bar of the country is prone to nature-based tourism. The studied area is one of the most popular forests of Savadkou in Mazandaran province. The main objective of this research is to study the components of the quality of aesthetics, service quality, positive experience on loyalty of the region. The research method is descriptive and analytical and in terms of its purpose. .

Loyalty is a substantially important concept in the hotel industry, because the majority of sectors in this industry have reached saturation (Bowen & Shoemaker, 2003); and given the expansion of global market competitions, many hotels are now facing numerous challenges in retaining their customers (Ganesh, Arnold, & Reynolds, 2000). In this regard, leading the customer loyalty through an approach of creating relations with the customer has transformed into a market strategy for the majority of services offered by hotels. Meanwhile, Mashhad is the biggest and most important pilgrimage city in Iran with more than 25 million tourists travelling to the city per year for pilgrimage and visiting tourist destinations. Given the considerable capabilities of the city in tourist attraction as a result of Imam Reza Holy Shrine’s location in the city, paying attention to the needs of tourists in line with retaining them is of utmost importance. Accommodation is one of the most important issues with regards to the loyalty and length of stay of tourists. Considering the few number of high-quality, five-star hotels in Mashhad, it is important for these establishments to focus on their customers’ return in the future. Consequently, the present study seeks to analyze the effective factors on loyalty and length of stay of tourists at Mashhad’s five-star hotels.

Given the extensive interpersonal relations between service providers and customers within the services sector, loyalty plays a substantial role. Customer loyalty results in increased market share, increased capital return rate, and higher profitability for service providers (Baloglu, 2002). Accordingly, a number of questions are posed by researchers and marketing agents with respect to hotels’ capital return via expenditure in line with increasing the quality of services and customer satisfaction (Zeithaml & Parasuraman, 1996). Normally, customers are always seeking quality, regardless of how much they intend to spend to receive such a quality (Gitomer, 1998). Researchers believe that increasing the quality of services and customer satisfaction are factors that lead to higher customer loyalty and their second return to the hotel (Runting, 2004). Therefore, satisfaction directly influences loyalty, because the level of one’s satisfaction affects their future intents on reviewing a certain destination or recommending it to others. (Rajaratnam, Munikrishnan, Sharif, & Nair, 2014; Romão, Neuts, Nijkamp, & Shikida, 2014; Song, van der Veen, & Chen, 2012; Ţabkar, Brenčič, & Dmitrović, 2010; Yoon & Uysal, 2005; Seyyed Hassan Motiei Langeroudi, Ferdowsi, & Shahmohammadi, 2017).

The inquiry is a quantitative study in which data collection was carried out using library data and surveys (questionnaires). Field studies were carried out. The total population of the study included tourists staying at five-star hotels in Mashhad during the aforementioned period. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample population was indicated as 354 individuals. The availability sampling method was used for questionnaire distribution. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using combined reliability. The validity of the questionnaire was assed via convergent and divergent validity. For data collection, structural equation modelling with the partial least squares regression method was employed in addition to the use of descriptive statistic indices such as frequency distribution. The examined variables in this study included general factors, credibility, assurance, accountability, empathy, and loyalty,

The study showed that the first hypothesis was confirmed with a path coefficient of 0.788 and significance value of 38.636. The second hypothesis for evaluating the effect of credibility on tourist loyalty and length of stay had a path coefficient of 0.823 and significance value of 40.809 which demonstrates its positive, significant effect on said variables. Moreover, the third hypothesis was also confirmed with a path coefficient of 0.703 and significance value of 19.768. The fourth hypothesis on the effect of accountability was confirmed as well, with a path coefficient of 0.717 and significance value of 20.698. Additionally, the fifth hypothesis had a path coefficient of 0.640 and significance value of 15.739, showing the effect of empathy on tourist loyalty and length of stay. Finally, the sixth hypothesis was confirmed with a path coefficient of 0.725 and significance value of 22.882.

The results showed that general factors involving indices such as satisfaction over hotel restaurants, rooms, adornment, and transportation had a significant, positive effect on tourist loyalty and length of stay. The credibility component which encompasses indices such as hotel peacefulness according to expectation, the extent of satisfaction over hotel services compared to the advertised materials, reception of all expected services, and proper behavior of hotel staff has a positive and significant effect on tourist loyalty and length of stay. Moreover, the assurance component with indices, including the behavior of hotel staff in line with encouragement, accommodation and trust towards organizational structures has a positive and significant effect on tourist loyalty and length of stay. Accordingly, the accountability component with indices including the personnel’s urgent addressing of issues and requests with appropriate behavior and their welcoming attitudes to grievances and criticism has a positive, significant effect as well. The empathy component with indices such as responding to requests outside regulations, personnel’s respectful behavior towards guests, and expressing all mental concerns related to the hotel and its personnel’s behavior has a positive, significant effect on tourist loyalty and length of stay. Ultimately, the loyalty component involving indices such as choosing the hotel for the second time given the present travelling conditions and choosing other hotels in case of a second trip to the city has a positive, significant effect on tourist loyalty and length of stay.

Recently, rural tourism is a type of tourism that has the capacity to attract tourists along with rural development by making surplus income, providing a better quality of life for residents, and improving infrastructures. Regarding the mediating role of overall satisfaction in the rural tourism industry, this study investigates the relationship between the factors of sustainable competitive advantages and loyalty through a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population of the research involves all visitors of Golestan province villages. The statistical sample comprises 386 tourists based on Krejcie and Morgan Table. A questionnaire is used for data collection, and a pre-test is applied to test its validity and reliability. The validity of the survey is confirmed by content methods, tools, and constructs, and its reliability is confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. The authors, while thoroughly reviewing the theoretical foundations and selecting the members of the statistical sample using simple random sampling, have tested the research hypotheses by a structural equation modeling method. Using LISREL 8.8 software, the results of the structural equation model show that there is a significant relationship between factors such as quality, value, image, and satisfaction and dependent variables of overall satisfaction and loyalty.

As a major architectural and civil treasury in Iran, Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex is characterized by numerous capacities and capabilities. Today, lack of proper attention to perceptive contexts, values, and significances; and valuing it based on its material aspect, has led to unprecedented decrease in meaning and perception weight. This problem leaves visitors frustrated in receiving meaningful messages, leading to decreased place attachment, and reduced loyalty; making them liable to abandon or feel less socially committed. Absence of customers, would make the Bazaar of Tabriz functionally and structurally erroted; having adverse effects on its life. This research is to determine the effects of perceptive contexts, and the demensions of place attachment, on tourists’ place-satisfaction, and active loyalty in Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex. This is an applied research with a descriptive-analytical nature and method. Research data were collected from library and field studies. We bnefited from questionnaires, the validity of which were approved in a facial way, and their reliability, using Cronbach's alpha (0.808). In addition, the research sample was determined using Cochran Formula with 5% error and 95% confidence level. Research sample includes 364 subjects. Spearman's coefficient, and multivariate regression model were employed to analyze the data. Findings and Research findings show that all the studied variables are powerful in determining the variance of place attachment in the Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex in tourists’ eyes. Accordingly, all variables are significant if Coefficient of Determination (R2) were near 1; t-value, greater than 2.33; and β or beta coefficient were at Ƥ2=0.127)- is highly affective in directly determining active loyalty of the tourist in this Bazaar. Attention to the perceptive contexts and features of place attachment -with respect to its significance in terms of tourists' satisfaction and active loyalty- can affect protection methods; leading to effective and targeted presence of tourists and endurance and persistence of Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex; being considered as points of innovations in the present research.

Destination's brand is located at the center of marketing strategies of destination  management organization. Because it is the consumer commitment to other’s advice towards travel to that destination or returning to the destination. Socio - cultural factors is introduced as one of the key and influential factors in consumer behavior model. The goal of this paper is measurement the effect of the four factors such as culture, family, reference group and social class on destination brand loyalty .The statistical society is domestic tourists in Esfahan and the sample size was 242 persons. According to research purpose, this study is an applied one and based on the research strategy, it is a surveying one  and questionnaire has been used to collect data. By using SPSS & AMOS software, independent t-test & structural equation modeling, the influence of seven independent factors (family, reference group, social class & four cultural dimensions of "Hoftsed" including Masculinity versus Femininity, collectivism versus individualism, performance orientation and power distance) were measured. The results indicated only four variables of seven independent variables affect destination brand loyalty. Reference group by 0.74 has ranked first following social class by 0.35, masculinity versus femininity by 0.33 and family by 0.26 have ranked second, third and fourth respectively. Also results indicated that upper class and upper middle class are more loyal than lower class and lower middle class.

Introduction Growing needs of city-dwellers to amusement and rest environments and most importantly, the movement of millions of tourists throughout the year, increases the necessity and importance of research on aspects of the tourism industry. One of the popular topics in the tourism literature is the subject of destination image, since it affects the individual’s subjective perception and consequent behavior and ultimately destination choice. Destination image is composed of individual’s beliefs and impressions about a state. Tourists who visit the city want a real experience, and if their experience does not fulfill their expectations, they will never visit a place again. Because always there are places that provide a better visit experiences which try to attract those tourists. The understanding of visitor images is an important subject and urban tourism researchers are always looking for its evaluation. Because attracting tourists to revisit and to recommend the destination to others is crucial for the success of destination tourism development. The various types of destination image include cognitive, affective and unique images. The evaluations of overall image and its components would be different; therefore, both should be measured to better understand the relative position of a destination. Generally, it is accepted that destination image affects the behavior of tourists. Destination experience is considered as a product and tourists may choose to revisit or recommend it to friends and relatives. In this regard, this study is aiming to clarify the component dimensions of the city image and measure Tabriz image from the perspective of tourists, evaluate the relationships between types of image (e.g., cognitive, affectiveæ and unique images), the visitors’ overall image and future behavior.
Methodology The target population of this study was the domestic visitors who had chosen Tabriz as a travel destination. The required data were collected using a questionnaire. The sample size consisted of 384 people estimated by applying Cochrane formula for uncertain statistical society. The survey questionnaire consists of two sections. The first section included questions related to the characteristics of tourists including age, gender, level of education, and location, and the travel behavior items including the number of trips, purpose for the trip, and the length of stay. The second section was developed to assess the respondents’ cognitive, unique, affective, and perceptions of overall image of Tabriz. This choice of dimensions was based on the relevant theoretical literature, as well as the empirical studies that analyze the factors determining image forming of a city. To assess cognitive image, 42 items, and to assess unique image 17 items were selected, and the respondents were asked to rate Tabriz as a travel destination on each of the items on a 5-point Likert scale where 1= strongly Disagree; 2= disagree; 3= neutral; 4= agree; and 5= strongly Agree. Affective image was measured by using Semantic differential scales. The scale included four bipolar scales: arousing/sleepy, pleasant\unpleasant, exciting\gloomy, and relaxing\distressing. A 5-point scale was used for all four bipolar scales where 1= arousing and 5 = sleepy, 1 = pleasant and 5 = unpleasant, 1= exciting and 5 = gloomy, and 1 = relaxing and 5 = distressing. In addition, to assess Tabriz overall image, the respondents were asked to rate their perception of overall image of Tabriz on a 5-point scale with 1 = very negative and 5 = very positive. Moreover, two questions were considered to determine the respondents’ intention to revisit Tabriz and the respondents’ intention to recommend Tabriz as a favorable destination to others with a 5-point Likert scale (1= most unlikely; 5= most likely). Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling (SEM) using SPSS and SmartPLS softwares.
Results The results of the structural equations confirmed the previous studies’ results concerning the effect of types of image on overall image and the effect of overall image on the tourists’ behavioral intentions. The results showed that the unique image, cognitive image, and effective image had 0.25, 0.22, 0.21 standard coefficients, respectively, and that they had a positive impact on the overall image. In addition, the overall image acts as an mediating between the three images and tourist behaviors (i.e., intention to revisit and intention to recommend), and it has a positive impact on desire to re-visit with 0.57 standard coefficients and recommend the destination to others with 0.55 standard coefficients. Additionally, the t-test to assess the images’ current situation showed the desired situation of three images in Tabriz city. The positive impact of cognitive and effective images on the overall image was consistent with the results of Baloglu and McCleary (1999), San Martin and Rodrigues del Bosque (2008), Qu, Kim, & Im, (2011). The positive impact of unique image on overall image confirmed the findings of Qu, Kim, & Im(2011). Contrary to Baloglu and McCleary’s (1999) findings (i.e., more impact of effective image), Qu, Kim, & Im(2011) findings, and San Martin and Rodrigues del Bosque’s (2008) findings (i.e., more impact of cognitive image), this study showed that unique image imposed the greatest impact on the overall image and thereinafter on cognitive and effective images, respectively. Since cognitive image measures the perceptions of the general quality based on tourist experiences, difference in results could be due to lower quality of considered factors to assess cognitive image in Tabriz. Similarly, since the cognitive image constitutes the resource for the formation of the affective image, effective image can have less impact on overall image. Also, findings showed the strong effect of overall image on intention to revisit and intention to recommend, which were in harmony with previous research results )i.e., Ramkissoon, Uysal, & Brown, 2011; Bigne, Sanchez, & Sanchez, 2001; Castro, Armario, & Ruiz, 2007; Chen, & Tsai, 2007(
Conclusion Destination image is a multi-dimensional construct influenced by the cognitive, unique, and affective images that collectively affect tourist behaviors. The positive image of tourists to the destination will follow their desires to revisit and stay longer in the destination. Moreover, since recommendation is an important information source in forming an image of a particular destination, the positive influence of overall image on recommendations should be emphasized more than before. In this regard, in the market of tourism destination, favorable experiences to tourists and creating a positive images based on cognitive, unique, and effective components should be provided to increase return, attract new tourists, and improve success in the market.

Barriers of women’s participation could result from the prevailing social, economic and political systems. One instrument to economic equity is micro credit funds. Micro credit funds all over the world rely on feedback from women as their clients. Evaluation of micro credit funds clients’ satisfaction is essential for both internal and external reasons. In light of these facts, the aim of this paper is to measure women’ satisfaction with micro credit funds in Iran. The population of interest consisted of women who participate in the two micro credit funds in Fars and Khuzestan Province of Iran. Our study sample consisted of 800 Women who were selected through a simple random quota sampling method (n=200) based on a list of names from the Funds. The face validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts. Additionally, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients shows, all scales indicated good-to-excellent reliability, generally 0.7 to 0.9. The t-test analysis revealed that Participants in Fars and Khuzestan significantly differ from each other regarding their loyalty to funds. The mean score of Fars participants was higher than that of Khuzestan participants. The regression analysis revealed that expectation from funds and perceived quality explained 27% of the variance in participant perceived value. While expectation, perceived value and perceived quality explained 67% of the variance in participant satisfaction. Finally, expectation, perceived value, perceived image and satisfaction explained 42% of the variance in participant loyalty regarding micro credit funds.