جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تکنولوژی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Herbert Marcuse, a preeminent political philosopher of the 20th century, left an indelible mark on social theories. Shaped by the harrowing aftermath of the First World War, he became acutely aware of issues surrounding violence and humanitarian concerns, including the burgeoning awareness of environmental issues. Marcuse's distinctive contribution lies in his fusion of phenomenology and social philosophy, a synthesis that illuminates his analysis. Upon emigrating to the United States, the conflagration of the Second World War significantly influenced his intellectual evolution. It led him to scrutinize the technology-driven, consumer-centric American society through the lens of technological and instrumental rationality, a concept initially expounded by Max Weber decades earlier. In Marcuse's perspective, technological rationality serves as a yardstick for evaluating individual rationality. He posits that both people and their society are subjugated and manipulated by technology, which not only supplants human efforts across industries but permeates all aspects of life. Consequently, instrumental rationality, technological rationality, their interplay with culture, and the intricate connections that society and culture establish through instrumental rationality constitute the focal points of analysis within the culture industry (German: Kulturindustrie), a pivotal concept for Marcuse and other luminaries of the Frankfurt School. This study delves into Marcuse's viewpoints and theories regarding the repercussions of instrumental rationality in culture and human existence, which he coins as the "logos of life." It also seeks to dissect his critique of the culture industry, rooted in the notion of technological domination, heavily influenced by Martin Heidegger's insights. Lastly, the study investigates the impact of Sigmund Freud's concept of desire in Marcuse's articulation of technological rationality and its interaction with contemporary culture.

Theoretical framework:

Herbert Marcuse posits that reason operates through universal concepts, serving as the framework for organizing the boundless flow of human experience into a coherent and intelligible world. However, he acknowledges a longstanding philosophical insight dating back to Plato, which recognizes the inherent incompleteness in the ordering function of reason. Philosophers have thus sought to identify and elucidate the specific nature of this incompleteness. According to Marcuse, concepts cannot be entirely reduced to particular instances. They possess a transcendent quality that is perceived by the experiencing subject as a sense of imperfection or incompleteness. Therefore, he attributes this aspect to the realm of imagination rather than immediate perception, contending that only the imagination possesses the capacity to project beyond the given reality towards an ideal form. In Marcuse's framework, the imagination assumes a crucial role in rationality by directing the subject towards an existing, albeit unrealized, dimension of the experiential world. Drawing upon Hegelian terminology, he views the tension between the real and the ideal as the essence of the negative. Consequently, the imagination is both a psychological faculty and a wellspring of creative insights into reality. By ascribing a cognitive function to the imagination, Marcuse establishes a connection between ontology and psychology, rooted in Sigmund Freud's theory of the imagination, a link he endeavors to develop further in his work, "Eros and Civilization."

Data collection for this study relied on an extensive library research and indexing process. Initially, a comprehensive selection of sources was identified, encompassing a wide array of published materials such as books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, periodicals, available journal articles in both Persian and English, compilations of papers from scholarly conferences, and documents indexed in Iranian and foreign databases. These sources were then meticulously examined to extract and index the essential information, ensuring precise source attribution. Subsequently, the amassed data were systematically categorized according to a logical framework and subjected to thorough analysis. 

Herbert Marcuse contends that art stands as one of the most pivotal means for human liberation and emancipation from the culture industry, a concept inherently entwined with his "logos of life." In Marcuse's lexicon, "logos" pertains to the experiential world, encompassing the realities and the inherent value potentials that propel its historical evolution. Within this construct of logos, a normative principle, an "ought," transcends the realm of existing facts. Marcuse elucidates this interplay between the "is" and the "ought" through the concept of a two-dimensional ontology: the first dimension encapsulates empirical facts, while the second dimension encompasses the evaluative realm of potentialities. Scientific-technical rationality, as posited by Marcuse, strips the experiential world of many of its contents, notably the secondary qualities. In response, he repudiates this "one-dimensional" ontology and posits that the experiential world, as understood through phenomenology, brims with rich content that is often overlooked and indeed diminished by scientific methodologies. Furthermore, this perspective bridges the chasm between values and facts. Marcuse argues that humanity's connection to the world is forged through interaction with nature and production, a profound affiliation that is not solely causal and material but also existential in nature. It endows human existence with meaning and delineates what it signifies to be human, fostering participation in a distinct mode of being—a cultural heritage to which liberated individuals return.

Conclusion and recommendations:

Herbert Marcuse posits that technological rationality, a form of rationality rooted in domination and social control, exerts profound dominance in advanced industrial societies. This type of rationality, based on formal and instrumental principles, supersedes the more intrinsic and evaluative forms of reason that once characterized pre-industrial societies. It transforms the fabric of everyday life into what Marcuse terms a "technological reality," wherein individuals' perceptions, experiences, and thoughts are profoundly intertwined with the portrayal of objects and elements of the natural world as instruments or means to an end. To counter this situation, Marcuse introduces the concept of the "Great Refusal" and underscores the vital importance of resistance as a means to reconnect with the inherent value of one's existence. Life, in his view, necessitates a return to the fundamental tenets of human liberation, unveiling the immense potential latent in each individual. This entails departing from the shallowness of the consumer-oriented modern lifestyle, as it represents a life detached from false needs, in stark contrast to the artificial existence perpetuated by the culture industry.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of technology, innovation, and globalization on income inequality in three groups of low-income countries (19 countries), middle-income countries (63 countries), and high-income countries (41 countries) in the period 2008-2019 using a panel data quantile regression model. To achieve this aim, the following indices have been used: The Gini index as a measure of income inequality; the technology and innovation index and its sub-indices, including the information and communication technology index, technological skills index, research and development index, industrial capacity index, and index of private sector access to financial resources; and the economic globalization index and its sub-indexes, including trade globalization and financial globalization. The results of this study illustrate that technology and innovation in all quantiles of the three income groups have a significant negative impact on income inequality. Moreover, the economic globalization index has a significant positive effect on income inequality in low-income countries in the lower quantiles, however, this effect is significantly negative in the middle and higher quantiles. Nevertheless, economic globalization has a significant negative impact on income inequality in middle- and high-income countries in all quantiles. According to the research results, it is suggested to policymakers, especially in low-income countries, to prioritize technology and investment in this field. On the other hand, according to the effects of globalization, policymaking should be done based on the economic structure of the countries.

Today, the issue of significant increases in polluting gases has become a major global challenge. This issue, along with industrial growth and development in developed and developing societies, has attracted more attention in order to prevent their destructive effects. The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors affecting the spread of pollution in the petrochemical sector. In order to test the relationship between the variables, a mild transfer regression model for the period 1399-1396 has been used. The statistical population of the present study is companies producing petrochemical products. The most important variables used in this study include per capita carbon dioxide emissions, product output, energy intensity, technology costs, and added value of petrochemical products. The results showed that there is a nonlinear relationship between the variables of production and pollution. In the estimated nonlinear model section, because the energy intensity variable has been selected as a variable, it was observed that with increasing the intensity of energy consumption from 5.12%, the effect of petrochemical production on the level of emissions is different and significant. The results obtained from the nonlinear model estimate show that the production of petrochemical products in companies producing petrochemical products at different levels of energy consumption has different effects on carbon dioxide emissions in the country. Accordingly, given that greenhouse gas pollution is one of the serious threats facing countries, and due to its nature, factories and companies producing petrochemical products should be required to reduce emissions through tax and incentive policies. In addition, more polluting industries and polluting products should be prevented from entering the production process through strict environmental laws and regulations, especially in the petrochemical sector.

The main aim of this paper is to compute the amount of real discrimination-induced gender wage gap in the Iranian labor market and to explain its dynamics in response to monetary policy and technology shocks. For this purpose, based on data and information of Iran's economy during the period 2008-2019, a Standard new Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been calibrated and solved. Based on the results, not only women's wage but also men's wage will be increased and the gender wage gap will be zero, if discrimination is eliminated and the equality in the working time is established between women and men. The results of solving the model showed that the long-run amount of the real gender wage gap attributed to discrimination in the Iranian labor market is approximately 18%. The results of simulating the impulse response functions of the model variables showed that the amount of the gender wage gap increases in the short run due to the occurrence of the expansionary monetary policy and the positive technology shocks

The present paper aims to identify the input response of firms to the risks of demand uncertainty concerning the levels of technology. In this paper we examine panel data from1995 to 2018 and analyze the behavior of the manufacturing operating in the industry sector of the country from the prospect of risk taking and risk aversion and, its impact on the two inputs of labor and capital. To do this, the industries of Iran based on two-digit ISIC codes are divided into three categories of Low-level Technology (LLT), Moderate Level Technology (MLT) and High-level Technology (HLT) with respect to the level of technology. Research results show that low-tech industries that include food industries, textiles, garments, wood products, paper production, and paper products represent a significant and positive response to the risk of demand uncertainty and are risky. As a result, the ratio of increased capital to labor is higher and the industry is also expensive. But the situation is different for the other industries with a moderate to low technology and moderate to high technology. MLT industries and HLT industries show a negative and significant reaction to the risk of uncertainty and in fact, they are risk-averse, and the uncertainty of demand is higher and the ratio of the use of capital to labor is lower.

In this study, researchers examined the factors affecting productivity increase teaching several classes at the elementary school district has Margoon academic year 94-93. Therefore, the variables include learning strategies, approaches to teaching, learning how to increase productivity and technological experiences teaching - learning a few basic classes in primary school, we tested the Margoon area. All members of the 83 subjects were selected. And then distribute the questionnaire, 80 questionnaires were collected necessary information about the variables. To review and analyze the data descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics (standard normal test, chi-square, regression) and 18-SPSS software was used. The results show the efficiency of communication teaching - learning process in the classroom learning a few basic strategies and approaches to teaching and learning in the classroom. Therefore, teachers should be teaching this class such issues seriously and carefully examine in order to be successful in increasing the efficiency of these classes.

This paper addresses the link between payment systems development and Economic growth and also investigates the role of technological growth and especially digital adoption status in this relationship. In this order, we use cross country data to compare Iranian payment systems situation with other countries in different aspects. Data analysis shows that Iran's payment systems are weaker in some respects, such as the dominant role of the old settlement systems in large-value payments, the integration of sales terminals, and the small share of new payment instruments (such as the Internet and mobile banking) in transactions. We apply this panel database to estimate the effect of infrastructure development in payment systems on economic growth.  Based on the estimation results, robust evidence confirms the positive impact of payment system development on economic growth. Although the role of digital adoption in this relationship induces the payment system development positively affects real sector activities only in countries with high or medium digital adoption. Moreover, the impact is stronger in the group of countries categorized at a high level of digital adoption.

Considering the current problems in the field of transportation in Tehran, this paper attempts to develop a sustainable technology assessment model in Tehran’s urban transport sector. The research was carried out in a mixed method. In the qualitative phase, using the principles of the data theory of the foundation, identifying the important components in the technology evaluation and compiling the paradigm model, was performed and in the quantitative phase, using the confirmatory factor analysis, the developed model was tested. The results of the study indicated that the topic of assessment of sustainable technology in the urban transport sector of Tehran is related to the use of urban transportation technologies. Due to population growth and consequently the increasing demand for urban travel, the expansion of marginalization and migration around Tehran and limited natural and ecological resources, and energy resources are created. Strategies such as strategic and prospective planning in the urban transport sector of Tehran, capacity of transportation in proportion to the demand for urban travel, assessment of compliance with requirements, national and international regulations, assessment of the economic justification of sustainable technology in the field of transportation and the possibility of creating the necessary investment with the resistance economy approach, evaluation of qualitative and technical functional considerations in the field of urban transport, assessment and monitoring of environmental impacts and life cycle analysis of transportation technologies, the use of clean and low carbon energy in transportation equipment, and so on are suggested. The strategies are influenced by the values and culture of society, the level of knowledge and public understanding of society from the risks of unsustainable technologies in the field of transportation, urbanization culture and observance of laws and regulations in the field of transportation by people and characteristics of Tehran in terms of climatic, demographic, geographical, political, infrastructure, and engineering aspects. It is expected that the implementation of the mentioned strategies could lead to events and consequences such as promoting the status of Iran in international rankings, promoting physical and mental health, vitality and welfare of the society, and labor force productivity, optimal utilization of urban infrastructure and facilities, promoting the level of knowledge and attitudes towards the use of sustainable technologies in transport, sustainable economic growth, entrepreneurship and employment, efficiency and positive performance in the field of urban transport and the environmentally sound and productive urban environment.

With the implementation of targeted subsidies and increasing energy carrier’s prices, is expected to reduce energy consumption in the transportion sector. Subject of fuel price change and energy carriers and thus increase the fuel real price compared to other factors of production; theoretically could lead to changing the behavior of fuels consumers towards the use of alternative technologies with higher efficiency and lower costs. It can be expected that by increase in the gasoline and diesel fuel real price, is taken pay more attention to motor fleet renewal and alternative fuels. For this purpose, in the present study, will be examined effects of the relative price changes of fuel (Gasoline and Diesel Fuel) on technology improving in sector Iran road transport during period 1991-2014 using Robust Least Squares method (RLS). Improving technology in road transport is divided into two groups; fuel technology (CNG consumption indicator) and engine technology (average age of the fleet). Since that technology advances should be aligned with economic and environmental conditions to be formed sustainable development. Therefore in this study, first measured effect of fuel prices on each of technology indicators, then effect of these indicators will be calculated on amount of greenhouse gas emissions. The obtained results of model estimate indicates confirmation of hypotheses proposed in this study. So that in fuel technology indicator, increasing fuel prices led to increasing CNG consumption and consequently increasing CNG consumption reduces greenhouse gas emissions. In engine technology indicator, increasing fuel prices in cars and buses sub-sectors led of decreased fleet longevity and this relationship in minibuses and trucks sub-sectors is inverse. Finally, increasing fleet longevity have positive and significant effect on greenhouse gas emissions per capita in each road sub-sectors.

The aim of this paper is to study the impacts of technological progress and efficiency change on the productivity growth of Iran agriculture separated by Provinces. The period of this study is from 2005-2014. First of all, the impacts of efficiency change and technology change were separated using DEA and Malmquist model. Then, their impacts on productivity growth were studied. It was concluded that the impact of efficiency change on productivity is stronger than that of technology change. Then, the impacts of production inputs change on three variables i.e. efficiency, technology and productivity were assessed. According to results, labor change has a positive impact on productivity growth while capital change has a negligible impact on the factors of production productivity.

Technology is ability human for change environment. If change occurs in nature environment, instrumental technology in the field architect or medicine can design and construction subject about the self problem. But in the human science for example politic what is technology? In this article researcher focus on security politic and relation this subject to the change of technology.. The main question is what is impact technology and change it under the security politic. For answer to this question Article is divided three parts. Part one analysis simple technology in the ancient and classic era that produce security politic very relation despotism. Security describe protection system politic and king family. Part two the mechanic technology for example mechanism industrial caused security politic limited to protection civilization that available in the nation state. Part three analysis information technology that shape new politic world. This technology created new field the name is soft and cyber field. Security politic can design and implementation in this new aspect.

The present paper investigates the effect of production factors, including technology, physical capital and labour on the energy consumption intensity of Iran. For this purpose, time series data during the period of (1974-2007) have been analyzed within Cobb–Douglas production function framework. The results of the study indicate that the technology and the physical capital have caused the average annual growth rates equal to 1.48238% and 1.24073% for energy intensity, respectively, while labour has averagely decreased the energy intensity equal to 1.33016% over this period. Therefore, these factors explain an average annual growth equal to 1.39295% for energy intensity. Besides, statistics show that energy consumption intensity of Iran has been growing at an average rate of about 3.69% per year during the period of (1974-2007). According to these calculation, there also can conclude that major part of the growth of the energy intensity (about 2.3% per year) has been caused by the other factors.

This paper aimed to clarify the relationship between organizational factors (structure, technology, and staff) and knowledge management strategies (knowledge creation and transmission). Data were collected from a sample composed of 141 managers, staff, and faculty members from the Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Kord, selected based on Morgan table. The method of research was descriptive (correlational) and the dimensions were measured by a researcher-made questionnaire, consisted of 60 items. Validity of the questionnaire was authenticated by specialists’ approval and its reliability (87%) was calculated by Cronbach Alpha Coefficient. The data was analyzed with SPSS software using descriptive and inferential (Regression,Analysis of Variance, and Pearson Correlational Coefficient) statistics. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between organizational structure factors (formalization,centralization, and communication flow) and knowledge management strategies. The results supported the proposition that there is a significant and positive relationship between organizational staff skills (technical, humanistic, and conceptual), and knowledge management strategies. Furthermore, results seem to provide some evidence that there is a significant and positive relationship between technology used in organization (ICT supporting and ICT understanding), and knowledge management strategies.

Olive is one of the oldest plants in the world. With attention to ecological conditions of Iran for cultivation of olive and also importing of 80 percent our needed olive oil. The development design of olive groves in Iran started at 1993.This paper examines the performance of the Olive industry in Iran over 1985–2009 years. Malemquist index approach permits fully non-parametric estimation avoiding the usual curse of dimensionality that plagues traditional non-parametric efficiency estimators. The resulting estimates are robust with respect to outliers and noise in the data. The results of study show that following the removal of government intervention policy in olive industry and distribution, efficiency in all provinces improves for 1985-1993. For 1993-2001, jumping in technological progress with the average annual rate of 9.8 percent is remarkable.

Referring to the importance and nature of technology and its relations with science, this paper reviews sociological theories of technology. To this end, two paradigms namely, Technological Determinism and Social, Economic and Political Determinism of Technology are critically analyzed. Later, three outstanding approaches to Social, Economic and Political Determinism of Technology, i.e. Constructivist, Techno-Social Systems and Actor-Network Theories, as well as their reasoning in technological sociology are explained in detail.

Nowadays, relative advantage in production and export cannot insure the success of companies in global market, and competitive advantage is probably the most suitable condition for being successful in markets. Thus, the survey of competitive advantage and its determinants is important. In this regard, the determination of competitive advantage in Iranian Auto parts Industry, by using method Poter, is studied in this paper. The result shows that this industry has not been able to be utilized from the determinants of competitive advantage.