جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رشد اقتصادی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The tourism industry is the largest and most diverse industry in the world. The impact of tourism on the increase of employment and foreign exchange earnings, the prosperity of domestic industries, the expansion of international cooperation has caused the attitude of the countries of the world towards its border to change and find an important place in government policies. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of oil price shocks on tourism income and economic growth in Iran with the structural vector autoregression approach. For this purpose, the time series information of Iran's economy during the period 1991-2021 was used. In terms of data analysis, this research is of a descriptive-analytical correlation type and is practical in terms of purpose. The data of this study is collected by library method and modeling is done by econometric method and combined data model or panel modeling. Finally, to analyze the data and information, EVIEWS 13 software will be used. The results obtained from the estimation of the model show that the impulses from the oil price have had a positive effect on the tourism income of Iran. Also, the increase in the consumer price index has had a positive and significant impact on the tourism revenues of Iran. In addition, the obtained results show that at the probability level of 0.000 and with a coefficient of 0.0308, government expenditures had a positive and significant relationship with the country's tourism revenues.

The current research has investigated the effect of financial development and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions based on consumption in Iran by controlling the variables of economic growth and electricity consumption in the period from 1990 to 2021. After examining the Manai test of the research variables using modified Dickey-Fuller and Ziot-Andrews tests, Bayer and Hank's cointegration test was performed to check the existence of collinearity between the research variables. Then, autoregressive distributed lag estimators, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares and gradual shift causality test were used to investigate the long-term relationship of variables and their causal relationship. The results clearly show that financial development and renewable energy consumption reduce carbon emissions based on consumption in Iran, and economic development and financial development increase carbon emissions based on consumption. The results of the test of gradual causal changes have confirmed the main results of the estimation methods used. Therefore, policymakers in Iran should encourage research and development in low-carbon technologies and also target investments in renewable energy and reduce the level of non-renewable energy imports and avoid investing in high energy consumption sectors that lead to an increase Avoid carbon emissions based on consumption.

Production growth is the most important goal in all world economies. The main goal of all macroeconomic policies in different countries is to maintain and increase production as much as possible in the first step. Different policies are implemented in different countries. Among these policies, a main category is monetary policies. The purpose of this article is to estimate the effects of monetary policy (within the framework of liquidity regulation and interest rate control), government control (in the monetary sector) and sanctions on Iran's GDP. In this study, data from the years 1357 to 1399 were used. Monetary policy, government control and sanctions were considered as independent variables and production as a dependent variable. The method of data analysis is econometrics, autoregressive with distributed lags (ARDL). EViews software was used to estimate the model. The findings of the research show that the embargo had a negative effect on the GDP. The monetary policy of increasing the applied liquidity has had a positive effect on production, and the monetary policy within the framework of interest rate or bank interest has not had a significant effect on production. Also, government control policy has had a positive effect on production.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the technical meta-analysis of poverty rates Misery index and economic growth on per capita health expenditures in low- and middle-income groups in Iran. The research method is ARDL methodology, which simultaneously estimates the long-term and short-term relationships between explanatory variables of the model. The results of the estimation of the model using the autocorrelation method with distributed lag (ARDL) showed that there was a long-term cointegration relationship between the variables of the model and it was found that the coefficient of the logarithm of economic growth (EG) is statistically significant and indicates that economic growth It has a positive effect on the health index, but the coefficient of the logarithm of the misery index variable (MI (-1)) has the desired negative sign and is statistically significant. That is, the misery index in the previous years has a negative and significant effect on the per capita misery of the following years. Also, the coefficient of the logarithm of the misery index variable (misery index with two breaks) MI (-2))) is statistically significant but has the intended sign and indicates that the misery index of the previous two periods has a negative effect on the health leaders. . Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables of the observed pattern. In the long term, the variables of economic growth and misery index are statistically significant and have an impact on the health function per capita.

one of the most important experience of the crisis of 2008 was the ineffectiveness of countercyclical fiscal policies to get out of the recession due to the high debt of the countries. Therefore most of the countries started strengthening their economy. Now,  one of the important questions in the field of public sector economy is how to achieve economic growth by reducing the debt ratio. The present study was developed in order to answer this question for a hypothetical economy with natural oil revenues. For this purpose, control theory has been used and simulations have been made for a closed economy in a ten year period. The results of the simulation show that it is possible to simultaneously target the two issues of growth and debt with a consolidated fiscal policy.  In this proposed policy, a combination of government spending and tax rate, as control variables, is obtained, which leads us to the predetermined goals in economic growth and government debt ratio, as state variables, in each period. finally, oil modeling and control rules extracted in this study make fiscal stabilization less expensive for governments.

Supervision of banks during financial life of banks shows that changes in the performance of banks can affect the economy. Disclosure of bank information is one of the ways that policymakers, investors, and depositors in the banking sector can monitor the good performance of banks. In this regard, reputable international organizations such as the Basel Committee, and the Economic Development and Cooperation Organization, have expressed a framework for corporate governance and information disclosure. In Iran, the framework of disclosure of bank information has also been stated. The review of theoretical literature indicates the existence of an optimal level of information disclosure according to economic and environmental factors. Considering the importance of the topic, in this article, the relationship between information disclosure and profitability of banks in the short and long term has been investigated by using the ARDL model in the period of 2001-2021. The results show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability so with the increase in information disclosure, the level of banks' profitability improves first and then decreases from the optimal level. Also, there is a U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability according to the level of economic growth, so first with the increase of disclosure and economic growth of banks, the profitability of banks decreases, and after the minimum point of banks' profitability, with the increase of economic growth and disclosure, profitability Banks increase. On the other hand, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability according to the level of inflation. So, it is suggested to bank supervisors to pay attention to macroeconomic conditions in the requirement to information disclose. So according to the level of economic growth and the level of inflation, they determine the amount of information disclosure.

In order to investigate possible ways to reduce environmental degradation while increasing production and economic growth, it is important to study the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth using environmental indicators. In this study, we examine the Kuznets environmental hypothesis through two indicators of environmental performance and green economy growth indices for panel data of 134 countries from 1980-1980 using the fixed effects models. The results show Kuznets's environmental hypothesis by both indicators is not rejected. Then, we examine the impact of trade, foreign direct investment, education and research and development on all three indicators using the fixed effect model. The results show that trade has a significant effect on the environmental performance index and CO2 emissions in the environmental Kuznets curve. Foreign direct investment has a significant effect only on the Kuznets curve index and leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions. Education growth has a positive and significant effect on the environmental performance index and Research and development growth has not significant effect on any of the indicators. According to the results, it is suggested to the policymakers to design and implement coherent environmental policies while paying attention to the development and increase of the income of their country by considering environmental indicators. For example, the increase in trade and education, if it is increased in a planned manner, according to the planned rules and principles, will improve the quality of the environment.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the heterogeneous behavior of investors in the housing sector on housing prices and subsequently on Iran's economic growth during the period 2001:3 to 2020:3. For this purpose, first, the effect of herding behavior and overconfidence of investors on housing prices and then the effect of housing prices on economic growth was estimated by smooth transition regression (STR) method. Then, by calculating the Sobel statistic, the mediating role of the housing price in the transmission of the behavior of investors in the housing sector on economic growth was tested. The results showed that the housing price and economic growth functions have a threshold and two regimes. The imitative behavior of a previous period is the transition variable of the housing price function with a threshold equal to 0.0051 percent. The housing price is also a variable of economic growth function transfer with a threshold equal to 0.0266 percent The estimated coefficients of the first and second regimes indicate the asymmetric behavior of investors on housing prices. The estimation of the economic growth function showed that housing prices had a negative effect on economic growth in the first and second regimes, but this effect was strengthened in the second regime. The calculation of Sobel's statistic also showed that the housing price had a mediating role in transferring the effect of herding behavior on economic growth, but it did not act as a mediator in transferring the effect of overconfidence on economic growth.

Regional balanced growth is one of the major goals of economic policymakers in the field of sustainable national development; and according to the degree of development and deprivation of the regions, different policies and planning are required. Health is one of the factors affecting human capital, productivity, and sustainable economic development. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the impact of health on economic growth along with many other effective factors based on the level of prosperity and deprivation of the provinces of the country. This research is a descriptive-analytical and applied study, in which, by taking the form of the Cobb-Douglas production function, the effect of the health index on economic growth is analyzed in three groups of provinces of the country (privileged, relatively privileged, and underprivileged), with the panel data approach of co-integration, and with the fully modified least square. According to the results, the effect of household health expenditure, household education expenditure, construction credits, private investment in housing, urbanization, and the degree of economic participation on economic growth in all three regions has been positive and significant. With a 100% increase in household health expenditures, the GDP of underprivileged provinces will grow 22,2%, while the GDP of relatively privileged and privileged provinces will grow respectively 19,6% and 16,7%. The results also show that the government's focus on health in all provinces, especially in underprivileged and relatively privileged ones, is very effective in strengthening economic growth. The results also demonstrate that the health index is a long-term variable, and health-related policies have long-term effects on economic growth and development.

One of the major objectives of any economic system, achieving high and stable economic growth rates, inflation, full employment a fair distribution of income in the country. As a result, decision-making and reducing investment time horizon is shorter latest Blnd Mdt and other factors mentioned. Inflationary uncertainty is also considered as one of the costs of inflation. Inflationary uncertainty leads to the deviation of economic decisions in the field of production. In these difficult circumstances,and the uncertainty of future decisions, decisions that affect economic agents. The focus of this study was to investigate the effect of inflation on economic growth Na Atmynany Iran. In this research, hypothesis testing and multivariate linear regression model VAR-GARCH-M method to analyze the data in the period 1347 to 1401 is used. In calculate the uncertainty, using modeling ARMA (Box - Jenkins) to determine the order of the action. In general, the results of this study shows the negative impact of inflation uncertainty on economic growth in the long term. Although this effect was positive in the short term, it has unusual effects on the economic components in the long term. In other words, the stability of inflationary uncertainty in the long term also increases inflation. Other results obtained from long-term relationships indicate the positive effect of money volume and exchange rate fluctuations on economic growth. Also, the result obtained from the Granger causality test also shows that the causality relationship is from inflation uncertainty to inflation, so that the opposite relationship is not significant.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between currency crises and fluctuations in banking credits in Iran. Utilizing a time-varying coefficients approach spanning from 1989 to 2022, alongside economic boom and recession indicators, the analysis assesses the impact of currency crisis occurrences on banking credit cycles. The currency crisis index, based on a dummy variable, and the credit cycle index, derived from banking credit booms and busts, are examined alongside the economic cycle, gauged by production fluctuations using intermediate filters. Findings suggest that currency crises influence the occurrence of credit cycles and production facility cycles, while shocks stemming from economic cycles exacerbate currency crises and credit cycles within the banking system. Given the bidirectional relationship observed between the currency crisis index and credit cycles, policymakers are advised to exercise caution in implementing drastic measures during economic fluctuations and credit cycles. Prudent management of currency markets can mitigate the adverse effects of currency crises on economic variables.

The emission of greenhouse gases caused by fossil fuels and other human activities is a serious threat to many countries, which is more prevalent due to its nature and is noticeable in most regions of the world. In the last three decades, with the increase of greenhouse gases in the  atmosphere, the air temperature is increasing, and it is expected that with the continuation of this trend, unfavorable changes will be made in the environment. According to the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in 2014, 76% of all greenhouse gases are composed of carbon dioxide. Therefore, it can be said that carbon dioxide emissions plays an important role in protecting the environment and sustainable development (Omari, 2013). Many studies have identified the factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions and its relationship with other economic, social and environmental factors in order to achieve sustainable development, among which, energy consumption and economic growth can be mentioned. Energy as a driving force plays an effective role in most production and service activities. On the other hand, energy consumption leads to air pollution due to carbon dioxide emissions. The purpose of this study is to examine economy, energy and environment nexus in Asian countries. It is noteworthy that Asian countries such as China, India, Japan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea rank less than 10th in terms of carbon dioxide emissions among the countries of the world. The significance of these effects has an important message for environmental policymakers in solving environmental issues and climate change.

This nexus is estimated in the time period of 2002-2018 in the form of Spatial Panel Simultaneous Equations Model (SPSEM) with the Generalized Spatial Panel Two Stage Least Squares (GS2SLS) method. It is tried to analyze this correlation by considering the influence of these countries. Therefore, Spatial Panel Simultaneous Equations Model is used to investigate the three-way communication of economy, energy and environment. The model of simultaneous spatial panel equations makes it possible to analyze the correlation and relationship of economy, energy and environment by considering the influence of countries on each other and spatial spillover effects. In other words, the spatial correlation of countries in terms of economic growth is considered to be the spatial correlation of carbon dioxide emissions.

The results of this research confirm the spatial correlation of economic growth, energy consumption and environmental quality. In other words, the spatial spillover effects of economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality exist significantly, and economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality in each country are affected by the economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality of another country, respectively. In addition, the quality of the environment spatially has a stronger correlation than the other two series. In other words, selected Asian countries are significantly affected by environmental conditions compared to economic conditions.On the other hand, economic growth and energy consumption, economic growth and environmental quality, and energy consumption and environmental quality have a significant mutual relationship. The two-way relationship between economic growth and environmental quality indicates that while more production brings more pollution, pollution has direct and indirect harmful effects on economic growth through increasing treatment costs and reducing labor productivity. The two-way relationship between economic growth and energy consumption is also confirmed.Political stability significantly leads to an increase in environmental quality. The growth of urbanization leads to a decrease in environmental quality due to unfavorable structure of the cities. The share of industrial exports and imports leads to a significant increase and decrease in energy consumption, respectively.

According to the results obtained, it can be pointed out that energy consumption and economic growth are incompatible with the environment. It is clear that energy consumption with carbon dioxide emissions leads to an increase in environmental pollution. The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions depends on the modification of the energy consumption pattern and the replacement of renewable energies instead of fossil energies simultaneously in the countries. Policymakers should adopt strategies to reduce energy consumption. There should be an increase in investment in energy infrastructure with the approach of preventing energy waste and looking for alternative energy sources such as solar energy and new and renewable energies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In order to adopt effective policies on climate change issues, policy makers must consider the spatial spillover effects of countries. These new empirical results will help policymakers in Asian countries to design appropriate environmental and energy policies to meet the goals for economic development and sustainability.

Investigation of the importance and the impact of various factors on the economic growth of countries is crucial in short-term and long-term planning in various countries. Traditional theories and models of economic development only consider capital and labor as economic growth factors for nations and regions. Today, economists consider innovation, along with knowledge and technology, to be one of the fundamental variables in the economic development and development of countries.Knowledge and innovation can generate social welfare in diverse regions and countries and contribute to achieving sustainable economic growth. In this regard, it is crucial to note that the path of innovation development varies across regions and countries, and that a distinct innovative geography is created based on these differences. The issue of inter-regional or inter-country spillover effects of various variables, such as innovation spillovers, is a second crucial aspect of economic growth and development planning in different regions or countries. Thus, innovation can impact both the economic development of the innovating country and the economic growth of neighboring countries with trade linkages to that country. Examination the spatial dimension of the problem will be crucial for determining how spillovers occur and their effectiveness in the innovation process as well as economic growth and development, whereas excluding inter-regional (inter-country) effects will bias the results and misleading results. On the other hand, considering the inter-regional (inter-country) effects of innovation and other variables in the model can help in the planning of regional development in different countries.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

According to new theories, there are four distinct categories of innovation: product innovation, process innovation, organizational innovation, and marketing innovation. There is substantial evidence that various categories of innovation have distinct economic effects in countries. These differences are primarily attributable to variations in the level of pertinent externalities (spillovers) and the capacity of innovators to internalize the public benefits of these activities (fit). Thus, innovative knowledge penetrates the production process in two different ways. The first instance is when a company utilizes new technical knowledge developed during the production process. The second consequence is the spillovers of such knowledge. However, knowledge diffusion in other innovation institutions can only be observed once innovation and technology have reached a certain level.The concept of knowledge spillover is closely associated with the correlation effect, where in the recipient of an innovation assimilates it to facilitate economic advancement. The spillover effect has the potential to yield beneficial outcomes by fostering innovation and facilitating economic progress, but it can also have negative consequences. The adverse impact of knowledge spillover primarily arises from external circumstances, as well as the inherent uncertainties and risks associated with research and development endeavors. Consequently, the inability of spillovers to fully realize the benefits of their research and development endeavors diminishes enterprises' motivation to allocate resources towards innovation. The positive impact of knowledge spillover is directed towards individuals or organizations that possess absorptive potential, enabling them to effectively assimilate and utilize sophisticated information and technology.

The primary objective of the present study is to examine the direct and spillover effects of innovation on economic growth within the D8 group of countries during 2012 -2021. This investigation will be conducted through the utilization of a spatial econometric model. Spatial econometrics is widely regarded as a major development in the field of estimation, having emerged alongside the introduction of the "New Economic Geography (NEG)" theory. This technique is associated with the research conducted by Krugman (1991), Fujita, Krugman, and Venable (2001), as well as Venables and Puga (1998). The econometric models under consideration has the capability to incorporate both spillover and indirect impacts of variables, in addition to the direct effects that are typically addressed in classic econometrics.

Based on the results of the model, the direct effect of innovation index on economic growth has been positive and significant. Also, the indirect effects of this variable have been positive and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the amount of innovation in the studied countries has both domestic and international spillover effects (through the establishment of trade relations) on the economic growth of the countries.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

Based on this, it is suggested that the studied countries pay special attention to the issue of innovation. Provide the necessary incentives to strengthen innovation in these countries, such as paying special attention to patents. Because having a patent is one of the motivating factors for innovation and further to achieve new technologies. This can be the basis for creating new processes in production, inventing new methods in countries. Paying attention to the spillover and indirect effects of innovation can also be very important. Based on this, it can be suggested that countries should pay attention to the fact that they prioritize the trade of goods with more knowledge (accumulation of knowledge and its transfer) in order to benefit more from the spillover effects of innovation. The higher the trade and especially the import of goods with knowledge and innovation, the countries can use the knowledge and innovation stored in these goods to strengthen knowledge and innovation within the country and economic growth will be strengthened.

In the economy, education plays an important role in providing highly skilled human capital needed to create jobs, economic growth, and the welfare of individuals and society. Today, most economists believe that the lack of investment in human capital is the main reason for the low level of economic growth in developing countries, unless these countries use education and knowledge and promote the level of their professional skills. If they do not improve, the productivity and efficiency of labor and capital will remain at a low level and economic growth will be slow and with heavier costs. If the country has the required amount of human capital, it can be said that physical capital will be more productive. Human capital includes education, expertise, skills, and generally the quality of the workforce. Considering that one of the factors influencing the social welfare of countries is achieving a high economic growth rate, the assessment of the causes and factors affecting economic growth is always a special concern of economists, and several growth models have been designed for it.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

Undoubtly development is necessary in all societies. Developed and developing countries use the same approach that can only be achieved through educational institutions. Therefore, education plays an effective role in improvement of societies to create continuous development in order to promote social and economic progress. Considering the importance of education costs for the development of countries' economies, it can be said that education costs help create wealth. The argument is that the ability to create, adopt, and improve technological and technical progress is associated with investment in human capital and the functioning of the educational system. Therefore, it is useful for countries to invest significantly in these areas in order to train the workforce and develop the necessary skills to increase economic growth and ensure the success of a country.
ncrease economic growth and ensure the success of a country.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of value-added education, high-level educational expenses and educational quality, trained workforce and capital stock on economic growth among urban households in the provinces of Iran in the period of 2006-2019. This research will use random dynamic panel by application of SAR spatial autoregression generalized moments model and with the use of Arellano-Bauer/Bundle-Band two-stage coefficients in order to estimate the econometric model.In the spatial econometrics department, by forming the proximity matrix and then standardizing this matrix and finally by multiplying the standardized proximity matrix, a new variable is obtained in the dependent variable vector, which is called the spatial lag variable or the spatial lag variable, and thus with the presence of the lag variable spatial. The spatial econometric model is also dynamically estimated. In summary, all spatial models in the form of a spatial random dynamic panel model (SDPD) are as follows:    

The results obtained from the model indicate that the independent variable of GMM has a positive and significant effect on economic growth, that is, part of the economic growth in these regions is due to their economic growth in the past years. The first spatial interval in the SAR model also has a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of other provinces. The added value of education has a positive and significant effect on economic growth with a coefficient of 0.12, when the added value of education increases, it means that the level of skill, knowledge and talent of the workforce increases, and the structure of the workforce leads to the use of skilled and capable personnel. The effect of human capital on economic growth will increase. Education expenditure also has a positive and significant effect on economic growth with a coefficient of 0.53. One of the ways to increase economic growth is creating a transformation in labor productivity and technological development. Promotion of the level of education requires investment in education and increasing educational facilities. Skilled and thoughtful manpower causes the development and expansion of the technologies produced and as the foundation of economic progress and development in the society, and thus by raising the level of education in the society, growth, the economy also increases. In Smith's main growth equation, labor force, land and capital stock are the main factors of production. Adam Smith explains growth as an endogenous phenomenon, according his point of view, economic growth depends on the decision and action of economic agents, especially their savings and investment behavior. Therefore, the capital stock has a positive and significant effect on economic growth with a coefficient of 0.0001, and the more the capital stock increases, the economic growth also increases. The labor force also has a positive effect on the economic growth of households by increasing it by a factor of 0.25. بیش ا

 CONCLUSIONS:

   Based on the discussions of the theoretical foundations and according to the results obtained from the model, it shows that the workforce and the quality of education have a stronger effect on economic growth than the capital stock. In other words, it can be said that economic growth is strongly influenced by the human capital of workers. Therefore, the government should allocate more funds to the education and training organization. Hence the education and training should improve the quality of its schools in various scientific fields, as well as the higher education should raise the quality level of universities in the regions and provinces, especially the deprived areas, and the graduates, in addition to obtaining a degree from their abilities and skills. It is necessary for them to benefit in their educational fields and be able to move them from traditional methods to advanced and modern methods by entering the industry and agriculture sectors and be able to bring their province to high economic growth and development. According to the first spatial break of SAR, the increase in economic growth and development in one province leads to the spillover of economic growth and development to the neighbors’ provinces.

 examining Iran’s economic developments over the past five decades shows that Iran’s economy has always had a high inflation rate. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the factors affecting inflation in the country. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic variables including liquidity, monetary base, oil revenues, budget deficit, economic growth and inflation rate in Iran in the period of 1991-2020. For this purpose, the combination of two approaches of maximum overlap discrete wavelet- Granger causality and wavelet coherence based on the continuous wavelet approach has been used. The advantage of using the wavelet approach is that it allows the analysis of variables in two dimensions of time and frequency. The results of the analysis of both approaches showed that in the short term, oil revenues increase inflation. The results of the long-term research showed that the inflation rate increases the growth of liquidity. Finally, in the long term, oil revenues have been the cause of inflation, and in the short term, the inflation rate has been a factor affecting the growth rate of the budget deficit. Analyzing the phase difference in the time series of economic growth and inflation shows that in the long-term economic growth with oil and inflation are out of phase. In other words, economic growth with oil and inflation does not move in the same direction.

The current study deals with the effect of GDP, urban population and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions in OPEC member countries. To show the details of his findings, in this study, using the panel data method, the effect of GDP, increase in urban population and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions for 13 OPEC member countries in the period of time, 1990 to 2019, was reviewed. The results show that GDP, urban population increase, and consumption of non-renewable fuels have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The general findings indicate that following the increase in gross domestic production and the industrialization of countries, we will also witness the growth of the urban population. Environmental pollution is mainly aggravated by rapid urbanization and industrialization, as well as economic growth and non-renewable energies in OPEC member countries, which are mainly developing countries, and have destructive effects on the environment. This study recommends that sustainable urbanization and economic growth should be promoted using green finance and clean energy sources. Also, the need to change energy consumption patterns from fossil fuels and move towards renewable energy sources should be supported among OPEC member countries

governments worldwide are actively optimizing budget efficiency. This research aims to examine the relationship between government budget deficits and economic growth, emphasizing developed and developing countries, particularly the D8 group, during the period from 2010 to 2021, using the System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM). The results show that in developed and developing countries, especially the D8 group, the negative coefficient of the budget deficit on economic growth can be attributed to concerns such as the effect of congestion, high interest rates, or a decrease in trust in the economy due to financial imbalances and support for the neoclassical approach. In addition, there is an almost one-to-one positive effect between past economic growth and the current level of economic growth. However, this research helps to understand the sustainable impact of budget deficits on current economic conditions in developed and developing countries. Regarding the findings, policymakers should consider adopting contraptions that promote sustainable economic growth while exercising caution in budget deficit management.

The purpose of this research is to investigate different levels of country risk and its role in the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Iran, during the period (1997-2021). In terms of purpose, this research is of applied type and in terms of causal-analytical method, and the method of collecting information is of documentary-library type. After calculating the threshold value of each variable, we analyzed the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth using the threshold distance of different country risks. The results indicate the non-linear effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth under different risks in the country. This research is one of the first studies in Iran that analyzed the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth based on a risk-based approach. According to the regression model described in the current research, this research provides suggestions for developing a suitable strategic plan with the aim of specifying short-term and long-term goals, and future vision, as a road map for those involved.
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Investment is considered a most significant variable in the demand of the entire society and Determinant of economic growth. In one type of classification, investment includes two types of private and public investment that affect each other. However, the geographical, political and economic situation in developing countries, especially Iran, brings a high degree of economic uncertainty, which has a It has a lot of influence on the on economic variables, Particular the private and government investments, and Consequently It causes disruption to economic growth. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of private and government investments uncertainty on economic growth in Iran in the period of 1962-2021 using the ARDL approach. Also, the data of uncertainty variables of private and public investments have simulated using Vasicek‘s Mean Reverting Stochastic Differential Equation method. The results have shown the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables of the model. On the other hand, the error correction coefficient in the ECM model also indicates that in each period, about 56% of imbalances corrected and the model converges towards the long-term equilibrium value. In addition, the long-term model estimation results indicate that the variables uncertainty ratio of private investment to economic growth, uncertainty ratio of public investment to economic growth, active population growth rate, inflation rate, non-oil export growth rate have a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable of the economic growth rate; While the oil revenue growth rate variable has a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable of the economic growth rate. Also, the variable of the imposed war had a negative and significant relationship with the economic growth variable.

Consumption of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is one of these greenhouse gases. Today, greenhouse effects have become a global concern. Therefore, countries use different tools to achieve a low-carbon economy. The method of absorbing and accumulating carbon dioxide is considered as a technical method to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide gas. This method is the only method that helps countries to achieve zero carbon economy in the long term. For this reason, the method of absorbing and accumulating carbon dioxide is considered a unique method. In addition to the Computable General Equilibrium(CGE) model, the upcoming study uses the national data-output table of 2013 from Statistical Center of Iran. agricultural and animal husbandry, transportation and cement have been considered as selected sectors. energy carrior demand  has  been investigated in selected sectors.
The results of this study show that the absorption and accumulation of carbon dioxide can lead to an increase in GDP and demand of energy carriers.