جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اطلاعات » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Statistical system of defense section is a set of organizations, departments and agencies that are involved in data collection, data processing, statistics dissemination and scientific and practical training of statistics in the defense sector. This system can employ and generate both centralized and decentralized statistics. On the one hand, the purpose of this article is to study and survey the statistical system of the defense sector in Iran. On the other hand, this article seeks to answer the question of what is the statistical system status of the defense sector in Iran compared to other countries and what are their similarities and dissimilarities among them. According to this survey, defense spending in 2016 was 1.3% of european union gross domestic product. A review of defense sector accounts in the Iran economy has shown that the value added of the defense sector to total value added was 2.4 percent in 1390 which increased to 2.68 percent in 1394. Since in recent decades many countries have considered large budgets in the field of security and defense and have taken this sector into account, it is suggested that the statistical and data system of the defense sector be considered as the basic need of the country. Paying attention to this sector can have a huge impact on gross domestic product growth.

Although it appears that neoclassical economics support competitive markets, private property, and limited government and oppose socialism, in practice, however, by emphasizing on mathematical models and static equilibrium in a deterministic way, reach the same conclusion which can be achieved by socialism. In fact, both approaches instead of advocating free operation of economic agents and market process concentrate on equilibrium point and equality of price and marginal cost. Neoclassicals assume the equality of marginal cost and price unrealistic, and market socialists make such equality by giving orders to firms’ managers. The practical conclusion of both approaches is to disregard the nature of economic liberalism and role of entrepreneurship in market process. Therefore, we can conclude that neoclassical and socialist approaches oppose liberalism and economic freedom.

In today's world that trend toward globalization has intensified; economic transparency is a very important issue. One of the basic conditions for a competitive economy is transparency in the supply and demand of goods, services, labor, capital and the number of owners and availability of facilities to reach them. Economic transparency has a positive impact on investment, economic growth and tax revenues and increase the quality of economic infrastructures and public services. Transparency facilitates the monitoring of economic activities and the performance of government organizations. This paper by using of meta-analysis clarified the concept of tax culture and then examined the role of economic transparency in promoting tax culture. The results show that the effects and consequences of economic transparency in the tax culture reflected as behavior strengthen of tax payers.

Social capital is one of the main factors of economic growth and development. Furthermore, in the 20th century with the rise of knowledge-based economy knowledge, information and technology has become the engine of value-added. Nowadays without adequate levels of social capital, the formation of knowledge components and the process of creation, diffusion and use of knowledge will not happen. In this regard, in this study with a descriptive-analytical approach has tried to assert this hypothesis that social capital is a vital prerequisite in creation of knowledge components and formation of knowledge-based economy. The results indicate that the social capital by creation of scientific norms and scientific spirit in the community, increasing interaction, sharing information and knowledge, participation in R&D activities, create scientific and research social networks can lead to creation, distribution and use of knowledge. Also social capital by increasing human capital efficiency and knowledge market, increase intellectual property rights efficiency can make knowledge-based economy realistic.

The purchase of insurance may cause the insureds to increase the costs of insurance companies، compared to their estimation of costs. If after the demand of insurance services، the loss ratio of insurance companies increases because of consumer behavior، moral hazard will be evident. In this paper، after introducing the literature، the presence of moral hazard in Iran Insurance Company is tested via a non-parametric method. We assess the relationship between the value of cars and purchase of collision insurance in order to test for existence of moral hazard. If the percentage of low value cars in bottom quantiles among purchasers of collision insurance is high، the hypothesis of non-existence of moral hazard is rejected. Our study shows the hypothesis of non-existence of moral hazard is rejected. In other words، a considerable fraction of low value car owners purchased collision insurance. We conclude that there exists moral hazard phenomenon in Iranian car insurance market.