جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رشد اقتصادی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of investment in renewable energy on Iran's macroeconomic variables. In this regard, statistical information related to the period 1991-2022 was used. For this purpose, the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium method was used. The information used in this article was collected from the Central Bank of Iran and the Ministry of Energy. The theoretical framework of the present study will be based on investment models, optimization and inter-sectoral balance. In this study, the effects of investment in the field of renewable energy through public and private companies are included in the model. The results obtained from the investment shock in the field of renewable energy indicated that investment in this sector had the greatest impact on the growth of economic added value in the industry, services, agriculture, and oil and gas sectors. Also, the obtained results indicate that in order to increase social welfare and achieve economic development, a 4-year investment period with a 50% growth in the field of renewable energy infrastructure in the country is necessary.

In this article, population aging in a closed economy with a computable generalized Diamond overlapping generations (OLG) model has been investigated in which the element of human capital has been endogenously formed. In this study, the effect of population aging in a closed economy with 8 overlapping generations based on the Diamond model, capable of simulating the intergenerational differences has been designed for the Iranian economy across 50 years from 1400 to 1450. The research model includes 3 economic agents of household, firm, and government, whose behavior and decision-making are interdependent. First, the impact of aging on the dynamics of the macroeconomic variables, in the scenario of the current situation of Iran's pensions and benefits has been simulated, and then, the impact of implementing policies to increase pensions and benefits under different scenarios on economic growth has been simulated. The results show that because increasing pensions is a cost to the government on the one hand and increases government spending and the government budget deficit, on the other hand, consumption and savings increase as the income of the elderly increases. Increasing retirement savings leads to larger capital markets and lower interest rates, resulting in increased investment. In addition, this policy indirectly has a double effect on growth through the effect of redistribution and improved income distribution. Hence, policy to increase pensions encourages demand-side economic growth. If this policy is based on the growth of human capital, it can neutralize the adverse effects of aging on economic growth.

Despite relative development in financial institutions, and the abundance of financial resources (income from oil sales), Iran has still struggled to experience high and sustainable economic growth rates, even experiencing  negative growth rates in recent years. Therefore, investigating the influential factors in the relationship between financial development and economic growth is crucial. Accordingly, this study examines the role and significance of oil resources (oil course) on the relationship between financial development and economic growth through investment channels using the ARDL bounding test during the period from 1980 to 2020. The findings indicate that while financial development positively and significantly impacts investment, the oil curse weakens this relationship, suggesting an indirect negative impact of the oil curse on the financial development-economic growth nexus via investment channels in Iran.  The interactive variable of financial development and the oil curse also had a negative and significant impact on investment during the examined period, indicating the financial system's inability to allocate resources effectively towards productive investments. Based on these results, it can be stated that the oil curse has affected the functioning of the financial sector in the Iranian economy and, by making this sector inefficient, has had a negative impact on investment, thus weakening the relationship between economic growth and financial development.

The expansion of the financial sector has raised the concern of “brain drain” among industries. There are also concerns that too many financial activities may misallocate resources, both physical and human capital, from production sector to less productive ones. Financial development may make it easier for less efficient firms to stay in the market and prevent more efficient innovators from entering the market, which may harm innovation and growth. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of financial development in the relationship between innovation and economic growth in developing countries.

In order to meet the research goal, a regression model is specified to describe economic growth as a function of the first-order lag of economic growth, innovation and the product of innovation and financial development. Moreover, economy openness (the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP) and the ratio of the net flow of foreign direct investment to GDP are included in the model as control variables. In this model, one of the regressors is the first-order lag of the dependent variable. The regression equation is estimated using the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) and the data for the period of 2000-2019.In this study, the multidimensional index of financial development of the International Monetary Fund has been used as a relative ranking of countries on the depth, access, and efficiency of their financial institutions and financial markets. The Financial Institutions (FI) index is an aggregate of the Financial Institutions Depth (FID) index, which compiles the data on bank credits to the private sector in a percent of GDP, pension fund assets to GDP, mutual fund assets to GDP, and insurance premiums, life and non-life to GDP, Financial Institutions Access (FIA) index, which compiles the data on bank branches per 100,000 adults and ATMs per 1000,000 adults and Financial Institutions Efficiency (FIE) index, which compiles the data on banking sector net interest margin, lendind-deposits spread, non-interest income to total income, overhead costs to total assets, return on assets, and return on equity. Also, Financial Markets (FM) index is an aggregate of Financial Markets Depth (FMD) index, which compiles the data on stock market capitalization to Gdp, stocks traded to GDP, international debt securities of government to GDP, total debt securities of financial and nonfinancial corporations to GDP, Financial Markets Access (FMA) index, which compiles the data on a percent of market capitalization outside the top 10 largest companies, total number of issuers of debt (domestic and external, nonfinancial and financial corporations) per 100,000 adults, and Financial Markets Efficiency (FME) index, which compiles the data on stock market turnover ratio (stocks traded to capitalization). In addition, the number of the patents registered is considered as an index of innovation, and the real GDP per capita is considered as an index of economic growth.

The results of Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) show that the effect of innovation on economic growth is positive and statistically significant. Furthermore, the effect of the interaction between financial development and innovation on economic growth is negative and statistically significant, which suggests that the effect of innovation on economic growth is not independent of the level of financial development. According to the results, the threshold level of financial development is 0.76466. According to the results of descriptive statistics, the average financial development index for the selected developing countries is 0.378945, which is significantly lower than the threshold level. Therefore, if the level of financial development becomes lower than this threshold level, the higher the level of financial development, the smaller the positive effect of innovation on economic growth. In other words, when the level of financial development increases, the positive relationship between innovation and economic growth weakens.

Conclusions and policy implications:

 Based on the results, the financial development level increases the positive relationship between innovation and economic growth. Therefore, financial development weakens the positive growth effects of innovation. In other words, with a higher the level of financial development, a unit of increase in innovation leads to a smaller increase in economic growth. As empirical results indicate, trade openness and the ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. It is suggested that, in parallel with the financial development, a serious solution should be provided regarding the optimal allocation of human and physical resources. The markets with low productivity should be identified, and their continuity of attendance should be prevented in order to provide the ground for the entry of new innovators and entrepreneurs. This is possible by making amendments in laws and regulations and increasing the quality of administrative systems.

This study examines and explains the long-term relationship between clean energy consumption (nuclear and renewable) and non-clean energy (fossil energy) and economic growth using panel data during the period 1980-2080. In order to investigate the relationship between variables in the long run, panel causality test has been used. Experimental results show that there is a collective relationship between the variables. According to the results, the revenue elasticity of nuclear energy consumption, renewable energy consumption and fossil fuel consumption is between zero and one, which indicates that nuclear energy, renewable energy and fossil fuels are essential commodities for countries. Also, with a one percent increase in nuclear energy consumption, renewable energy consumption and fossil fuel consumption, GDP will increase by 0.069 percent, 0.176 percent and 0.398 to 0.749 percent, respectively. Short-term causal analysis indicates a two-way causal relationship between fossil energy consumption and economic growth, nuclear energy consumption and renewable energy. The results also indicate a one-way causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Also, in the long run, there is a two-way causal relationship between economic growth, fossil fuel energy consumption and renewable energy consumption, and a one-way causal relationship from economic growth to nuclear energy consumption.

Financial development is one of the effective factors on economic growth in different countries. The relationship between financial development and economic growth is influenced by various parameters and the economic structure of countries. One of the factors that can affect this relationship is the natural resource abundance and the degree of dependence on them. According to economic literature, natural resource abundance can impact financial efficiency, capital accumulation, and the optimal allocation and effectiveness of financial resources, thereby influencing the relationship between financial development and economic growth in resource-rich countries. This study aims to explore the impact of natural resource abundance on the relationship between economic growth and financial development through productivity in Iran.

In order to investigate and empirically analyze the long-term and short-term dynamic relationship between variables, this research employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounding test approach. The ARDL Bounding test method was developed by Pesaran and Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001). This method offers advantages over other conventional and previous cointegration methods, such as Johansen and Toda-Yamamoto approaches. Some advantages include applicability regardless of considering the order of cointegration between variables, its ability to handle cases where variables are I(0) or I(1), suitability for limited sample sizes, obtaining efficient estimates without risk of over-specification in long-run model relationships, and presenting a reduced form single-equation form rather than a systemic one for the long-run relationship.

Based on the results obtained from the research, financial development has not shown a significant impact on economic growth in Iran during the study period. This suggests that institutions and financial entities, particularly the banking system, have not effectively channeled financial resources towards productive investments and market stimulation. However, the abundance index of natural resources has demonstrated a positive and significant influence on economic growth.Considering the substantial portion of Iran's GDP that is attributed to oil revenues, such a finding is not unexpected. The per capita capital impact on economic growth is also positive and statistically significant. Among the effective factors on economic growth in this study, this variable has exerted the most considerable impact, indicating that capital plays a crucial role in boosting economic growth in Iran. Estimating the factors affecting total factor productivity (which is calculated using the Solow method) also indicates that financial development has had a positive impact on total factor productivity during the study period. However, the ultimate impact of financial development on productivity is influenced by oil revenues, as per the estimated model. The negative and significant coefficient of the interaction variable between financial development and  natural resource abundance suggests a negative effect of oil revenues on the relationship between financial development and productivity in Iran. This result could imply an indirect impact of resource abundance on the financial development-economic growth relationship through the productivity channel during the study period in Iran.Furthermore, it signifies that the heavy dependence on oil, one of the most vital avenues for economic growth, has eroded the relationship with financial development. Hence, the research hypothesis, suggesting that the abundance of natural resources (oil dependence) weakens the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Iran due to its negative impact on productivity, is validated, and the "resource curse" hypothesis is confirmed for the study period in Iran.

The results of this study indicate that financial development had a positive and significant impact on total factor productivity in Iran. However, ultimately, it did not have a significant impact on economic growth. This is due to the abundance of natural resources (oil revenues) leading to a reduction in the positive influence of financial development on total factor productivity. As a consequence, it weakens the relationship between financial development and economic growth during the examined period in Iran. Based on these findings, it is plausible to confirm the hypothesis of the "resource curse" during the examined period in Iran.The findings can encompass a set of policy recommendations for the Iranian economy. Firstly, the government should be aware of the indirect negative impact of oil dependence on the financial system and, consequently, on investment activities. It is logical for the government to maintain the degree of oil dependence at the lowest possible level, enhance economic diversification, and increase the contribution of other sectors to GDP growth. Additionally, the financial system should engage more in productive investment activities to strengthen its role in improving economic growth. In this regard, policymakers should pursue measures that facilitate improvement of banking intermediation efficiency.Furthermore, one of the most significant mechanisms of the resource curse in oil-dependent economies is the mismanagement of these resources and neglect of human development. Easy access to oil revenues might exempt the government from investing in human capital development, which could potentially have a negative impact on the performance of the financial sector and other sectors of the economy. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers prioritize the necessary prerequisites for enhancing human development, which plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity and investment efficiency.

This question has always been raised whether economic growth can lead to the reduction of environmental pollution. In this regard, the present study investigats the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution in Iran during the period 1984-2021, considering per capita GDP and per capita ecological footprint as indicators of economic growth and environmental pollution, respectively. The results obtained from applying the Smooth Transition Regression (STR) approach, with the Gini income inequality index as the transition variable, indicate that economic growth affects the per capita ecological footprint within a two-regime framework. According to the results, in the first regime, when income inequality is below the threshold level of GINI* = 0.418777, increased economic growth leads to a reduction in the ecological footprint. However, in the second regime, when income inequality exceeds this threshold, economic growth leads to an increase in the ecological footprint. The results suggest that if income inequality is below the threshold level of GINI* = 0.418777, implementing macroeconomic policies aimed at improving economic growth can lead to a reduction in environmental pollution. Therefore, it is recommended that economic planners and policymakers seriously pursue income inequality reduction policies alongside growth policies to achieve a reduction in environmental pollution.

Good governance is critical for developing environmental policies to promote renewable energy consumption and prevent non-renewable energy consumption. In this research, in addition to the two methods of dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and fully modified least squares (FMOLS) from the data of the period 1996 to 2021, It has been used to investigate the effect of economic growth and various governance indicators on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in 11 selected countries of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum. The results show that economic growth has a positive effect on all renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The effect of regulatory quality and rule of law is negative on non-renewable energy sources and government effectiveness positively affects the consumption of all energy sources. Corruption control also increases the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy; this is while, except for coal, political stability has a negative effect on non-renewable and renewable energy sources. Finally, the results show that the magnitude of the effects of economic growth and most governance indicators on non-renewable energy consumption is greater than that of renewable energy. These results suggest that countries should focus on improving the rule of law, corruption control, governance, regulatory quality,

This research aims to investigate the long-term impact of Brainard's uncertainty and banking stability on Iran's economic growth; Therefore, it is practical in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of causal type. The statistical population is all the banks admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. The model presented in this research includes four sectors: households, companies, banks and the government. Thus, the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model was designed according to the long-term conditions of Brainard's uncertainty, monetary policy and research objective. For this purpose, first the utility function of the household was explained and then the optimal equations of the household sector were extracted from the utility maximization process according to the budget constraints. After that, the production function was explained in terms of the assumption of price and wage inflexibility competition, and optimal equations were obtained from the company's profit maximization process. Also, the banking sector was added to the model, which is one of the initiatives and innovations of the present research. The banking sector, like a producer, seeks maximum profit, and through this, the optimal equations of this sector were also obtained. Finally, the government and central bank were also added to the model according to the conditions of Iran's economy. To solve the model, first all the equations must be linearized, so in the next step, the linearization process was done in different ways. The next step is to determine the parameters of the model, which was obtained from the combination of calibration and estimation methods, and the model was solved using the random dynamic general equilibrium model solution methods

The tourism industry is the largest and most diverse industry in the world. The impact of tourism on the increase of employment and foreign exchange earnings, the prosperity of domestic industries, the expansion of international cooperation has caused the attitude of the countries of the world towards its border to change and find an important place in government policies. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of oil price shocks on tourism income and economic growth in Iran with the structural vector autoregression approach. For this purpose, the time series information of Iran's economy during the period 1991-2021 was used. In terms of data analysis, this research is of a descriptive-analytical correlation type and is practical in terms of purpose. The data of this study is collected by library method and modeling is done by econometric method and combined data model or panel modeling. Finally, to analyze the data and information, EVIEWS 13 software will be used. The results obtained from the estimation of the model show that the impulses from the oil price have had a positive effect on the tourism income of Iran. Also, the increase in the consumer price index has had a positive and significant impact on the tourism revenues of Iran. In addition, the obtained results show that at the probability level of 0.000 and with a coefficient of 0.0308, government expenditures had a positive and significant relationship with the country's tourism revenues.

The current research has investigated the effect of financial development and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions based on consumption in Iran by controlling the variables of economic growth and electricity consumption in the period from 1990 to 2021. After examining the Manai test of the research variables using modified Dickey-Fuller and Ziot-Andrews tests, Bayer and Hank's cointegration test was performed to check the existence of collinearity between the research variables. Then, autoregressive distributed lag estimators, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares and gradual shift causality test were used to investigate the long-term relationship of variables and their causal relationship. The results clearly show that financial development and renewable energy consumption reduce carbon emissions based on consumption in Iran, and economic development and financial development increase carbon emissions based on consumption. The results of the test of gradual causal changes have confirmed the main results of the estimation methods used. Therefore, policymakers in Iran should encourage research and development in low-carbon technologies and also target investments in renewable energy and reduce the level of non-renewable energy imports and avoid investing in high energy consumption sectors that lead to an increase Avoid carbon emissions based on consumption.

Production growth is the most important goal in all world economies. The main goal of all macroeconomic policies in different countries is to maintain and increase production as much as possible in the first step. Different policies are implemented in different countries. Among these policies, a main category is monetary policies. The purpose of this article is to estimate the effects of monetary policy (within the framework of liquidity regulation and interest rate control), government control (in the monetary sector) and sanctions on Iran's GDP. In this study, data from the years 1357 to 1399 were used. Monetary policy, government control and sanctions were considered as independent variables and production as a dependent variable. The method of data analysis is econometrics, autoregressive with distributed lags (ARDL). EViews software was used to estimate the model. The findings of the research show that the embargo had a negative effect on the GDP. The monetary policy of increasing the applied liquidity has had a positive effect on production, and the monetary policy within the framework of interest rate or bank interest has not had a significant effect on production. Also, government control policy has had a positive effect on production.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the technical meta-analysis of poverty rates Misery index and economic growth on per capita health expenditures in low- and middle-income groups in Iran. The research method is ARDL methodology, which simultaneously estimates the long-term and short-term relationships between explanatory variables of the model. The results of the estimation of the model using the autocorrelation method with distributed lag (ARDL) showed that there was a long-term cointegration relationship between the variables of the model and it was found that the coefficient of the logarithm of economic growth (EG) is statistically significant and indicates that economic growth It has a positive effect on the health index, but the coefficient of the logarithm of the misery index variable (MI (-1)) has the desired negative sign and is statistically significant. That is, the misery index in the previous years has a negative and significant effect on the per capita misery of the following years. Also, the coefficient of the logarithm of the misery index variable (misery index with two breaks) MI (-2))) is statistically significant but has the intended sign and indicates that the misery index of the previous two periods has a negative effect on the health leaders. . Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables of the observed pattern. In the long term, the variables of economic growth and misery index are statistically significant and have an impact on the health function per capita.

Energy, as one of the most important factors of production, plays a crucial role in the economic growth of countries, but in today's world, addressing economic growth issues without considering the aspects of sustainable development and intergenerational consequences is impossible. Considering the importance and differences of renewable and non-renewable energies in the sustainable development of countries, the main purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationship between economic growth and the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energies in the D8 and G7 countries. Using two causality approaches, Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) and Konya (2006), this study investigates the relationship between these variables over the period from 2000 to 2022. The findings of this study reveal a unidirectional causality from GDP to renewable energy consumption in the D8 countries. Additionally, no causal relationship is observed between non-renewable energy consumption and GDP in these countries. In other words, in the D8 countries, economic growth is not influenced by energy consumption; however, as economic growth increases, these countries tend to adopt renewable energy sources. On the other hand, in the G7 countries that are more developed, the results indicate a unidirectional causal relationship from the consumption of renewable energy to GDP. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate a unidirectional causality from domestic gross production to non-renewable energy consumption. Hence, in the G7 countries, economic growth is influenced by the consumption of renewable energy and, in turn, impacts the consumption of non-renewable energy.

One of the important problems in examining economic growth is equating the frequency of variables affecting production, which approach leads to the loss of information on explanatory variables that have a high frequency compared to economic growth. In this study, by using the MIDAS and MIDAS-VAR method, the effect of Tehran Stock market performance on the economic growth of Iran during the period of 2011 to 2021 has been investigated for quarterly and monthly data. The results of the estimates indicate the in the first month of the seasons when the number of stock market booms was high, stock returns had a very positive and significant impact on economic growth. This positive effect decreased with the increase in the number of recessions in the third months and in the second month of every quarter when the number of recessions in the stock market was high, and this had a negative effect on economic growth. Also, the empirical findings indicate that the intensity of the influence of stock returns was stronger in periods of recession than in periods of prosperity. Therefore, the most important policy recommendation of the current research is that in order to increase economic growth, it is necessary for economic policy makers to provide the basis for the growth and development of the stock market and increase its efficiency by adopting appropriate policies, and also prevent recession and its prolongation in the stock market.

The impact of military spending on economic growth can be different according to various factors such as the type of arms trade policy. Also, the discussions related to military spending and economic growth have provided different results. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of military spending on economic growth through the channel of public debt. For this purpose, the indicators of different sectors of the economy and the methods of panel data and the FMOLS technique have been used. The study period is 2000-2022. The results of the study show that, in general, improvement in the indicators of military spending, corruption control and trade have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the selected MENA countries, and in contrast to the effect of military spending on public debt channel, government size, Urbanization rate and inflation rate have a negative effect on economic growth in selected MENA countries. The variables of public debt and natural resources index and the number of military forces did not show a significant effect on economic growth.

In this article examines the relationship between justice from the Islamic perspective and economic growth. In the present study seeks to consider the indexes of justice in the stage of distribution before production and distribution after production based on the approach of martyr ayatollah Mohammad Baqir sadr and other Islamic economists of justice and has been investigated the relationship between justice and growth in two models. Results of estimating the first model using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) over 1978-2019 reveals that the physical quality of life index as the justice index before production and the Amartya Sen welfare index as the justice index after production leave short-term and long-term positive impacts on the growth of gross domestic product. The results of the second model using the Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Square method over 1978-2019 indicated the Amartya Sen welfare index and economic liberalization as the social justice index had a positive impact on the growth of gross domestic product. Thus, justice must be paid special attention in various stages of production so that it can impact the improvement of growth, and the establishment and maintenance of economic and social justice can play a significant part in the increase of GDP and sustainable development.

Financial inclusion is a key driver of economic growth. This study evaluates its effect on economic growth in 59 high-income countries from 2004 to 2021, using panel data and quantile methods. Financial inclusion is measured through banking penetration, availability of banking services, and usage of financial services. The results reveal significant differences among countries, generally enjoying favorable macroeconomic conditions, and indicate slight convergence among them. Positive impacts on economic growth were observed from bank and facility penetration, while ATM penetration and financial deepening showed negative effects. Influential factors include capital, inflation rate, unemployment rate, economic openness, life expectancy, and population growth. The impact of financial inclusion is more pronounced in lower-income countries. Expanding financial inclusion through the Internet and mobile banking, especially in less privileged areas, and enhancing microfinance and user-friendly applications, are pivotal for economic growth.