جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شکاف دستمزد » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Wage differences between two groups can be explained by two factors, difference in human capital and occupational and activity status that observable, and another factor related to discrimination, discrimination is difference in return for equal characteristic, in fact discrimination cannot be explained by differences in characteristics such as education, experience. If the difference in wages was due to human capital difference, because each of the factors of production are paid based on the value of their marginal product. Such as wage gap is efficient and imply on optimal resource allocation. But if wage gap was due to discrimination, wage gap is inefficient. In recent years, one of the most problems in Iran migration of rural people to urban area. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is regional wage gap. The evidence of gathering data from statistical center of Iran show that wage inequality between rural-urban regional is high in 2006 and has decreased in 2014. therefore the goal of this study, the estimation of the share of inefficient wage inequality between rural-urban in Iran by using the data from Households’ Income and Expenditures surveys over 2006-2014 and applying Oaxaca-Blinder (inequality of wage at mean) and Machado-Mata (inequality of wage at entire distribution) decomposition models.
Theoretical framework :For decomposition wage inequality between rural-urban regional we use of Baker’s taste discrimination theory (1957). Becker (1957) introduces the concept of discrimination on the labor market; employers maximize the utility function and have disutility from employing the some group. Equation (1) shows that wage difference can be decompose to two part, first term on the right hand side of equation (1) indicating regional wage gap due to productivity difference and second term due to discrimination.
When the first term has dominant effect, the share of efficient wage gap is high and when the size of second term is high, possibility of inefficient allocation resource has increased.
To increasing the concordance between goal of study and theoretical framework we use the decomposition model that suggested by Blinder-Oaxaca (1973) and Machado-Mata (2005).
R in equation 2 is wage gap, x is characteristics component such as experience, education, gender, job and activity statues, β is estimated coefficient of characteristics of labor. The first term on the right hand of equation 2 equal to amounts to the part that is due to differences in characteristics between urban and rural (explained part of the differential), second term is the contribution of differences in coefficients (discrimination component or unexplained part of the differential).
Result and The result of study show that total wage gap (difference the logarithm of wage), has decreased from 0.41 in 2006 to 0.28 in 2014, also the efficient wage gap has decreased from 0.299 in 2008 to 0.117 in 2014, and inefficient wage gap has decreased from 0.234 in 2006 to 0.0484 in 2012 and then increased to 0.166 in 2014. But the share of inefficient wage over 2006-2014 was about 37 percent. the result of Machado-Mata decomposition show wage gap in all centile decreased and role of decreasing discrimination in lower centile more than efficient wage gap and in upper centile the role of decreasing efficient wage gap is dominant. Also increasing the migration of rural to urban and increasing competition for finding a job in urban area lead to increasing efficient wage gap in bottom centile in 2014 than 2006. in fact the result show that high wage earner necessary doesn’t have high level of human capital.

This paper studies the factors influencing the wage gap of the industries with more than 10 employees، among provinces of Iran، using the new economic geography model. For this purpose، having used the panel data method as well as 2175 observations (435 inter-province gaps during 2003-2007)، spatial structure of wages in Iran has been studied. The important indication of the study is that the new economic geography provides a good description of the spatial structure of wages in the provinces of Iran. Since the size of market and inverse distance-weighted have positive relationship with wages while prices of non-trade goods have negative effects on the spatial structure of wages، thus، the wage structure is less affected by labor force features or labor productivity than by conditions governing the labor market. The study suggests further attention to the agglomeration and impact of the wages in the economic development programs. It is also necessary to distinguish the provinces with wage disparity as well as the factors affecting disparities، for wise implementation of proper economic policies in order to balance the distribution of income.

Using Haskel theory, in this paper the main factors of change in wage ratios of agricultural and non-agricultural labor force are explored. Theoretically, the wage gap between these two sectors is explained by the gap between price and the one between TFP of these two sectors. In recent years, the wage gap between the two sectors has been decreasing in Iran. The international trade model (Haskel model) has been used in this paper and the results reveal that the major factor contributing to wage gap is the price one. The TFP is considered insignificant for wage gap. Mainly, the reason for increasing agricultural product index price, compared to that of non-agricultural index price has been government protection of agricultural products during these years.