جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « متغیرهای نهادی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Various aspects and areas in developing countries have always been affected by brain drain. In fact, the migration of elites is one of the challenges that these countries face. Examining the results of the effect of institutional variables, especially social capital, on brain drain in these countries can provide a suitable solution to solve or correct the problems caused by this important phenomenon and by creating an appropriate mechanism and a coherent plan for wasting human capital and skilled workers prevent in these communities. Therefore, this article examines the effects of social capital on brain drain in the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization during the years 2009-2018. The results show that social capital has a nonlinear and threshold effect on brain drain. Considering that the coefficient of social capital is positive and the coefficient of quadratic power of social capital is negative, so social capital at low levels intensifies the brain drain from the studied countries, but raising the level of social capital and passing it beyond the threshold level in society is an effect. Negative left on brain drain. By determining the threshold level in these societies and trying to promote social capital to this level, as an influential factor on brain drain, it is possible to prevent the exit of the elite in these countries.

The phenomenon of unemployment is one of the major socio-economic problems that is directly and indirectly affected by the way of governance. Since the mid-1990s, under the influence of the development of new institutionalism literature and the recommendations of international institutions, governance and its components were considered as main deteminants of development strategy of countries and controlling the unemployment rate. According to the theory of new institutionalism, corruption is the main cause of unemployment and many economic problems of countries. The main aim of this research is to investigate the dynamic relationship between corruption and unemployment in OPEC member states for the period from 2005 to 2019. For this purpose, the generalized moment method (SGMM) is used in this research. The results indicate that corruption control can play an effective role in reducing the unemployment rate. Also, the political stability has a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate; In the sense that the reduction of political instabilities and more governance control over political events can lead to a reduction in the unemployment rate in OPEC member states.

One of the most important factors in achieving sustainable economic growth and development is to increase exports, which is also the main goal of foreign trade policy. In this area, emerging countries have been able to achieve significant success in recent years. Therefore, studying the experiences of these countries can be effective in increasing Iranian exports. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fundamental factors and institutional variables on exports of a selection of emerging economies during the period 2000-2015 using the panel data econometric method. Our results show that the effects of fundamental factors, namely total factor productivity, human capital and R&D expenditures, on export performance of select emerging countries are positive and significant and the effect of labor cost variable is negative and significant. Also, our results show that, in general, the effect of good governance variables, as an indicator of institutional factors, on exports of emerging countries is positive and significant. These results indicate that reducing production- and risk-costs and strengthening institutional foundations in emerging countries has led to a boost in investment and production arrangements in these countries and ultimately to an increase in exports. Also, our results show that the effect of consumption expenditures on export performance of select emerging countries is negative and significant and the effect of government tax revenues on export performance is a reversed U shape. These results show that based on The experiences of emerging countries, different countries have to pay attention to fundamental factors and institutional variables, in addition to conventional methods such as increasing exchange rates, export awards, etc., and implement reforms that are curb inefficiencies in goods and labor markets.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of trade openness and government size on macroeconomic volatility. Economic theories do not clearly show the effects of trade openness and government size on macroeconomic volatility. Therefore, this is essentially an empirical problem. Hence, we have presented an empirical model to test the effect of trade openness and government size on macroeconomic volatility in Iran over the period of 1352-1395. For this, first, the macroeconomic uncertainty was extracted using stochastic volatility model with leverage effects by technique of principal component analysis. The results showed that in the long run, trade openness and government expenditures have a positive effect on macroeconomic volatility in Iran. In addition, in the short run, there is no significant relationship between the relevant variables and macroeconomic volatility.

To identify factors influencing the insurance industry, could set a foundation to increase its efficiency as well as effectiveness. In this respect, macroeconomic and Institutional factors are capable of having a very effective role. By identifying such factors and making the appropriate policies, it is expected that preliminaries to the industry’s growth and advancement are established. The influence and importance of Macroeconomic and Institutional factors on the structure of the I.R. of Iran Insurance Industry and some other selected nations for the 2002-2010 time interval is studied in this research. Reviewing the literature and taking the basic theories into the consideration, some indicators like the economic freedom, the governance indicator, natural logarithm of GDP per capita, and the economic growth present the basis of the studyto evaluate the institutions’ performance under the generalized least squares estimator in addition to the integrated panel data model. The results indicate that the natural logarithm of GDP per capita as a proxy for development of institutions negatively affects the concentration ratio of the insurance industry at a significant level. Moreover, economic freedom as another institution factor was proved to have a significantly negative effect on the concentration ratio of the insurance industry. Components of the governance index however, were not observed to have the same impact on the concentration with the study case. Both the regulatory quality, and the rule of law show a negative and statistically significant effect on the concentration ratio.While the level of accountability,voice,and corruption control provided positive effect on the concentration ratio, but the level of the political stability, and the level of government effectiveness did not present any significant impact on the concentration ratio.

The subject of this paper is measuring institutional quality and evaluatingits relationship with per capita economic growth in 20 MENA countries. For estimating growth models, panel data method was used during (2002-2010). For measuring institutional quality at first six indices of good governance have been used in six growth models. The results have shown that only regulatory quality have positive and significant relation with economic growth. Whereas the coefficients of other institutional variables including control of corruption and political stability are negative and the others including rule of law, governance effectiveness and voice and accountability are positive but insignificant. Then another model was estimated by using good governance index which was derived from combining six upper indices by using principle component analysis (PCA). The results showed positive relationship but significant at the 0.10 percent level. In the final analysis a new institutional index is derived by combining three institutional variables which had positive coefficient into the one composite index by using PCA. New index has bigger positive coefficient and significant at the 0.01 percent level rather than its sub measures (regulatory quality, voice and accountability, rule of law) and alsothan good governance index.

The major function of a financial market in the literature on economy represents a way to conduct and dedicate capital. Banks in developing countries have a main role in this way; we can find some variables effective on market structure to advocate capital more efficiently. This paper studies the importance and impact of macroeconomic variables on banking system structure within 15 out of 20 years of Iran's perspective plan. The study has used a fixed-effect panel data method during 2002 to 2009. The results show that the logarithmic form of per capita GDP is the most important variable in market power description as a proxy for institution development. Other institutional variables such as economic freedom index, governance index and financial freedom index have the second importance after the bank special variables (loans to asset ratio and total asset logarithmic form). Inflation rate has a little significant effect on the structure of banking industry, and GDP growth rate has no significant effect on it.