جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « درجه بازبودن تجاری » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The main question of the research is whether financial inclusion the macroeconomic variables are significantly affected by economic growth, inflation and the degree of trade openness or not? This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of research method. It is descriptive-analytical. Library methods such as books, journals, articles, dissertations will be used to collect material related to the subject literature, and to estimate the research model. The threshold regression method is used with panel data. To estimate heterogeneous panel, in this study, the description of the threshold panel function is used and the threshold effects are entered in a nonlinear panel model. Library methods such as books, journals, articles, dissertations will be used to collect material related to the subject literature, and to estimate the research model. The threshold regression method is used with panel data. The research area of OPEC member countries is from 2003 to 2018. The data in this study will be extracted using panel data. To extract data from WDI and Global Findex databases Eviews and Stata software will be used for estimation. The results show that the effect of financial inclusion index the degree of trade openness of OPEC member countries is positive and significant that this suggests that financial inclusion can lead to the development of exports and help trade in OPEC countries. Also the nonlinear relationship of these two variables this study confirmed.

Continuous growth and development in the economy need to attend its determinants. Investing or forming capital is the necessary condition for economic growth and development. The place and the role of investing in the mentioned processes are to the extent that investing is the motive engine in the economic growth. Currently, the situation of Iran's economy is in a way that savings and internal sources are not sufficient and attracting foreign capital seems to be the only useful and valid way (Komijani & Abasi, 2006).
The main goal of this study is to evaluate the determinants of inward FDI, particularly volatility of exchange rate in Iran, by using the Johansen-Juselius integration system approach model covering the period of 1980Q2-2012Q4. In this research, the volatility of real exchange rate is obtained by Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) method.
Effective Factors on Volatility of Exchange Rate and Its Relationship to FDI
In theoretical view, Dornbusch (1976) showed that forecasted monetary shocks through overshooting effect of exchange rate could create extreme volatility of exchange rate. In addition, Calderon (2004) maintained that the stability of monetary shocks is the only effective element on the variation of exchange rate and the non-monetary elements including efficiency shocks and state expenses can affect them.
Based on Frenkel and Mussa (1985), the continuous increase of state expenditures leads to a balanced increase of real exchange rate in the long run and consequently to the increase of net foreign equities. Similarly, state expenditures through influencing on the demand side of economy in short run can have a positive effect on real exchange rate.
Cociu (2007) defines interest rate as one of the effective variables on the exchange rate volatility. Based on the macroeconomic subjects, variation in the interest rate leads to variation in inflation and exchange rate. Therefre, it is expected that by the increase of interest rate, the inward foreign investments increase and consequently the local money value increases. The other non-monetary effective variables on the variation of real exchange rate are the efficiency growth.
Cushman (1985) believed that the relation between the variation of exchange rate and FDI flow is in dependent to the place where the data have been purchased, products manufactured, fiscal capital emanated from and products sold.
Econometric Model Specification: By considering most theories and tentative studies for identifying the determinants of inward FDI, emphasizing the economic factors of the country and also specific concerns of Iran’s economy, variables such as exchange rate, GDP, openness, world oil price, volatility of exchange rate can be introduced as the determinants of inward FDI in the econometric pattern below: (1)
Estimating the GARCH Model of Iran's Exchange Rate
The null hypothesis was rejected, showing that…(F=13.79; p-value=0.0003).
The results of the GARCH (1,1) estimated model can be seen as follows. According to the results, the effects of Garch are accepted.
Table 1: Garch Test
Exchange rate auto-regressive model Residuals` variance of exchange rate auto-regressive model
Variables Cofficients Variables Cofficients
c 20.59(0.00) c 428.13(0.06)
1.003(0.00)
1.73(0.00)
-2.09
0.32(0.00)
Source: The research And so we have: Therefore, the volatility of real exchange rate are calculated using GARCH (1, 1) in the above equation.
Investigating the stationary of variables through Dicky Fuller unit root test all of them are static in the first order difference.Therefore, all of the variables are the convergence of degree one, I(1).
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Schwarz Criterion (SC) indicators can be used to determine the optimum lags. According to adjusted LR test, the order of 7 bases on (AIC) index is accepted.
Usually for estimating the coefficients of the model and specifying the long run relationships, we need thetwo statistics of trace and max. Monte Carlo's studies reveal that when the residuals of equations have inordinate skewness or kurtosis, the trace test is more suitable than max test (Noferesti, 1999).
We estimated the regulated standard from conditional form (Pattern 1) to the unconditional one (pattern5). Based on the results of this study, pattern 3 is the proper one for co-integration analysis. Moreover, based on this pattern, the existence of 3 cointegrated vectors is confirmed.
Table (2) shows the coefficients of the cointegrated vectors that are explanatory of long run equilibrium relations between the model variables. Among these vectors, the coefficients of the third cointegrated vector are matched with the economic theories and have the expected signs.
Table 2. Estimated Cointegrated Vectors in Johansen Estimation (in Brackets)
Variables Vector 1 Vector 2 Vector 3 Normalized vector 1 Normalized vector 2 Normalized vector 3
LFDI 0.95 0.11 0.63 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00
LYD -0.40 0.45 -0.13 0.42 4.21 0.21
Os 0.021 -0.025 0.001 -0.02 -0.24 -0.002
Op 0.46 0.26 0.09 -0.49 -2.45 0.15
Se 0.00006 0.00006 0.0008 0.00006 -0.005 -0.001
E 0.0001 0.0001 0.00006 0.0001 0.001 0.0001
Source: The research Therefore, based on vector 3, we can express the long run relationship between the variables as below.
LFDI = 0.21 LYD - 0.002 OS .15 OP - 0.001SE .0001 E (3)
The estimated result shows that, based on the theoretical basis, FDI in Iran has a direct relation with GDP, openness and exchange rate variables and has a negative relationship with the volatility of exchange rate and world oil price.
The IRF and FEVD tests confirm the estimated results of the long run relationship quite well. As a result, the occurrence of one shock in GDP, openness and exchange rate have a significant and positive effect on FDI.
Empirical results show that openness, GDP, and exchange rate do have a significant and positive impact but volatility of exchange rate and world crude oil prices do have a significant and negative impact on the flow of inward FDI in Iran. Therefore, economical politicians should minimize the barriers of import through joining the world trade organization; that is, through de-regulation and reduction of tariffs, and at the same time, emphasizing production and non-oil exports especially industrial commodity, and promoting the foreign trade. For the world oil price, it is recommended that the goals of macro-economic policies support the base and power of country production to increase the non-oil export and reduce the country's dependence on the world crude oil price. For the GDP, increasing the efficiency of internal resources and activating the non-used capacity to absorb more FDI.